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Morphology, Development, and Neurotrophic Regulation of Cochlear Afferent Innervation

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Cochlear Implantation in Children with Inner Ear Malformation and Cochlear Nerve Deficiency

Part of the book series: Modern Otology and Neurotology ((MODOTOL))

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Abstract

Spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) are primary sensory neurons of the auditory system that send auditory information encoded by the inner ear to the central nervous system. The success of cochlear implant therapy is totally dependent on the status of SGN function. Therefore, information regarding the neurogenesis, survival, and neurite growth of SGNs is important not only to understand the pathophysiology of sensorineural hearing loss but also to improve cochlear implant therapy. SGNs are anatomically and functionally divided into two subtypes, type I and type II. Type I SGNs connecting inner hair cells contribute to the transmission of sound information into the central auditory pathway, while type II SGNs connecting outer hair cells are involved in active tuning of frequency in the cochlea. In the developing cochlea, the survival and neurite formation of SGNs are strongly regulated by neurotrophic factors, especially neurotrophin 3 (NT-3) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Also, in the adult cochlea, the loss of hair cells induces secondary loss of SGNs presumably because of a loss of neurotrophic support. When the deafened ear is treated with exogenous BDNF or NT3, there is a significant enhancement of SGN survival and resprouting of neurites. Therefore, chronic application of neurotrophic factors in the cochlea may improve the efficacy of cochlear implants.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan

    Kenji Kondo, Makoto Kinoshita & Tatsuya Yamasoba

  2. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yanbian University Hospital, No.1327, Juzi Street, Yanji, 133 000, Republic of China

    Yulian Jin

  3. National Institute of Sensory Organs, National Tokyo Medical Center, 2-5-1 Higashigaoka, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo, 152-8902, Japan

    Kimitaka Kaga

  4. Center for Speech and Hearing Disorders, International University of Health and Welfare Clinic, 2600-6 Kitakanemaru, Ohtawara, Tochigi, 324-0011, Japan

    Kimitaka Kaga

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  1. Kenji Kondo
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  2. Yulian Jin
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  3. Makoto Kinoshita
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  4. Tatsuya Yamasoba
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  5. Kimitaka Kaga
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Correspondence to Kenji Kondo .

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  1. National Institute of Sensory Organs, National Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan

    Kimitaka Kaga

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Kondo, K., Jin, Y., Kinoshita, M., Yamasoba, T., Kaga, K. (2017). Morphology, Development, and Neurotrophic Regulation of Cochlear Afferent Innervation. In: Kaga, K. (eds) Cochlear Implantation in Children with Inner Ear Malformation and Cochlear Nerve Deficiency. Modern Otology and Neurotology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1400-0_4

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