Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Introduction and Summary

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Economics of International Immigration

Part of the book series: New Frontiers in Regional Science: Asian Perspectives ((NFRSASIPER,volume 27))

Abstract

Although many East Asian countries have been the source countries of many international migrant workers, the history of introducing foreign workers is relatively recent and short. For example, in Japan, it has been only in the last 25–30 years that remarks have been made about the supposed and various social problems stemming from foreign workers. On the other hand, as international migration has a comparatively longer history in the United States and Europe, it is necessary to review the historical facts that pertain to Western human mobility, as possible precedents. Especially, as the subjects of future research, the economic effects of international immigration are quite important and worthy of study in the context of East Asian countries (including Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan). In this chapter, we briefly review the historical development of international migration in the United States and Europe, as well as worldwide.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    2013 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics n.d.

  2. 2.

    Briks and Sinclair (1980)

  3. 3.

    Ogawa (2011) discussed the development of immigration policies in postwar Japan by taking into consideration the long-term transformations of Japanese society including population aging.

  4. 4.

    Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan (2015)

  5. 5.

    Status of Foreigners, Statistics Korea

References

  • (n.d.). 2013 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics, office of immigration statistics, U. S. Homeland Security.

    Google Scholar 

  • (n.d.). 2015 Immigration Control, Ministry of Justice, Japan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Akerlof, G. A., & Yellen, J. L. (1990). The fair wage-effort hypothesis and unemployment. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 105, 255–283.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Battisti, M., Felbermayr, G., Peri, G., Poutvaara, P. (2014). Immigration, search frictions and redistribution: A quantitative welfare analysis. NBER Working Paper No. 20131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beine, M., Docquier, F., & Rapoport, H. (2001). Brain drain and economic growth: Theory and evidence. Journal of Development Economics, 64, 275–289.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beine, M., Docquier, F., & Rapoport, H. (2008). Brain drain and human capital formation in developing countries: Winners and losers. Economic Journal, 118, 631–652.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bhagwati, J. N. (1979). International factor movements and national advantage. Indian Economic Review, 14, 3–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhagwati, J. N., & Hamada, K. (1974). The brain drain, international integration of markets for professionals and unemployment: A theoretical analysis. Journal of Development Economics, 1, 19–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bhagwati, J. N., & Hamada, K. (1982). Tax policy in the presence of emigration. Journal of Public Economics, 18, 291–317.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bhagwati, J. N., & Rodriguez, C. A. (1975). Welfare-theoretical analysis of brain drain. Journal of Development Economics, 2, 195–221.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bhagwati, J. N., & Srinivasan, T. N. (1983). On the choice between capital and labor mobility. Journal of International Economics, 14, 209–221.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bodvarsson, O. B., & Van den Berg, H. (2009). The economics of immigration: Theory and policy. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bodvarsson, O. B., Simpson, N. B., Sparber, C. (2015). Migration theory. In B. R. Chiswick & P. W. Miller (Eds.), Handbook of the economics of international migration, 1A the immigrants. Amsterdam: North-Holland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bond, E. W., & Chen, T. J. (1987). The welfare effects of illegal immigration. Journal of International Economics, 23, 315–328.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borjas, G. J. (1985). Assimilation, changes in cohort quality, and the earnings of immigrants. Journal of Labor Economics, 3, 463–489.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borjas, G. J. (1987). Self-selection and the earnings of immigrants. American Economic Review, 77, 531–553.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borjas, G. J. (1991). Immigration and self-selection. In J. M. Abowd & R. B. Freeman (Eds.), Immigration, trade, and the labor market. Chicago: Chicago Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Borjas, G. J. (1994). The economics of immigration. Journal of Economic Literature, 32, 1667–1717.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brecher, R. A., & Choudhri, E. U. (1987). International migration versus foreign investment in the presence of unemployment. Journal of International Economics, 23, 329–342.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bricks, J. S., & Sinclair, C. A. (1980). International migration and development in the Arab region. Geneva: ILO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calvo, G., & Wellisz, S. (1983). International factor mobility and the national advantage. Journal of International Economics, 14, 103–114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carliner, G. (1980). Wages, earnings, and hours of first, second, and third generation American males. Economic Inquiry, 18, 87–102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carrington, W. J., Detragiache, E., & Vishwanath, T. (1996). Migration with endogenous moving costs. American Economic Review, 86, 909–930.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, L. K., & Wong, K. Y. (1990). On the strategic choice between capital and labor mobility. Journal of Regional Science, 37, 35–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, L. K., & Wong, K. Y. (1997). Strategic policies toward international factor movement. Canadian Journal of Economics, 30, 456–478.