Skip to main content

The Cultural Architecture of Schools

A Study of the Relationship between School Design, the Learning Environment and Learning Communities in New Schools

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Advances in Learning Environments Research ((ALER))

Abstract

The literature in the area of educational facilities design and the built environment for schools is both vast and fragmented. Broadly speaking, the literature can be grouped into three types, with the first type using the notion of the classroom as a “Third Teacher” constituting physical space as an active agent in the learning process. This type argues the building is a silent teaching partner and the purpose of good design is to remove hindrances to its voice and influence.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • ACNielsen. (2004). Best practice in school design. New Zealand: New Zealand Ministry of Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alexander, C. (1979). The timeless way of building. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alexander, C., Ishikawa, S., & Silverstein, M. (1977). A pattern language. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Architectural Foundation. (2009). Voice of the student on school design: Redesign your school. Retrieved from www.archfoundation.org

  • Argyris, C., & Schon, D. A. (1978). Organizational learning: A theory of action perspective. Reading, England: Addison-Wesley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Behrenbruch, M., & Bolger, K. (2006, November). Building a sustainable future. Teacher Magazine, 16–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergsagel, V., Best, T., Cushman, K., McConachie, L., Sauer, W., & Stephen, D. (2007). Architecture for achievement: Building patterns for small school learning. Mercer Island, WA: Eagle Chatter Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bishop, M. E. (2010). A case study on facility design: The impact of new high school facilities in Virginia on student achievement and staff attitudes and behaviours. Virginia Educational Facilities Planners Conference, The George University, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blase, J., & Blase, J. (2000). Effective instructional leadership: Teachers’ perspectives on how principals promote teaching and learning in schools. Journal of Educational Administration, 38(2), 130–141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blaxter, L. (1996). Collecting data: How to research (pp. 141–172). Buckingham, England: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brogden, M. (2007). Plowden and primary school buildings: A story of innovation without change. FORUM, 49(1), 55–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, R. (2005). Learning communities and the nature of teacher participation in a learning community. Literacy Learning: The Middle Years, 13(2), 8–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buckley, J., Schnieder, M., & Shang, Y. (2003). Fix it and they will stay: The effects of school facility on teacher retention in urban school districts. Washington, DC: National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buckley, J., Schnieder, M., & Shang, Y. (2004). The effects of school facility quality on teacher retention in urban school districts. Washington, DC: National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burke, C., & Grosvenor, I. (2003). The school I’d like. London, England: RoutledgeFalmer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burke, C., & Grosvenor, I. (2008). School. London, England: Reaktion Books Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chadbourne, R. (2001). Middle schooling for the middle years? Retrieved June 4, 2009, from www.aeufederal.org.au/Publications/Middleschooling.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • Crowther, F., Kagan, S. S., Ferguson, M., & Hann, L. (2002). Developing teacher leaders: How teacher leadership enhances school success. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Darling-Hammond, L., & Friedlaender, D. (2008). Creating excellent and equitable schools. Educational Leadership, 65(8), 14–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Day, C. (2007). Environment and children. Oxford, England: Architectural Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Day, C., Harris, A., Hadfield, M., Tolley, H., & Beresford, J. (2000). Leading schools in times of change. Buckingham, England: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • DEECD. (2009). Building schools in the 21st century and current thinking about learning for a lifetime. Victoria, Australia: Author. Retrieved from www.education.vic.gov.au

    Google Scholar 

  • Department of Education. (2006). Schooling issues digest: The impact of school infrastructure on student outcomes and behaviour. Retrieved May 1, 2007, from www.dest.gov.au/…/publications_resources/schooling_issues

  • DfES. (2002). Schools for the future: Designs for learning communities building bulletin 95. London, England: Author. Retrieved from www.archive2.official-documents.co.uk/…/bulletin95/bulletin95.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • Dinham, S. (2004). Principal leadership for outstanding educational outcomes. JEA, 43(4), 338–356.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dinham, S. (2007). The dynamics of creating and sustaining learning communities. ACEL’s 6th International Educational Leadership Conference. University of Wollongong, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dinham, S. (2008). How to get your school moving and improving: An evidence based approach. Camberwell, Australia: ACER.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dinham, S., & Rowe, K. (2007). Teaching and learning in middle schooling: A review of literature: A report to the New Zealand ministry of education (pp. 1–108). Australian Council for Educational Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dudek, M. (2000). Architecture of schools – The new learning environments. Great Britain, England: Architectural Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duignan, P. (2012). Educational leadership (2nd ed.). Australia: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Duignan, P., & Bhindi, N. (2009). Authenticity in leadership: An emerging perspective. In F. W. English (Ed.), Educational leadership and administration (Vol. 1, pp. 354–369). London, England: Sage Publications Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Earthman, G. (2002). Williams watch series: School facility conditions and student academic achievement (pp. 1–18). Retrieved from wwws-rr008-1002

    Google Scholar 

  • Earthman, G. (2004). Prioritization of 31 criteria for school building adequacy. Washington, DC: National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities.

