Abstract
Carcinoids are neuroendocrine tumours (NETs), small, slow-growing neoplasms, characterised by their ability to store and secrete different peptides and neuroamines [1, 2].
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Vinik AI, Woltering EA, Warner RRP, et al. NANETS Consensus guidelines for the diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumours. Pancreas. 2010;39(6):713–34.
Massironi S, Sciola V, Peracchi M, et al. Neuroendocrine tumors of the gastro-entero-pancreatic system. World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14:5377–84.
Modlin IM, Lye KD, Kidd M. A 5-decade analysis of 13,715 carcinoid tumors. Cancer. 2003;97(4):934–59.
Langhans T. Ueber einen drusenpolyp im ileum. Virchow Arch Pathol Anat Physiol Klin Med. 1867;38:559–60.
Ransom WB. A case of primary carcinoma of the ileum. Lancet. 1890;2:1020–3.
Oberndorfer S. Karzenoide tumoren des dünndarms. Frankf Zschr Path. 1907;1:426–30.
Gosset A, Masson P. Tumeurs endocrines de l’appendice. Presse Med. 1914;25:237–9.
Godwin JD II. Carcinoid tumors, an analysis of 2837 cases. Cancer. 1975;36:560–9.
Modlin IM, Sandor A. An analysis of 8305 carcinoid tumors. Cancer. 1997;79:813–29.
Yao JC, Phan AT, Chang DZ, et al. Efficacy of RAD001 (everolimus) and octreotide LAR in advanced low- to intermediate-grade neuroendocrine tumors: results of a phase II study. [Erratum appears in J Clin Oncol. 2008; 26(34): 5660.]. J Clin Oncol. 2008;1926:4311–8.
Anthony LB, Strosberg JR, Klimstra DS, et al. The NANETS Consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and management of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) – well differentiated NETs of the distal colon and rectum. Pancreas. 2010;39(6):767–74.
Kvols LK, Brendtro KL. The North American Neuroendocrine Tumor Society (NANETS) Guidelines – mission, goals, and process. Pancreas. 2010;39(6):705–6.
Edge SB, Byrd DR, Compton CC. AJCC cancer staging manual. 7th ed. New York: Springer; 2010.
Rindi G, Kloppel G, Couvelard A, et al. TNM staging of midgut and hindgut (neuro) endocrine tumors: a consensus proposal including a grading system. Virchows Arch. 2007;451(4):757–62.
Wang AY, Ahmad NA. Rectal carcinoids [Review]. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2006;22(5):529–35.
Shim KN, Yang SK, Myung SJ, et al. Atypical endoscopic features of rectal carcinoids. Endoscopy. 2004;36(4):313–6.
Kobayashi K, Katsumata T, Yoshizawa S, et al. Indications of endoscopic polypectomy for rectal carcinoid tumors and clinical usefulness of endoscopic ultrasonography. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005;48(2):285–91.
Fujishima H, Misawa T, Maruoka A, et al. Rectal carcinoid tumor: endoscopic ultrasonographic detection and endoscopic removal. Eur J Radiol. 1993;16(3):198–200.
Lin O, Olgac S, Green I, et al. Immunohistochemical staining of cytologic smears with MIB-1 helps distinguish low-grade from high-grade neuroendocrine neoplasms. Am J Clin Pathol. 2003;120(2):209–16.
Pelosi G, Rodriguez J, Viale G, et al. Typical and atypical pulmonary carcinoid tumor overdiagnosed as small-cell carcinoma on biopsy specimens: a major pitfall in the management of lung cancer patients. Am J Surg Pathol. 2005;29(2):179–87.
Mani S, Modlin IM, Ballantyne G, et al. Carcinoids of the rectum [Review]. J Am Coll Surg. 1994;179(2):231–48.
Eriksson B, Oberg K, Stridsberg M, et al. Tumor markers in neuroendocrine tumors [Review]. Digestion. 2000;62(suppl 1):33–8.
O’Connor DT, Deftos LJ. Secretion of chromogranin A by peptide-producing endocrine neoplasms. New Engl J Med. 1986;314(18):1145–51.
Nobels FR, Kwekkeboom DJ, Bouillon R, et al. Chromogranin A: its clinical value as marker of neuroendocrine tumours. Eur J Clin Invest. 1998;28:431–40.
Jensen EH, Kvols L, McLoughlin JM, et al. Biomarkers predict outcomes following cytoreductive surgery for hepatic metastases from functional carcinoid tumors. Ann Surg Oncol. 2007;14:780–5.
Nobels FR, Kwekkeboom DJ, Coopmans W, et al. Chromogranin A as serum marker for neuroendocrine neoplasia: comparison with neuron-specific enolase and the alpha-subunit of glycoprotein hormones. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82:2622–8.
Stridsberg M, Eriksson B, Fellstrom B, et al. Measurements of chromogranin B can serve as a complement to chromogranin A. Regul Pept. 2007;139:80–3.
Berge T, Linell F. Carcinoid tumors. Frequency in a defined population during a 12-year-period. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand. 1976;84:322–30.
Saha S, Hoda S, Godfrey R, Sutherland C, Raybon K. Carcinoid tumors of the gastrointestinal tract: a 44-year experience. South Med J. 1989;82:1501–5.
Marshall JB, Bodnarchuk G. Carcinoid tumors of the gut. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1993;16:123–9.
Olney JR, Urdaneta LF, Al-Jurf AS, Jochimsen PR, Shirazi SS. Carcinoid tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. Am Surg. 1985;51:37–41.