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chiswick, B. R. (1978). The effect of Americanization on earnings of foreign-born men. Journal of Political Economy, 86, 897–921.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chiswick, B. R. (1979). The economic progress of Immigrants: Some apparently universal pattern. In W. Fellner (Ed.), Contemporary economic problems (pp. 357–399). Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chiswick, B. R., & Miller, P. W. (2011). The ‘negative’ assimilation of immigrants: A special case. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 64, 502–525.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chiswick, B. R., & Miller, P. W. (2012). Negative and positive assimilation, skill transferability, and linguistic distance. Journal of Human Capital, 6, 35–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, X., Hatton, T. J., & Williamson, J. G. (2007). Explaining U.S. immigration, 1971–1998. Review of Economic Statistics, 89, 359–373.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cobb-Clark, D. A., Shiells, C. R., & Lowell, B. L. (1995). Immigration reform: The effects of employer sanctions and legalization on wages. Journal of Labor Economics, 13, 472–498.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Copeland, B. R., & Taylor, S. M. (1999). Trade, spatial separation and the environment. Journal of International Economics, 47, 137–168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diamond, P. A. (1982). Wage determination and efficiency in search equilibrium. Review of Economic Studies, 49, 217–227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diamond, P. A. (2011). Unemployment, vacancies, wages. American Economic Review, 101, 1045–1072.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Djajić, S. (1985). Human capital, minimum wage and unemployment: A Harris-Todaro model of a developed open economy. Economica, 52, 491–508.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Djajić, S. (1987). Illegal aliens, unemployment and immigration policy. Journal of Development Economics, 21(1987), 235–249.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Djajić, S. (1989). Skills and the pattern of migration: The role of qualitative and quantitative restrictions on international labor mobility. International Economic Review, 30, 795–809.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Djajić, S., & Milboune, R. (1988). A general equilibrium model of guest-worker migration: The source country perspective. Journal of International Economics, 25, 335–351.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dustmann, C. (1995). Savings behavior of return migrants. Zeitschrift fuer Wirtschafts und Socialwissenschaften, 115, 511–535.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dustmann, C. (1997). Return migration, uncertainty and precautionary savings. Journal of Development Economics, 52, 295–316.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dustmann, C. (1999). Temporary migration, human capital, and language fluency of migrants. Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 101, 297–314.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dustmann, C. (2003). Return migration, wage differentials, and the optimal migration duration. European Economic Review, 47, 353–369.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dustmann, C. (2008). Return migration, investment in children, and intergenerational mobility. Journal of Human Resources, 43, 299–324.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dustmann, C., & Kirchkamp, O. (2002). The optimal migration duration and activity choice after re-migration. Journal of Development Economics, 37, 351–372.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dustmann, C., & Mestres, J. (2011). Savings, asset holdings, and temporary migration. Annales d’Economie et de Statistique, 97(98), 289–306.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dustmann, C., & Weiss, Y. (2007). Return migration: Theory and empirical evidence from the UK. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 45, 236–256.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dustmann, C., Fadlon, I., & Weiss, Y. (2011). Return migration, human capital accumulation and the brain drain. Journal of Development Economics, 95, 58–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ethier, W. J. (1985). International trade and labor migration. American Economic Review, 75, 691–707.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ethier, W. J. (1986). Illegal immigration: The host country problem. American Economic Review, 76, 56–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galor, O. (1986). Time preference and international labor migration. Journal of Economic Theory, 38, 1–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galor, O., & Stark, O. (1987). The impact of differences in the levels of technology on international migration. Discussion Paper 34, Center for Population Studies, Harvard University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galor, O., & Stark, O. (1990). Migrants’ savings, the probability of return migration and migrants’ performance. International Economic Review, 31, 463–467.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Graves, P. E., & Linneman, P. (1979). Household migration: Theoretical and empirical result. Journal of Urban Economics, 6, 383–404.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grogger, J., & Hanson, G. H. (2011). Income maximization and the selection and sorting of international migrants. Journal of Development Economics, 95, 42–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guzman, M. G., Haslag, J. H., & Orrenius, P. M. (2008). On the determinants of optimal border enforcement. Economic Theory, 34, 261–296.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, J. R., & Todaro, M. (1970). Migration, unemployment and development: A two sector analysis. American Economic Review, 60, 126–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, J. K. (1987). Immigration decisions concerning duration of stay and migration frequency. Journal of Development Economics, 25, 221–234.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • International Migration Outlook 2012, OECD.

    Google Scholar 

  • International Migration Report 2015. United Nations.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, R. W. (1967). International capital movements: The theory of tariffs and trade. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 81, 1–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, R. W., & Coelho, I. (1985). International factor movements and the Ramaswami argument. Economica, 52, 359–364.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, R. W., & Easton, S. T. (1989). Perspectives on ‘buy-out’ and the Ramaswami effect. Journal of International Economics, 27, 363–371.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, R. W., Coelho, I., & Easton, S. T. (1986). The theory of international factor flows: The basic model. Journal of International Economics, 20, 313–327.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karayalcin, C. (1994). Temporary and permanent migration with and without an immobile factor. Journal of Development Economics, 43, 197–215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kats, E., & Stark, O. (1984). Migration and asymmetric information: Comment. American Economic Review, 74, 533–534.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kats, E., & Stark, O. (1986a). Labor mobility under asymmetric information with moving and signalling costs. Economic Letters, 21, 89–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kats, E., & Stark, O. (1986b). Labor migration and risk aversion in less developed countries. Journal of Labor Economics, 4, 131–149.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kats, E., & Stark, O. (1987). International migration under asymmetric information. The Economic Journal, 97, 718–726.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kemp, M. C. (1966). The gains from international trade and investment: A neo-Heckscher-Ohlin approach. American Economic Review, 56, 788–809.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kemp, M. C., & Kondo, H. (1989). An analysis of international migration: The unilateral case. In K. F. Zimmermann (Ed.), Economic theory of optimal population. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kemp, M. C., Long, N. V., & Shimomura, K. (1991). Labor unions and the theory of international trade. Amsterdam: North-Holland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klein, P., & Ventura, G. (2009). Productivity differences and the dynamic effects of labor movements. Journal of Monetary Economics, 56, 1059–1073.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kondo, H. (1990). An analysis of guest-worker migration with endogenous fertility. The Nanzan Journal of Economic Studies, 4, 341–357.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kondoh, K. (1999). Permanent migrants and cross-border workers: The effects on the host country. Journal of Regional Science, 39, 467–478.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kondoh, K. (2000). Legal migration and illegal migration: The effectiveness of qualitative and quantitative restriction policies. Journal of International Trade and Economic Development, 9, 227–245.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kondoh, K. (2006). The frequency of migration and optimal restriction policies. Global Business and Economy Anthology, 2006–1, 197–209.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuhn, P., & Wooton, I. (1987). International factor movements in the presence of a fixed factor. Journal of International Economics, 22, 123–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kwok, P., & Leland, H. (1982). An economic model of the brain drain. American Economic Review, 72, 91–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kwok, P., & Leland, H. (1984). Migration and asymmetric information: Reply. American Economic Review, 74, 535.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, C. I. (2010). Can search-matching models explain migration and wage and unemployment gaps in developing economies? : A calibration approach. Journal of Regional Science, 50, 635–654.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lien, D. H. D. (1987). Economic analysis of brain drain. Journal of Development Economics, 25, 33–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lundahl, M. (1985). International migration, remittances and real incomes: Effects on the source country. Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 87, 647–657.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacDougall, G. D. A. (1960). The benefits and costs of private investment from abroad: A theoretical approach. Economic Record, 26, 13–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mckenzie, D., & Rapoport, H. (2007). Network effects and the dynamics of migration and inequality: Theory and evidence from Mexico. Journal of Development Economics, 84, 1–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mincer, J. (1978). Family migration decisions. Journal of Political Economy, 86, 749–773.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, JAPAN. (2015). Introduction of nurse and care worker candidates from the Philippines, Vietnam and Indonesia (in Japanese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Miyagiwa, K. (1991). Scale economies in education and the brain drain problem. International Economic Review, 32, 743–759.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mortensen, D. T. (2011). Markets with search friction and the DMP model. American Economic Review, 101, 1073–1091.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mortensen, D. T., & Pissarids, C. A. (1994). Job creation and job destruction in the theory of unemployment. Review of Economic Studies, 61, 397–415.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mortensen, D. T., & Pissarids, C. A. (1999). Unemployment responses to ‘skill-biased’ technology shocks: The role of labor market policy. Economic Journal, 109, 242–265.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mueser, P. S. (1997). Two-way migration in a model with identical optimizing agents. Journal of Regional Science, 37, 395–409.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mundell, R. A. (1957). International trade and factor mobility. American Economic Review, 47, 321–335.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogawa, N. (2011). Population aging and immigration in Japan. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 20, 133–167.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ohta, H. (1990). Illegal foreign workers and economic welfare. Annals of Economics and Business, Kobe University, 40, 141–159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Park, C., & Kim, M. S. (2007). Searching, matching and migration. Annals of Regional Science, 41, 105–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pissarides, C. A. (1985). Short-run equilibrium dynamics of unemployment, vacancies, and real wages. American Economic Review, 75, 676–690.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pissarides, C. A. (1992). Loss of skill during unemployment and the persistence of employment shocks. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107, 1371–1391.