    Google Scholar 

  • Earthman, G. I., & Lemasters, L. K. (2009). Teacher attitudes about classroom conditions. Journal of Educational Administration, 47(3), 323–335.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fielding, R. (2005). Planning the learning community. Retrieved from www.designshare.com/Research/Bingler/LearningCommunity1.htm

    Google Scholar 

  • Fielding, R., & Nair, P. (2005). Small is BIG. The George Lucas education foundation. Retrieved fromwww.edutopia.org/node/1389/print

    Google Scholar 

  • Fielding, R., & Nair, P. (2006). Educational facilities effectiveness instrument – Component description. Retrieved from www.designshare.com

    Google Scholar 

  • Fielding, R., Lackney, J., & Nair, P. (2006) Master classroom. Edutopia.org The George Lucas education foundation. Retrieved from www.edutopia.org/node/2699/print

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, K. (2002). Schools as “prisons of learning” or as a “pedagogy of architectural encounters”: A manifesto for critical psychosocial spatiality of learning. Adelaide, Australia: Faculty of Education, Humanities, Law and Theology, Flinders University of South Australia, Doctor of Philosophy.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, K. (2005). Linking pedagogy and space: Proposed planning principles. Retrieved April, 2007, from http://schoolfacilities.com/pdf/School%20Facilities%Impact%2012-27-01.pdf

  • Fisher, K. (2007, October). Space and place – Learning environments for the ne(x)t generation. Teacher, 185, 4–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flyvbjerg, B. (2001). The power of example. In Making social science matter: Why social inquiry fails and how it can succeed again (pp. 66–87). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Flyvbjerg, B. (2004). Five misunderstandings about case-study research. In C. Seale, G. Gobo, J. F. Gubrium, & D. Silverman (Eds.), Qualitative research practice (pp. 420–434). London, England & Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fullan, M. (2008). The six secrets of change. Change forces – Education in motion.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerring, J. (2007). Case study research: Principles and practices. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hargreaves, A. (2003). Teaching in the knowledge society: Education in the age of insecurity. Maidenhead, England: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hargreaves, A. (2009). The fourth way of educational reform. ACEL Monograph Series, 45, 1–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hargreaves, A., & Fink, D. (2009). Distributed leadership: Democracy or delivery? In A. Harris (Ed.), Distributed leadership: Different perspectives (Vol. 7, pp. 181–196). London, England: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Hargreaves, A., & Shirley, D. (2009). The fourth way: The inspiring future for educational change. California, CA: Corwin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, L. J., & Myers, M. D. (1995). Scholarship and practice: The contribution of ethnographic research methods to bridging the gap. Information Technology and People, 8(3), 13–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heft, H. (1988). Affordances of children’s environments: A functional approach to environmental description. Children’s Environments Quarterly, 5(3), 29–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heft, H. (1989a). Perceiving affordances in context: A reply to Chow. Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior, 20(3), 257–265.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heft, H. (1989b). Affordances and the body: An intentional analysis of Gibson’s ecological approach to visual perception. Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior, 19(1), 1–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heft, H. (n.d.). The participatory character of landscape. Retrieved October 26, 2008, from www.openspace.eca.ac.uk/…/Summary_Paper_Harry_Heft

  • International, F. N. (2006). Educational facilities effectiveness instrument component description. Retrieved from http://www.ri.net/middletown/mef/EFEI_Master_Descriptions.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • Kouzes, J., & Mico, P. (1979). Domain theory: An introduction to organisational behavior in human service organizations. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 15(449), 449–469.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kube, T. (2006). Students and buildings: The vital link. Teacher, 175, 6–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kytta, M. (2003). Children in outdoor contexts: Affordances and independent mobility in the assessment of environmental child friendliness (p. 118). Helsinki, Finland: Department of Architecture, Helsinki University of Technology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lackney, J. (1996). Quality in school environments. Milwaukee, WI: Faculty of Education, The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lackney, J. (2001). The state of post-occupancy evaluation in the practice of educational design. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Environmental Design Research Association, EDRA 32, Edinburgh, Scotland, July 3–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lackney, J. (2003). 33 principles of educational design. Retrieved 2008 from http://www.edfacilities.org

