Abstract
Disaster, as the consequences of a natural hazard, poses a wide range of impacts in the human society and economy. Ever-increasing severity and intensity of natural hazards also threaten the environment where the human society and economy rely on the natural resources and the ecosystem where we live in. The current emphasis of disaster impact analysis has been on the socioeconomic aspects; however, the social and economic activities are certainly interlinked with and are influenced from the changes in the surrounding environment. In this chapter, the framework for extending disaster impact analysis to include the impacts on and from the natural environment is examined. The potential uses of the ECLAC methodology for the input data and of the environmentally extended social accounting matrix for the estimation methodology are reviewed and discussed, and the future directions are suggested.
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Notes
- 1.
- 2.
An admirable and comprehensive compilation of discussions about disaster impact on the economy can be found in World Bank (2010).
- 3.
Damage is the degree of physical or human capital destructions, implying the changes in stock, while loss is a flow measure indicating the decrease in production level of a particular industry during some certain period (Okuyama 2007).
- 4.
Higher-order effect is a flow measure generated from the (first-order) losses and is the ripple effects through inter-industry linkages in an economic system (Rose 2004).
- 5.
Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean.
- 6.
More details about and samples of PDNA can be found at https://www.gfdrr.org/sites/gfdrr/files/urban-floods/PDNA.html
- 7.
The assessment process in this step fairly overlaps with the next step, but little discussion of the overlap is offered in the ECLAC methodology.
- 8.
The restoration cost method is described in page 18, at Section 5 of the ECLAC methodology.
- 9.
The change in productivity approach is illustrated in page 21, ibid.
- 10.
The environmental value transfer procedure is exhibited in pages 22–23, ibid.
- 11.
Some other methodologies have also been used, such as econometric models (Okuyama 2007).
- 12.
The derivation of induced effects through wage-consumption relationship requires a closed IO model with respect to households.
- 13.
- 14.
The socioeconomic indicators in the SESAME include life expectancy, infant mortality, literacy, nutrient intake, access to health and education facilities, and housing situation by household group (Keuning 1994).
- 15.
- 16.
Xie’s ESAM was further extended to an environmental CGE model (Xie and Saltzman 2000).
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Okuyama, Y. (2017). Note on the Framework for Disaster Impact Analysis with Environmental Consideration. In: Shibusawa, H., Sakurai, K., Mizunoya, T., Uchida, S. (eds) Socioeconomic Environmental Policies and Evaluations in Regional Science. New Frontiers in Regional Science: Asian Perspectives, vol 24. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0099-7_32
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