Oberg K. Expression of growth factors and their receptors in neuroendocrine gut and pancreatic tumors, and prognostic factors for survival. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1994;733:46–55.
Modlin IM, Goldenring JR, Lawton GP, Hunt R. Aspects of the theoretical basis and clinical relevance of low acid states. Am J Gastroenterol. 1994;89:308–18.
Berkelhammer C, Jasper I, Kirvaitis E, et al. “Band-snare” resection of small rectal carcinoid tumors. Gastrointest Endosc. 1999;50(4):582–5.
Fujishiro M, Yahagi N, Nakamura M, et al. Successful outcomes of a novel endoscopic treatment for GI tumors: endoscopic submucosal dissection with a mixture of high-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid, glycerin, and sugar. Gastrointest Endosc. 2006;63(2):243–9.
Ono A, Fujii T, Saito Y, et al. Endoscopic submucosal resection of rectal carcinoid tumors with a ligation device. Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;57(4):583–7.
Okamoto Y, Fujii M, Tateiwa S, et al. Treatment of multiple rectal carcinoids by endoscopic mucosal resection using a device for esophageal variceal ligation. Endoscopy. 2004;36(5):469–70.
Imada-Shirakata Y, Sakai M, Kajiyama T, et al. Endoscopic resection of rectal carcinoid tumors using aspiration lumpectomy. Endoscopy. 1997;29(1):34–8.
Schindl M, Niederle B, Hafner M, et al. Stage-dependent therapy of rectal carcinoid tumors. World J Surg. 1998;22(6):628–33.
Buess G, Hutterer F, Theiss J, et al. A system for a transanal endoscopic rectum operation. [in German]. Chirurg. 1984;55(10):677–80.
Kinoshita T, Kanehira E, Omura K, et al. Transanal endoscopic microsurgery in the treatment of rectal carcinoid tumor. Surg Endosc. 2007;21(6):970–4.
Tsai BM, Finne CO, Nordenstam JF, et al. Transanal endoscopic microsurgery resection of rectal tumors: outcomes and recommendations. Dis Colon Rectum. 2010;53(1):16–23.
Arnold R, Trautmann ME, Creutzfeldt W, et al. Somatostatin analogue octreotide and inhibition of tumour growth in metastatic endocrine gastroenteropancreatic tumours. Gut. 1996;38(3):430–8.
Ducreux M, Ruszniewski P, Chayvialle JA, et al. The antitumoral effect of the long-acting somatostatin analog lanreotide in neuroendocrine tumors. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000;95(11):3276–81.
Koizumi M, Onda M, Tanaka N, et al. Antiangiogenic effect of octreotide inhibits the growth of human rectal neuroendocrine carcinoma. Digestion. 2002;1965:200–6.
Arnold R, Rinke A, Klose KJ, et al. Octreotide versus octreotide plus interferon-alpha in endocrine gastroenteropancreatic tumors: a randomized trial. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;3(8):761–71.
Kolby L, Persson G, Franzen S, et al. Randomized clinical trial of the effect of interferon alpha on survival in patients with disseminated midgut carcinoid tumours. Br J Surg. 2003;1990:687–93.
Eriksson BK, Larsson EG, Skogseid BM, et al. Liver embolizations of patients with malignant neuroendocrine gastrointestinal tumors. Cancer. 1998;83(11):2293–301.
Gupta S, Yao JC, Ahrar K, et al. Hepatic artery embolization and chemoembolization for treatment of patients with metastatic carcinoid tumors: the M.D. Anderson experience. Cancer J. 2003;9(4):261–7.
Strosberg JR, Choi J, Cantor AB, et al. Selective hepatic artery embolization for treatment of patients with metastatic carcinoid and pancreatic endocrine tumors. Cancer Control. 2006;13(1):72–8.
Norton JA, Warren RS, Kelly MG, et al. Aggressive surgery for metastatic liver neuroendocrine tumors. Surgery. 2003;134(6):1057–63.
Osborne DA, Zervos EE, Strosberg J, et al. Improved outcome with cytoreduction versus embolization for symptomatic hepatic metastases of carcinoid and neuroendocrine tumors. [erratum appears in Ann Surg Oncol. 2006;13(8):1162. Note: Strosberg, Jonathon [corrected to Strosberg, Jonathan]]. Ann Surg Oncol. 2006;13(4):572–81.
Sarmiento JM, Que FG, Sarmiento JM, et al. Hepatic surgery for metastases from neuroendocrine tumors. Surg Oncol Clin N Am. 2003;12(1):231–42.
Boudreaux JP, Putty B, Frey DJ, et al. Surgical treatment of advanced-stage carcinoid tumors: lessons learned. Ann Surg. 2005;241:839–45.
http://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/cid/documents/webcontent/003102-pdf.pdf.
Landry CS, Brock G, Scoggins CR, et al. A proposed staging system for rectal carcinoid tumors based on an analysis of 4701 patients. Surgery. 2008;144(3):460–6.
Fahy BN, Tang LH, Klimstra D, et al. Carcinoid of the rectum risk stratification (CaRRS): a strategy for preoperative outcome assessment. Ann Surg Oncol. 2007;14(2):396–404.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer Science+Business Media Singapore
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lieske, B. (2018). Carcinoid Tumours of the Gastrointestinal System: Neuroendocrine Tumours of the Hindgut. In: Parameswaran, R., Agarwal, A. (eds) Evidence-Based Endocrine Surgery. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1124-5_37
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1124-5_37
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-10-1123-8
Online ISBN: 978-981-10-1124-5
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)