  • Leithwood, K. (1992). The move toward transformational leadership. Educational Leadership, 49(5), 8–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leithwood, K., & Jantzi, D. (1990). Transformational leadership: How principals can help reform school cultures. Annual Meeting of the Canadian Association for Curriculum Studies, Victoria, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leithwood, K., & Jantzi, D. (2009). A review of empirical evidence about school size effects: A policy perspective. Review of Educational Research, 79(1), 464–490.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leithwood, K., Jantzi, D., & Steinbach, R. (1999). Changing leadership for changing times. Buckingham, England: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lingard, B., Hayes, D., Mills, M., & Christie, P. (2003). Leading learning. Maidenhead, England: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lippman, P. C. (2004). The L-shaped classroom: A pattern for promoting learning. Retrieved from www.designshare.com.au

    Google Scholar 

  • Lippman, P. C. (2010). Evidence-based design of elementary and secondary schools. New Jersey, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nair, P. (2003). Planning schools as symbols of change. Educational Facility Planner, 38, 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nair, P., & Fielding, R. (2007a). A comfortable truth – Kids don’t have to squirm to learn. Retrieved from www.edutopia.org/node/3884/print

    Google Scholar 

  • Nair, P., & Fielding, R. (2007b). The language of school design: Design patterns for 21st Century schools. Retrieved from DesignShare.com

    Google Scholar 

  • OWP/PArchitects (Ed.). (2009). The third teacher: 79 ways you can use design to transform teaching and learning. New York, NY: Abrams.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pounder, J., (2006). Transformational classroom leadership: The fourth wave of teacher leadership? Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 34, 533. doi:10.1177/1741143206068216

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • PricewaterhouseCoopers. (2010). Evaluation of building schools for the future – 3rd Annual report. Department for Children.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanoff, H. (2000). Community participation methods in design and planning. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schnieder, M. (2003). Linking school facility conditions to teacher satisfaction and success. National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities, 71(143).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sergiovanni, T. J. (1994). Building community in schools. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Sergiovanni, T. J. (1999). Changing our theory of schooling. Rethinking leadership: A collection of articles. Arlington Heights, IL: Skylight Professional Development.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sergiovanni, T. J. (2005). The virtues of leadership. The Educational Forum, 69, 112–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sergiovanni, T. J. (2007). How can we improve schools, if we don’t have the right theory? New South Wales AIS Executive Conference, Brighton-le-sands, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sorrell, J., & Sorrell, F. (2005). Joined up design for schools. London, England: Merrell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Starratt, R. J. (2003). Centering educational administration. London, England: Lawerence Erlbaum & Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoll, L., & Fink, D. (2009). The power of school culture. In F. W. English (Ed.), Educational leadership and administration (Vol. 1, pp. 301–321). London, England: Sage Publications Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanner, C. K. (2000). Essential aspects of designing a school. Retrieved October 20, 2007, from http://www.coe.uga.edu/sdpl/research/principlesofdesign.html

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanner, C. K. (2008). Effects of school design on student outcomes. Journal of Educational Administration, 47(3), 381–399.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tanner, C. K. (2009). Effects of school design on student outcomes. Journal of Educational Administration, 47(3), 381–399.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tanner, C. K., & Lackney, J. A. (2006). Educational facilities planning: Leadership, architecture and management. Boston, MA: Pearson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, A. (2000). Programming and design of schools within the context of community (Stein Institute Lecture Series). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, A. (2009). Linking architecture and education. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uline, C. L., Tschannen-Moran, M., & deVere Wolsey, T. (2009). The walls still speak: The stories occupants tell. Journal of Educational Administration, 47(3), 400–426.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • US Department of Education. (2004). A summary of scientific findings on adverse effects of indoor environments on students’ heath, academic performance and attendance. Retrieved from www.iehinc.com.PDF/effects%20on%20students.pdf

  • van Note Chism, N., & Bickford, D. (Eds.). (2002). The importance of physical space in creating supportive learning environments. In New directions in teaching and learning. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woolner, P. (2010). The design of learning spaces. London, England: Continuum International Publishing Group.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woolner, P., Hall, E., Wall, K., Higgins, S., Blake, A., & McCaughey, C. (2005). School building programmes: Motivations, consequences and implications. Newcastle upon Tyne, England: University of Newcastle, Centre for Learning and Teaching, School of Education, Communication and Language Sciences.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yin, R. K. (2003). Case study research: Design and methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yin, R. K. (2009). Case study research: Design and methods (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Inc.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Sense Publishers

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bertram, K. (2016). The Cultural Architecture of Schools. In: Fisher, K. (eds) The Translational Design of Schools. Advances in Learning Environments Research. SensePublishers, Rotterdam. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6300-364-3_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6300-364-3_5

  • Publisher Name: SensePublishers, Rotterdam

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-6300-364-3

  • eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics