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Memory Booster Plant Bacopa monniera (Brahmi): Biotechnology and Molecular Aspects of Bacoside Biosynthesis

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Medicinal Plants - Recent Advances in Research and Development

Abstract

Bacopa monniera (Brahmi) has been used in the Ayurvedic system of medicine as a brain tonic, memory enhancer, antianxiety, cardiotonic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anticonvulsant agent since ancient times. These pharmacological properties are mainly attributed to the triterpenoid saponins present in the extracts of the plant. Biosynthesis of triterpenoid saponins starts from the isoprenoid pathway through farnesyl pyrophosphate by cyclization of 2,3-oxidosqualene, resulting in the formation of triterpenoid backbones. The plant produces relatively smaller amounts of bacosides, and to overcome this shortage, a large amount of biomass is used in the pharmaceutical preparations. Despite a wealth of medicinal importance, the molecular characterization and pathway engineering of bacoside biosynthesis in Bacopa remain unexplored. In this chapter, we have briefly discussed the research findings on in vitro plant regeneration, genetic transformation, and molecular characterization of some of the genes involved in the biosynthesis of bacosides.

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Abbreviations

AD:

Alzheimer’s disease

BA:

6-Benzyladenine

CAT:

Catalase

DAHPS:

3-Deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate synthase

FPS:

Farnesyl diphosphate synthase

GSH-Px:

Glutathione peroxide

GTs:

Glycosyltransferases

HMGR:

3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase

IAA:

Indole 3-acetic acid

MCI:

Mild cognitive impairment

MK:

Mevalonate kinase

MVD:

Mevalonate-5-pyrophosphate decarboxylase

OSC:

Oxidosqualene cyclase

PR1:

Pathogenesis-related protein 1

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

SQS:

Squalene synthase

WHO:

World Health Organization

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Author notes

  1. Rishi K. Vishwakarma

    Present address: Le CBS-Centre de Biochimie Structurale-CNRS, UMR 5048-UM-INSERM U 1054, 29 rue de Navacelles, 34090, Montpellier, France

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Plant Tissue Culture Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India

    Rishi K. Vishwakarma, Uma Kumari & Bashir M. Khan

Authors
  1. Rishi K. Vishwakarma
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  2. Uma Kumari
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  3. Bashir M. Khan
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Correspondence to Rishi K. Vishwakarma .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung, Taiwan

    Hsin-Sheng Tsay

  2. Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Taipei, Taiwan

    Lie-Fen Shyur

  3. Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung, Taiwan

    Dinesh Chandra Agrawal

  4. School of Pharmacy and Chinese Herbal Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan

    Yang-Chang Wu

  5. College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Department of Forestry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan

    Sheng-Yang Wang

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Vishwakarma, R.K., Kumari, U., Khan, B.M. (2016). Memory Booster Plant Bacopa monniera (Brahmi): Biotechnology and Molecular Aspects of Bacoside Biosynthesis. In: Tsay, HS., Shyur, LF., Agrawal, D., Wu, YC., Wang, SY. (eds) Medicinal Plants - Recent Advances in Research and Development. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1085-9_6

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