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pissarides, C. A. (2000). Equilibrium unemployment theory (2nd ed.). Cambridge, MA: The MIT press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pissarides, C. A. (2007). Unemployment and hours of work: The north Atlantic divide revisited. International Economic Review, 48, 1–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pissarides, C. A. (2011). Equilibrium in the labor market with search frictions. American Economic Review, 101, 1092–1105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Polachek, S., & Horvath, F. (1977). A life cycle approach to migration: Analysis of the perspicacious peregrinator. In R. Ehrenberg (Ed.), Research in labor economics. Greenwich: JAI Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quibria, M. G. (1988). A note on international migration, non-traded goods and economic welfare in the source country. Journal of Development Economics, 28, 377–387.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Quibria, M. G. (1989). International migration and real wages: Is there any neo-classical ambiguity? Journal of Development Economics, 28, 177–183.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Quibria, M. G. (1993). International migration, increasing returns, and real wages. Canadian Journal of Economics, 26, 457–468.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Quibria, M. G., & Rivera-Batiz, F. L. (1989). International migration and real wages: A resolution note. Journal of Development Economics, 31, 193–194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ramaswami, V. K. (1968). International factor movement and national advantage. Economica, 37, 309–310.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rivera-Batiz, F. L. (1982). International migration, non-traded goods and economic welfare in the source country. Journal of Development Economics, 11, 81–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rivera-Batiz, F. L. (1983a). The economics of the ‘to and fro’ migrant: Some welfare theoretical considerations. Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 85, 403–413.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rivera-Batiz, F. L. (1983b). Trade theory, distribution of income, and immigration. American Economic Review, 73, 183–187.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rivera-Batiz, F. L. (1984). International migration, non-traded goods and economic welfare in a two class economy. Journal of Development Economics, 16, 325–330.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rivera-Batiz, F. L. (1986). International migration, remittances and economic welfare in the source country. Journal of Economic Studies, 13, 3–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rivera-Batiz, F. L. (1989). The impact of international migration on real wages. Journal of Development Economics, 31, 185–192.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez, C. A. (1975). On the welfare aspects of international migration. Journal of Political Economy, 83, 1065–1072.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schaeffer, P. V. (1995). The work effort and the consumption of immigrants as a function of their assimilation. International Economic Review, 36, 625–642.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, C., & Stiglitz, J. E. (1984). Equilibrium unemployment as a worker discipline device. American Economic Review, 74, 433–444.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shimada, A. (2004). Reducing the inflow of unskilled foreign workers. South-Eastern Europe Journal of Economics, 2, 85–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shimada, A. (2009, in Japanese). The analysis of foreign workers by efficiency wage hypothesis. Tokyo: Gogensha.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sjaastad, L. (1962). The costs and returns of human migration. Journal of Policial Economy, 70, 80–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stark, O. (1984). Migration decision making: A review article. Journal of Development Economics, 14, 251–259.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stark, O. (1991). The migration of labor. Oxford: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stark, O., & Levhari, D. (1982). On migration and risk in LDCs. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 31, 191–196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stark, O., & Taylor, J. (1989). Relative deprivation and international migration. Demography, 26, 1–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stark, O., & Taylor, J. (1991). Migration incentives, migration types: The role of relative deprivation. Economic Journal, 101, 63–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stark, O., & Yitzhaki, S. (1988). Labor migration as a response to relative deprivation. Journal of Population Economics, 1, 57–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, H. (1984). International migration, non-traded goods and economic welfare in the source country: A comment. Journal of Development Economics, 16, 321–324.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Urrutia, C. (1998). On the self-selection of immigrants. Mimeo, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webb, R. L. (1970). International factor movement and the national advantage: A comment. Economica, 37, 81–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wong, K. Y. (1995). International trade in goods and factor mobility. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodland, A. D., & Yoshida, C. (2006). Risk preference, immigration policy and illegal immigration. Journal of Development Economics, 81, 500–513.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshida, C. (1993). The global welfare of illegal immigration. Indian Economic Review, 28, 111–115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoshida, C. (1996). The global welfare of illegal immigration in the presence of capital mobility. Journal of Economic Integration, 11, 554–565.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshida, C. (2000). Illegal immigration and economic welfare. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshida, C., & Woodland, A. (2005). The economics of illegal immigration. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao, L., & Kondoh, K. (2007). Temporary and permanent immigrations under unionization. Review of Development Economics, 11, 346–358.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Economics, Chukyo University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan

    Kenji Kondoh

Authors
  1. Kenji Kondoh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer Science+Business Media Singapore

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kondoh, K. (2017). Introduction and Summary. In: The Economics of International Immigration. New Frontiers in Regional Science: Asian Perspectives, vol 27. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0092-8_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0092-8_1

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-10-0091-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-10-0092-8

  • eBook Packages: Economics and FinanceEconomics and Finance (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation