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Mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation in China’s Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM)

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Legal Methods of Mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation in Chinese Water Management

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Abstract

Chapter 2 has illustrated the challenges to Chinese water managers because of ill-designed legislation and fragmented institutional settings. These challenges are further aggravated because of uncertain and complicated climate change impacts. After analyzing and assessing the effectiveness of related adaptation-related legal and institutional framework, Chap. 3 concludes that this framework is not adequate to deliver proactive and resilient decision-making. To manage these dual challenges, this book proposes that mainstreaming climate change adaptation by improving IWRM regime and related legal framework to include adaptation factors will be a promising approach to deal with the challenges from water crises and climate change impacts in China. To rationalize this proposal, two crucial questions must be answered: (1) why should the legal and institutional framework of IWRM mainstream climate change adaptation? Alternatively, why should climate change adaptation be mainstreamed in IWRM framework? (2) Is IWRM able to mainstream climate change adaptation? In other words, can adaptation be mainstreamed in IWRM?

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Notes

  1. 1.

    For those who are interested in the development of sustainable development, this paper could be very helpful: Drexhage and Murphy (2012).

  2. 2.

    World Commission on Environment and Development (1987, 45).

  3. 3.

    National Research Council (1999).

  4. 4.

    Fisher (2009, 26–29).

  5. 5.

    Drexhage and Murphy (2012, 2).

  6. 6.

    Segger (2005)

  7. 7.

    Alan and Freestone (2009).

  8. 8.

    Fisher (2009, 26, 28–29).

  9. 9.

    Fisher (2009 26, 27).

  10. 10.

    The Tenth Five Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development (2001, Chap. 14).

  11. 11.

    Water Law of People’s Republic of China (2002, art 1).

  12. 12.

    Wiener (2008).

  13. 13.

    Drexhage and Murphy (2012, 15).

  14. 14.

    Ibid.

  15. 15.

    Wilbanks (2003).

  16. 16.

    Drexhage and Murphy (2012, 9).

  17. 17.

    Pan et al. (2011).

  18. 18.

    OECD (2009, 28).

  19. 19.

    IOM (2010, 8).

  20. 20.

    Bizikova et al. (2007, 271).

  21. 21.

    Berke (1995, 370–82).

  22. 22.

    Schipper (2007, 7).

  23. 23.

    Agrawala and Aalst (2008, 183, 184).

  24. 24.

    OECD (2009, 28–29).

  25. 25.

    IPCC (2007, 317).

  26. 26.

    Adger et al. (2009, 335, 340).

  27. 27.

    Smit and Pilifosova (2001, 877–912).

  28. 28.

    Zhang and Zhang (2008, 57, 57–63).

  29. 29.

    China’s National Climate Change Program (2007).

  30. 30.

    Schipper (2007, 8, Ford (2008, 9).

  31. 31.

    Tan (2010, 135–136).

  32. 32.

    Pielke and Sarewitz (2005, 255, 256).

  33. 33.

    Ye (2012, 84, 94).

  34. 34.

    Ford (2008, 5–16).

  35. 35.

    McGray et al. (2007, 20).

  36. 36.

    Oates et al. (2011).

  37. 37.

    Klein et al. (2007, 745, 768).

  38. 38.

    See e.g. Bizikova et al. (2007, 271–277), Danga et al. (2003, S81–S96).

  39. 39.

    Klein et al. (2005, 579, 586); Kane and Shogren (2000, 75–102).

  40. 40.

    Klein et al. (2005, 579, 586).

  41. 41.

    Huq et al. (2004, 25, 35); UNDP-UNEP Poverty-Environment Facility (2011, 3).

  42. 42.

    Kok and Coninck (2007, 587–599).

  43. 43.

    Agrawala and Aalst (2005, 142).

  44. 44.

    OECD (2009, 4).

  45. 45.

    Klein et al. (2005, 579, 582).

  46. 46.

    Tan (2010, 135, 137–138).

