Abstract
Hardships in farming and migration shape the Hani world view. Congpopo is a Hani epic that documents the hard journey of migration from the remote North to the Southwest China.
I heard there was a place called Noma-Amy with delicious food and beautiful landscape. Where is it? It is at the divide of the sky and the earth, at the divide of human and divine.
Haba-The Ancient Hani Epic
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Notes
- 1.
At the beginning of the seventh century, there were six big ethnic tribes inhabiting the Er’hai area in Yunnan. The six large ethnic tribes were called Liuzhao.
- 2.
Xiucai refers to one who passed the imperial examination for talent selection at the county level during the Ming and Qing dynasties.
- 3.
The terraced paddy field was awarded the World Culture Heritage designation by UNESCO in 2013.
- 4.
The “Two Basic Project” aims to popularize nine-year compulsory education and eliminate illiterate adults. The ex-premier Peng Li promised at a UNESCO conference that China would eliminate illiteracy by 2000 and would achieve the 9-year compulsory education by 2010.
- 5.
Cadres are people who take leading political or administrative roles in factories, communes, governments, schools, the military and similar organizations. This is the number one choice for ethnic minority graduates after they “get rid of the destiny of being farmers.”.
- 6.
China has executed a very strict policy since the late 1970s. The couple living in the city or township can have only one child, but a couple in the countryside can have no more than two children. For ethnic minority couples in the remote rural areas, the two-child policy is not strictly implemented.
- 7.
CPC refers to the Communist Party of China, the ruling party of the People’s Republic of China.
- 8.
Information Daily is a local newspaper in Kunming, Yunnan, China.
- 9.
SVO is the short form of subject, verb and object
- 10.
SOV is the short form of subject, object and verb.
- 11.
English speech contest is sponsored by China Central Television, a major state broadcaster in mainland China.
- 12.
TEM refers to the Test for English majors. It is a national test developed by the National Foreign Language Teaching and Learning Advisory Board to evaluate the English proficiency of English major undergraduate students at colleges and universities. TEM-4 refers to the test for English major band 4. It is a national test of English proficiency for English majors at the end of their second year.
- 13.
The first blow was her failure in the secondary school entrance examination. She failed when applying to the key county middle school.
- 14.
The May Fourth Movements was an intellectual revolution that happened between 1917 and 1921. The movement aimed to achieve national independence, emancipation of the individual and reconstruction of society and culture. May Fourth Movement League is an honorable title for the outstanding student community at tertiary institutions in Yunnan Province.
- 15.
Project Hope is a Chinese public service project initiated by the China Youth Development Foundation (CYDF) and the Communist Youth League (CYL) Central Committee. Started on October 30, 1989, the project aims to improve schools in poverty-stricken rural areas with an aim of helping children complete elementary school.
- 16.
When I interviewed her in late 2009 the West was suffering from a financial crisis.
- 17.
Noma-Amay was the birth place of the Hani in their legend, meaning a beautiful plateau in the north of Ai’lao Mountain, which was regarded as a land of promise.
- 18.
The terraced paddy field is a distinctive landscape in Yuanyang, Yunnan, China, mirroring the harmonious relationship between people and nature. Honghe Hani Terraced Fields were awarded the title of world heritage site in 2013.
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Wang, G. (2016). The Case of Noma. In: Pains and Gains of Ethnic Multilingual Learners in China. Multilingual Education, vol 17. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0661-6_6
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