Abstract
One of the key purposes of this volume is to examine how issues of equity, access, and fairness, as applied to educational and social policies, represent a recently constructed concerted and powerful response to a four-decade global diffusion of neo-liberal ideology and in alternative cases, state authoritarianism. Certainly, the rise of social protest in 2011, continuing through 2012 and even in some situations onwards, demonstrates evidence for the breadth of this response.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Art and Education. (2011). “The New School Faculty in Support of Occupy Wall Street.” Art and Education. Available online at: http://www.artandeducation.net/announcement/the-new-schoolfaculty-in-support-of-occupy-wall-street/
Bellafonte, Gina. (2011). “Gunning for Wall Street with Faulty Aim.” New York Times, September 23. Available online at: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/25/nyregion/protesters-are-gunning-for-wallstreet-with-faulty-aim.html
Bonilla, Frank, & Myron Glazer. (1970). Student Politics in Chile. New York: Basic Books.
Bookbinder, Rose, & Michael Belt. (2012). “OWS and Labor Attempting the Possible.” In Kate Hatib, Margaret Killjoy, & Mike McGuire, eds., We Are Many (pp. 263-273). Oakland, CA: AK Press.
British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). (2011). “Chile Strike: Clashes Mar Anti-Government Protest.” BBC, August 26. Available online at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-14677953
Byrne, Janet. (2012). “9 Moments in the Occupy Movement History.” Huffington Post, April 30. Available online at: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/janet-byrne/occupymovement_b_1464717.html#s918480title=MidJuly_2011
Cabalin, Cristian. (2012). “Neoliberal Education and Student Movements in Chile: Inequalities and malaise.” Policy Futures in Education. 10, 219-228. Available online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.2304/pfie.2012.10.2.219
Cardenas, Amalia, & Conill Joana. (2012). “Spanish Indignados Movement Timeline: May 2011-May 2012.” In Manuel Castells, ed., Networks of Outrage and Hope (pp. 260-270). Cambridge: Polity Press.
Carnoy, Martin, Amber K. Gove, & Jeffery H. Marshall. (2007). Cuba’s Academic Advantage: Why Students in Cuba Do Better in School. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Castells, Manuel. (2012). Networks of Outrage and Hope: Social Movements in the Internet Age. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
Cavlo, Kerman, Teresa Gómez-Pastrana, & Luis Mena. (2011). “Movimiento 15M: ¿quiénes son y qué reivindican?” [“15M Movement: Who Are They And What Do They Claim?”]. ZoomPolitico, 4, 4-17. Available online at: www.falternativas.org/content/download/17… -
Chovanec, Donna M., & Alexandra Benitez (2008). “The Penguin Revolution in Chile: Exploring Intergenerational Learning in Social Movements.” Journal of Contemporary Issues in Education. 3(1), 39-57. Available online at: http://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.php/JCIE/article/view/2227/2482
Clarín. (2011). “Mundo Chile Bajo una intensa lluvia y mucho frío, miles de estudiantes marcharon por Santiago” [“Amidst Heavy Rain and Extreme Cold, Thousands of Students Marched in Santiago”]. Clarín, August 18. Available online at: http://www.clarin.com/mundo/intensa-estudiantes-marchancapital-chilena_0_538146385.html
Cox, Cristián. (2006). Policy Formation and Implementation in Secondary Education Reform: The Case of Chile at the Turn of the Century. World Bank Education Working Paper Series. Washington, DC: World Bank. Available online at: http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2006/08/28/000090341_20060828093017/Rendered/PDF/370140CL0Secondary0ed0reform01PUBLIC1.pdf
Delannoy, Francois. (2000). “Education Reforms in Chile, 1980-1998: A Lesson in Pragmatism.” World Bank Country Studies: Education Reform and Management Publication Series. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Available online at: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EDUCATION/Resources/278200-1099079877269/547664-1099080026826/Ed_reforms_Chile_EN00.pdf