  47. 47.

    Klein et al. (2005, 579, 581).

  48. 48.

    Munang et al. (2013, 67).

  49. 49.

    United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, UNDP Adaptation Policy Framework http://unfccc.int/adaptation/nairobi_work_programme/knowledge_resources_and_publications/items/5501.php.

  50. 50.

    World Resources Institute (2007).

  51. 51.

    Harris (2010, 10858, 10859).

  52. 52.

    Asian Development Bank (2005, 18).

  53. 53.

    Adger (2005, 77, 78).

  54. 54.

    Adger et al. (2009, 335, 336).

  55. 55.

    IPCC (2007, 196).

  56. 56.

    Beek (2009, 51).

  57. 57.

    According to Juhl, as early as 1990, water law scholars, Professor Dan Tarlock in particular, were the first to focus attention on international and domestic legal regimes for allocation of water resources in order to adapt to climate change.

  58. 58.

    By far, there is only one doctoral dissertation on the adaptability of water law, see Tao (2012).

  59. 59.

    In the first modernity, people live in an industrial society, trying to overcome their material needs. There is secured borders among classes. Decisions are based on scientific knowledge and uncertainty is neglected. Differently, in the second modernity, there is the pluralization of boundaries and decision-making. We have a huge growth of scientific but contradictory and inconsistent knowledge. Uncertainty and risks are acknowledged. The borders between classes in society are less fixed. See more at http://sociologicaldiagnoses.wordpress.com/.

  60. 60.

    Ulrich (1999, 2).

  61. 61.

    Boisot (1995, 345–346).

  62. 62.

    Ibid., 346.

  63. 63.

    People Net (2007)

  64. 64.

    Tarlock (1994, 1122–1123), Profeta (1996, 72).

  65. 65.

    Godden and Peel (2010, 26–27).

  66. 66.

    Fischman and Rountree (2012, 19, 20).

  67. 67.

    Milly et al. (2008, 573).

  68. 68.

    Ibid.

  69. 69.

    Matthews and Wickel (2009, 269, 272).

  70. 70.

    McDonald (2010, 1, 28).

  71. 71.

    Aerts and Droogers (2009, 87, 88).

  72. 72.

    Kundzewicz et al. (2007, 196).

  73. 73.

    Beek (2009, 51, 76).

  74. 74.

    Milly et al. (2008, 573–574).

  75. 75.

    Ulrich (1999, 137).

  76. 76.

    Kundzewicz et al. (2008, 3, 6).

  77. 77.

    McDonald (2010, 27–30), O’Brien and Sculpher (2000, 460); Matthews and Wickel (2009, 269–79); Reilly and Schimmelpenning (2000, 253–278),Xia et al. (2011, 1–12).

  78. 78.

    Craig (2010a, 10, 15).

  79. 79.

    McDonald (2010, 27).

  80. 80.

    Ibid.

  81. 81.

    Leitch et al. (2010, 68–9).

  82. 82.

    Sluijs and Turkenburg (2006, 247).

  83. 83.

    Handmer et al. (1999, 267–281).

  84. 84.

    Karl and Trenberth (2003, 1719–1722).

  85. 85.

    Allen and Ingram (2002, 224–232).

  86. 86.

    Leitch et al. (2010, 69–71).

  87. 87.

    Rotmans (1994, 20).

  88. 88.

    Barnett (2001, 977, 981).

  89. 89.

    Craig (2010b).

  90. 90.

    Fischman and Rountree (2012, 19, 25).

  91. 91.

    Ibid.

  92. 92.

    Agrawala and Aalst (2008, 183, 190).

  93. 93.

    Larson (2009).

  94. 94.

    Ibid.

  95. 95.

    Ibid.

  96. 96.

    Jäger and Moll (2011, 213–214).

  97. 97.

    Agrawala and Aalst (2005, 40).

  98. 98.

    Macintosh (2010, 41).

  99. 99.

    Wilk and Wittgren (2009, 18–19).