Delclós, Carlos, & Raimundo Viejo. (2012). “Beyond the Indignation: Spain’s Indignados and the Political Agenda.” Policy and Practice: a Development Education Review, 15, 92-100. Available online at http://www.developmenteducationreview.com/issue15-perspectives4?page=show
de Miguel, Rodrigo, & Elisabeth O’Leary. (2014). “Spain’s King Juan Carlos Abdicates to Revive Monarchy.” Reuters, June 2. Available online at: http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/06/02/usspain-royals-idUSKBN0ED0NS20140602
Democracia real YA! (2011). “Manifiesto” [“Manifesto”]. Democracia real YA [Democracy Real Now]. Available online at: http://www.democraciarealya.es/
Edwards, B., & John D. McCarthy. (2007). “Resources and Social Movement Mobilization.” In David A. Snow, Sarah A. Soule, & Haspeter Kreisi, eds., Blackwell Companion to Social Movements (pp. 116-152). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
El Ciudadano. (2011). “Las Bases para un Acuerdo Social por la Educación Chilena” [“The Basis for a Social Accor for Chilean Education”]. El Ciudadano [The Citizen], July 31. Available online at: http://www.elciudadano.cl/2011/07/31/38923/las-bases-para-un-acuerdo-social-por-la-educacionchilena/
El Mercurio. (2011). “Más de 200 estudiantes se movilizaron en protesta por conflicto de Universidad Central” [“More Than 200 Students Were Motivated to Protest against the Central University conflict”]. El Mercurio, April 21. Available online at: http://www.emol.com/noticias/nacional/2011/04/21/477364/mas-de-200-estudiantes-se-movilizaron-en-protesta-por-conflicto-de-universidadcentral.html.
Euskai Irrati Telebista (EITB). (2011). “Unemployment in Spain Rises Sharply to 21.3 Percent.” EITB, April 29. Available online at: http://www.eitb.com/en/news/detail/646452/unemployment-spainrises-sharply-213-percent/
Farrell, Joseph P. (1986). The National Unified School in Allende’s Chile: The Role of Education in the Destruction of a Revolution. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.
Figueroa, Juan Pablo, & Tania Araya. (2011). ¿Obtuvo ganancias o recuperó su inversión? Las tres sociedades que vinculan a Lavín con la Universidad del Desarrollo [Profits Obtained or Investments Returned? The Three Companies Linking Lavin with the University of Development]. Centro de Investigación e Información Periodística [Center for Research and Journalistic Information] (CIPER), July 6. Available online at: http://ciperchile.cl/2011/07/06/las-tressociedades-que-vinculan-a-lavin-con-la-universidad-del-desarrollo/
Franklin, Jonathan. (2011). “Chile Student Protests Explode into Violence.” The Guardian, August 5. Available online at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/aug/05/chile-student-protests-violence
Franklin, Jonathan. (2012). “Victory for Chilean Students as Minister Resigns over Corruption Scandal.” The Guardian, December, 19. Available online at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/dec/19/victory-chilean-students-minister-resigns
Frayer, Lauren. (2012). “Students Protest Education Cuts in Spain; Some Rioting Reported.” Los Angeles Times, February 29. Available online at: http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/world_now/2012/02/students-protest-and-in-some-cases-riot-across-spain.html
Fuster Morell, Mayo. (2012). “The Free Culture and 15M Movements in Spain: Composition, Social Networks and Synergies.” Social Movement Studies: Journal of Social, Cultural and Political Protest, 11(3-4), 386-392.
Garofoli, Joe. (2012). “Obama’s Speech Echoes Occupy Movement Themes,” San Francisco Chronicle, January 26. Available online at: http://www.sfgate.com/politics/joegarofoli/article/Obama-s-speechechoes-Occupy-movement-themes-2715617.php
Gastal. Débora. (2012). “Prosecutor Will Investigate Private University Profits in Chile.” I Love Chile, June 22. Available online at: http://www.ilovechile.cl/2012/06/22/prosecutor-investigate-profitprivate-universities-chile/60478
Gitlin, Todd. (2012). Occupy Nation. New York: Harper Collins.
Graeber, David. (2012). “Occupy Wall Street’s Anarchist Roots,” In Janet Byrne, ed., The Occupy Handbook (pp. 141-149). New York: Back Bay Books.
Gobrierno de Chile. (2011). Gran Acuerdo Nacional por la Educación (GANE) [Grand National Educational Agreement]. Gobierno de Chile [Government of Chile], July 7th. Available online at: http://www.gob.cl/especiales/gran-acuerdo-nacional-por-la-educacion-g-a-n-e/.
Gobierno de Chile. (2011). “We Should All Feel Very Proud of the Latest SIMCE Results Which Show That We Are Continuing to Improve Standards in Education and Are Ensuring Equal Opportunities for Every Pupil. Gobierno de Chile [Government of Chile], April 11. Available online at: http://www.gob.cl/english/featured/2012/04/11/we-should-all-feel-very-proud-of-the-latest-simceresults-which-show-that-we-are-continuing-to-impro.htm
Heckle, Harold. (2012). “In Spain, Protests by Tens of Thousands against Health, Education Cuts.” The Huffington Post, April 29. Available online at: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/04/29/spainprotests-health-education_n_1462751.html
Hessel, Stéphane, & Marion Duvert. (2010). Time for Outrage! New York: Twelve Publishing.
Johnson, Kirk. (2014). “Seattle Approves $15 Minimum Wage, Setting a New Standard for Big Cities.” New York Times, June 2. Available online at: http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/03/us/seattleapproves-15-minimum-wage-setting-a-new-standard-for-big-cities.html
Johnson, Luke. (2011). “Elizabeth Warren on Occupy Wall Street: I Created ‘The Intellectual Foundation For What They Do’.” The Huffington Post, October 25. Available online at: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/10/25/elizabeth-warren-occupy-wall-street_n_1030974.html
Juventud Sin Futuro. (2012). ¿Universidad en crisis? Facultad en conflict [University in Crisis? Faculty in Conflict]. Juventud Sin Futuro [Youth Without Future], October 16. Available online at: http://juventudsinfuturo.net/universidad-en-crisis-facultad-en-conflicto/
Keck, Margaret E., & Kathryn Sikkink. (1998). Activists beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
La Segunda. (2011). “Reforma a la Educación Superior: Lavín detalló una propuesta Rectores de Ues Tradicionales” [“Reform of Higher Education: Lavín Detailed a Proposal to the Rectors of the Traditional Universities”]. La Segunda Online, May 26. Available online at: http://www.lasegunda.com/Noticias/Nacional/2011/05/650821/Reforma-a-la-educacion-superior-Lavin-detallo-propuesta-a-rectores-de-Ues-tradicionales
La Tercera. (2011). “Gobierno confirma 874 detenidos a nivel nacional y 90 carabineros heridos tras protestas estudiantiles” [“Government Confirms 874 Arrested Nationwide and 90 Police Injured after Student Protests”]. La Tercera, August 5. Available online at: http://www.latercera.com/noticia/nacional/2011/08/680-384341-9-gobierno-confirma-874-detenidos-a-nivel-nacional-y-90-carabineros-heridos-tras.shtml
Levy, Daniel. (1986). Higher Education and the State in Latin America. Private Challenges to Public Dominance. Chicago: University of Chicago.
McCarthy, John, & Mayer N. Zald. (1973). The Trend of Social Movements in America: Professionalization and Resource Mobilization. Morristown, NJ: General Learning Press.
McNichol, Tracy. (2011). “Prophet of Outrage: How an Obscure Pamphlet by a Former Resistance Fighter Inspired Europe’s Grassroots Protesters.” Daily Beast, September 25. Available online at: http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2011/09/25/stephane-hessel-s-indignez-vous-inspiresprotesters.html
Meyer, John D., Patricia Bromley, & Francisco O. Ramirez. (2010). “Human Rights in Social Science Textbooks: Cross-National Analysis, 1970-2008.” Sociology of Education, 83(2), 111-134.
Milkman, Ruth, Stephanie Luce, & Penny Lewis. (2013). Changing the Subject: A Bottom-Up Account of Occupy Wall Street in New York City. New York: Murphy Institute of the City University of New York. Available online at: http://www.documentcloud.org/documents/562862-changing-the-subject-2.html#document/p2
MINEDEC, OECD, & UNESCO. (2010). Challenges of the Chilean Education System. Paris: UNESCO. Available online at http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0019/001903/190330e.pdf
Moreno-Caballud, Luis. (2013). “Cultures of Anyone: The Spanish ‘Indignado’ Movement and Its Contexts.” Culturas de cualquiera [Anyone’s Culture], October 21. Available online at: http://culturasdecualquiera.wordpress.com/2013/10/21/cultures-of-anyone-the-spanish-indignadomovement-and-its-contexts/
Occupy Sandy Recovery. (2014). “We Still Need Your Help.” Occupy Sandy Recovery. Available online at: http://occupysandy.net/
OECD. (2012). Quality Assurance in Higher Education in Chile. Paris: OECD. Available online at: http://www.oecd.org/chile/QualityAssuranceinHigherEducationinChile-ReviewsofNationalPoliciesforEducation.pdf
OECD. (2014). Society at a Glance 2014 Highlights: Chile OECD Social Indicators. OECD. Available online at: http://www.oecd.org/chile/OECD-SocietyAtaGlance2014-Highlights-Chile.pdf
Olsen, Joel. (2012). “Whiteness and the 99%.” In Kate Khatib, Margaret Killjoy, & Mike McGuire, eds., We Are Many (pp. 46-52). Oakland, CA: AK Press.
Oliva, María Angélica. (2010). “Política educativa chilena 1965-2009. ¿Qué oculta esa trama?” [“Chilean Educational Policy 1965-2009: What Was Hidden behind the Frame?”]. Revista Brasileira de Educação [Brazilian Journal of Education], 15(44), 311-328. Available online at: http://redalyc.uaemex.mx/redalyc/pdf/275/27518764008.pdf
Oliver, Juan. (2011). “El desempleo juvenil alcanza en España su mayor tasa en 16 años” [“Youth Unemployment in Spain Reaches Its Highest Level in 16 Years”]. La Voz de Galicia [The Voice of Galicia], April 1. Available online at: http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/dinero/2011/04/02/0003_201104G2P26991.htm
Pastrana, Jill Pinkey. (2012). “Subtle Tortures of the Neo-liberal Age: Teachers, Students, and the Political Economy of Schooling in Chile”. The Journal for Critical Education Policy Studies, 10(2). Available online at: http://www.jceps.com/index.php?pageID=article&articleID=102
Reuters (2013). “Chile’s Ex-Student Leaders March Their Way to Congressional Victory.” Reuters, November 18. Available online at: http://in.reuters.com/article/2013/11/18/chile-election-camilavallejo-idINDEE9AH04H20131118
Roarmag.org. (2012). “Losing Strength? An Alternative Vision of Spain’s Indignados. ” Roarmag.org, June 30. Available online at: http://interoccupy.net/ttsinternational/losing-strength-an-alternativevision-of-spains-indignados-15m/
Robben, Antonius C. G. T. (2011). “Testimonies, Truths, and Transitions of Justice in Argentina and Chile.” In Alexander Laban Hinton, ed., Transitional Justice: Global Mechanisms and Local Realities after Genocide and Mass Violence (pp. 179-205). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Rogers, Andrew. (2011). “Chile Ranks Fifth in the World for Social Networking Usage.” I Love Chile. September 21. Available online at: http://www.ilovechile.cl/2011/09/21/chile-5th-highest-socialnetworking-usage-worldwide/32451
Romanos, Eduardo. (2012). The Strategic Use of Humor in the Spanish Indignados/15M Movement. Paper presented at the “The Politics and Protest Workshop,” CUNY Graduate Center, New York, October 4. Available online at: http://www.academia.edu/2013270/The_Strategic_Use_of_Humor_in_the_Spanish_Indignados_15M_Movement
Rossoni, Jessica. (2012). “Upcoming Regents Meeting Spurs Plans for Student Demonstrations.” Daily Californian, January 16. Available online at: http://www.dailycal.org/2012/01/16/upcoming-regentsmeeting-spurs-plans-for-student-demonstrations/
Salazar, Paulina. (2011). “11 universidades rechazan la propuesta educativa del gobierno” [“11 Universities reject Government education proposal”]. La Tercera, August 3. Available online at: http://www.latercera.com/noticia/educacion/2011/08/657-383956-9-11-universidades-rechazan-lapropuesta-educativa-del-gobierno.shtml.
Salinas, Daniel, & Pablo Fraser. (2012). “Educational Opportunity and Contentious Politics: The 2011 Chilean Student Movement.” Berkeley Review of Education, 3(1), 17-47. Available online at: http://escholarship.org/uc/item/60g9j416
Schweidler, Christine, Pablo Rey Mazón, Sabra Waheed, & Sasha Costanza-Chock. (2012). “Research by and for the Movement: Key Findings from the Occupy Research General Demographic and Participation Survey.” In Kate Khatib, Margaret Killjoy, & Mike McGuire, eds., We Are Many: Reflections on Movement Strategy from Occupation to Liberation (pp. 69-73). Oakland: AK Press.
SIMCE [Sistema de Medición de Calidad de la Educación]. (2013). PISA 2009. Santiago: SIMCE [Measurement System of Quality Education]. Available online at: https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/documentos-web/Estudios+Internacionales/PISA/PISA+/PISA+2009/Informe+Preliminar+Chile.pdf
Snow, David A., & Robert D. Benford. (1988). “Ideology, Frame Resonance, and Participant Mobilization.” In Bert Klandersmans, Hanspeter Kriesi, & Sidney Tarrow, eds., From Structure to Action: Social Movement Participation across Cultures (pp. 197-217). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Spence, Lester, & Mike McGuire. (2012). “Occupy and the 99%.” In Kate Khatib, Margaret Killjoy, & Mike McGuire, eds., We Are Many (pp. 53-65). Oakland, CA: AK Press.
Stiglitz, Joseph. (2011). “Of the 1%, by the 1%, for the 1%.” Vanity Fair, May 31. Available online at: http://www.vanityfair.com/society/features/2011/05/top-one-percent-201105
Sanchez, Marta. (2012). “Losing Strength? An Alternative Vision of Spain’s Indignados.” Roarmag.org, June 23. Available online at: http://roarmag.org/2012/06/losing-strength-analternative-vision-of-the-indignados/
Tarrow, Sidney. (2011). Power in Movement. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
The Economist. (2012). “Chile Progress and Its Discontents.” The Economist, 14, April 11. Available online at: http://www.economist.com/node/21552566
The Guardian. (2012). “Destruction of Occupy Wall Street ‘People’s Library’ Draws Ire.” The Guardian, January 18. Available online at: http://www.theguardian.com/world/blog/2011/nov/23/occupy-wall-street-peoples-library
This American Life. (2010). “Crybabies.” This American Life. Available online at: http://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/415/transcript
The Week. (2011). “Occupy Wall Street: A Protest Timeline.” The Week. November 21. Available online at: http://theweek.com/article/index/220100/occupy-wall-street-a-protest-timeline#
Tilly, Charles. (1978). From Mobilization to Revolution. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
UNESCO. (1997). Recommendation Concerning the Status of Higher-Education Teaching Personnel. Paris: UNESCO. Available online at: http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=13144&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html
Valverde, Gilbert A. (2004). “Curriculum Convergence in Chile: The Global and Local Context of Reforms in Curriculum Policy.” Comparative Education Review, 48(2), 174-201.
Walter, Richard J. (1969). “The Intellectual Background of the 1918 University Reform in Argentina.” The Hispanic American Historical Review, 49(2), 233-253. Available online at: http://www.jstor.org.proxy.iwu.edu/stable/2510819?seq=19
Warden, Rebecca. (2008). “SPAIN: Protests against Bologna Begin to Spread.” University World News, December 7. Available online at: http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=2008120509191347
Wyler, Grace. (2011). “Newt Gingrich Slams Occupy Wall Street: Take a Bath and Get a Job.” Business Insider, November 21. Available online at: http://www.businessinsider.com/newt-gingrichoccupy-wall-street-video-2011-11
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Sense Publishers
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Epstein, I. (2015). No Turning Back, Neo-Liberalism Exposed. In: Epstein, I. (eds) The Whole World is Texting. Pittsburgh Studies in Comparative and International Education. SensePublishers, Rotterdam. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6300-055-0_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6300-055-0_5
Publisher Name: SensePublishers, Rotterdam
Online ISBN: 978-94-6300-055-0
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawEducation (R0)