  100. 100.

    OECD (2009, 140–141).

  101. 101.

    McDonald (2010, 23).

  102. 102.

    Tan (2010, 135, 138).

  103. 103.

    OECD (2009, 141–142).

  104. 104.

    Durban Local Government Convention (2011).

  105. 105.

    Craig (2010a, 10, 54).

  106. 106.

    Constitution of the People’s Republic of China (2004, art 3).

  107. 107.

    Guttman and Song (2007, 418–433).

  108. 108.

    Korppoo and Luta (2009, 43–44).

  109. 109.

    Shi (2013).

  110. 110.

    Richardson (2012, 3, 6).

  111. 111.

    Ibid.

  112. 112.

    Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency, Australia Government (2010, 13).

  113. 113.

    The Office of Environment and Heritage, New South Wales, Adapting to Climate Change. http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/climatechange/adaptation.htm.

  114. 114.

    On the Principle of Subsidiarity and the Reform of Chinese Administrative System (2006).

  115. 115.

    Ibid.

  116. 116.

    Comley (2012).

  117. 117.

    UNDP (1997)

  118. 118.

    Ibid.

  119. 119.

    Ibid.

  120. 120.

    Allen et al. (2012, 15).

  121. 121.

    Amaru and Chhetri (2013, 128–39).

  122. 122.

    Klein et al. (2007, 20).

  123. 123.

    Richerzhagen and Scholz (2008, 308, 319).

  124. 124.

    UNDP, Governance for Sustainable Human Development: A UNDP Policy Document—Glossary of Key Terms. http://mirror.undp.org/magnet/policy/glossary.htm.

  125. 125.

    Ibid.

  126. 126.

    Gilley (2012, 287, 288).

  127. 127.

    Ibid.

  128. 128.

    Environmental Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China (2014).

  129. 129.

    Zhao (2010, 89, 92).

  130. 130.

    Lu (2004, 59–60).

  131. 131.

    The People’s Republic of China National Report on Sustainable Development (2012, 70).

  132. 132.

    Wang et al. (2006, 579–588).

  133. 133.

    Environmental Impact Assessment Law of People’s Republic of China (2002, art 5).

  134. 134.

    Environmental Impact Assessment Law of People’s Republic of China (2002, art 11, 21).

  135. 135.

    Law on Administrative Licenses of People’s Republic of China (2012, art 5).

  136. 136.

    Zhao (2010, 89, 118–22).

  137. 137.

    Alford and Shen (1997, 125, 135).

  138. 138.

    Wu (2005, 288, 307).

  139. 139.

    Measures for the Disclosure of Environmental Information (for Trial Implementation) (2007, art 12).

  140. 140.

    Beyer (2006, 185, 205).

  141. 141.

    Ibid.

  142. 142.

    Wu (2005, 288, 317).

  143. 143.

    Eng and Ma (2006, 155, 179).

  144. 144.

    Plummer and Taylor (2004, 52–53).

  145. 145.

    Tang (2009).

  146. 146.

    Zhange (2011).

  147. 147.

    Ibid.

  148. 148.

    Pu (2007, 16).

  149. 149.

    Ibid., 21.

  150. 150.

    Xie (2009, 56).

  151. 151.

    Dayoo (2012).

  152. 152.

    Wang (2009).

  153. 153.

    Gilley (2012, 287, 300).

  154. 154.

    Qiu (2005, 116–120).

  155. 155.

    Ye (2012, 84).

  156. 156.

    Ibid., 90.

  157. 157.

    Ibid., 89–90.

  158. 158.

    Richerzhagen and Scholz (2008, 308, 317).

  159. 159.

    Zheng (2005, 15–21).

  160. 160.

    Xie (2009, 57).

  161. 161.

    Li (2005, 67–70).

  162. 162.

    Craig (2010a, 10, 35).

  163. 163.

    United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (2011, 14–15).

  164. 164.

    Ulrich (1999, 16).

  165. 165.

    Adger et al. (2009, 335, 338).

  166. 166.

    O’Riordan and Jordan (1999, 81–93).

  167. 167.

    Sluijs and Turkenburg (2006, 253).

  168. 168.

    Ulrich (1999, 138).

  169. 169.

    Adger et al. (2009, 335, 341).

  170. 170.

    Smit and Pilifosova (2001, 877, 891).

  171. 171.

    Cannon (2008, 350–357).

  172. 172.

    Adger et al. (2009, 335, 347).

  173. 173.

    Cannon and Detlef (2010, 621, 628).

  174. 174.

    Jäger and Moll (2011, 213).

  175. 175.

    Ibid.

  176. 176.

    Ulrich (1999,5).

  177. 177.

    Adger et al. (2009, 335, 350).

  178. 178.

    Ulrich (1999, 119–120).

  179. 179.

    Aerts and Droogers (2009, 87, 92).

  180. 180.

    Ibid., 88.

  181. 181.

    Bruch and Troell (2011, 828, 830), Medema and Jeffery (2005, 5).

  182. 182.

    Pahl-Wostl and Sendzimir (2005, 5).

  183. 183.

    Ibid.

  184. 184.

    Gain et al. (2013, 11, 17).

  185. 185.

    UNISDR (2007).

  186. 186.

    Pangare et al. (2006, 79).

  187. 187.

    Phukan and Tomar (2012, 137, 144–146).

  188. 188.

    Xia et al. (2011, 9).

  189. 189.

    Fischman and Rountree (2012, 19, 27).

  190. 190.

    Pahl-Wostl et al. (2007, 30, 34).

  191. 191.

    Fischman and Rountree (2012, 19, 30).

  192. 192.

    Aerts and Droogers (2009, 87, 93).

  193. 193.

    Ford (2008, 5, 11).

  194. 194.

    Abramovitz et al. (2001, 10).

  195. 195.

    Craig (2010a, 10, 67).

  196. 196.

    Pangare et al. (2006, 48).

  197. 197.

    Shah et al. (2000, 89, 94).

  198. 198.

    Slootweg (2009).

  199. 199.

    Ranger and Garbett-Shiels (2011, 12).

  200. 200.

    Interview with interviewee 4, staff of the National Climate Centre (Beijing, 22 September 2011)..

  201. 201.

    Zhu and Zhang (2005, 16–23).

  202. 202.

    Australia Government (2010).

  203. 203.

    Moore (2009, 25, 30).

  204. 204.

    Zhang et al. (2009, 34, 35).

  205. 205.

    Moore (2009, 25, 31–32).

  206. 206.

    Asian Development Bank (2009, 22–27).

  207. 207.

    Bruch and Troell (2011, 828, 835).

  208. 208.

    Lenton and Muller (2009, 215).

  209. 209.

    Global Water Partnership (GWP) (2009, 1).

  210. 210.

    Bruch and Troell (2011, 828, 831).

  211. 211.

    Mileham (2010).

  212. 212.

    Giang et al. (2012, 28, 30).

  213. 213.

    Ibid., GWP (2007, 6).

  214. 214.

    Co-operative Programme on Water and Climate and the Netherlands Commission for Environmental Assessment (2009, 1).

  215. 215.

    Phukan and Tomar (2012, 137).

  216. 216.

    Beek (2009, 51, 52).

  217. 217.

    Mitchell and Aalst (2008, 1).

  218. 218.

    GA Res 60/195, UN GAOR, UN Doc A/RES/60/195 (2005).

  219. 219.

    Gupta and Nair (2012, 163, 164).

  220. 220.

    The requirement of adaptation will be expounded in Sect. 5.1 of Chap. 5.

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  1. Kenneth Wang School of Law, Soochow University, Suzhou, China

    Xiangbai He

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He, X. (2016). Mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation in China’s Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM). In: Legal Methods of Mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation in Chinese Water Management. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0404-9_4

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