Abstract
Prerequisites for the New Russian federalism were formed during Perestroika in 1985–1991, when under the leadership of the General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee Mikhail Gorbachev the monopoly of the CPSU regarding the political power in the country was abolished and the legal basis for political pluralism was formed. In 1990–1991, all Union Republics of the USSR and many of the autonomous republics adopted declarations of state sovereignty (the so-called “parade of sovereignties ”). In July 1990, President M. Gorbachev presented his concept of a renewed federation of sovereign republics on the basis of the USSR. On 17 March 1991, the All-Union referendum supported the preservation of the USSR as a renewed federation of equal sovereign republics. However, between 18 and 21 August 1991 the State Committee on the State of Emergency (Emergency Committee) broke the signing of the Treaty on the Union of Sovereign States . On 8 December 1991, the heads of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus announced the dissolution of the USSR and the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (Belovezhskoe Agreement). The Union of the SSR as a subject of international law and geopolitical reality ceased to exist.
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Notes
- 1.
Материалы Пленума Центрального Комитета КПСС, 5–7 февраля 1990 г. [Materials of the Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU, 5–7 February 1990] (1990), p. 9.
- 2.
Закон СССР от 14 марта 1990 г. N 1360-I “Об учреждении поста Президента СССР и внесении изменений и дополнений в Конституцию (Основной Закон) СССР” [USSR law of 14 March 1990 No. 1360-I “On the establishment of the post of the President of the USSR and the introduction of amendments and additions to the Constitution (Basic Law) of the USSR”] Part II (1, 2). http://constitution.garant.ru/history/ussr-rsfsr/1977/zakony/185465/. Accessed 10 January 2019.
- 3.
Декларация о государственном суверенитете РСФСР [The Declaration of State Sovereignty of the RSFSR] 1990, Article 22.
- 4.
Ibid.
- 5.
XXVIII съезд Коммунистической Партии Советского Союза, 2–13 июля 1990 г. [XXVIII congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 2–13 July 1990] 1991, p. 74.
- 6.
It was the only all-Union referendum held in the Soviet Union.
- 7.
Постановление Верховного Совета СССР “О результатах референдума СССР от 21 марта 1991 года” [USSR Supreme Soviet Resolution on the Results of the USSR Referendum of 21 March 1991] http://zakon.7law.info/base18/part3/d18ru3791.htm. Accessed 15 January 2019.
- 8.
The process was named after the Moscow residence of Mikhail Gorbachev in Novo-Ogaryovo.
- 9.
Договор о Союзе Cуверенных Государств [Treaty on the Union of Sovereign States].
- 10.
Основной Закон (Конституция) Союза Советских Социалистических Республик 1924 года [Basic Law (Constitution) of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics of 1924]. http://vivovoco.astronet.ru/VV/LAW/1924_W.HTM. Accessed 16 January 2019.
- 11.
Соглашение о создании Содружества Независимых Государств [Agreement establishing the Commonwealth of Independent States] http://www.rusarchives.ru/statehood/10-12-soglashenie-sng.shtml. Accessed 6 January 2019.
References
Дeклapaция o гocyдapcтвeннoм cyвepeнитeтe PCФCP [The Declaration of State Sovereignty of RSFSR] Bulletin of the Congress of People’s Deputies of the RSFSR and the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, 1990, No. 2, Art. 22.
Дoгoвop o Coюзe Cyвepeнныx Гocyдapcтв [Treaty on the Union of Sovereign States] “Izvestiya of the Soviets of People’s Deputies of the USSR”. 15 August 1991.
Зaкoн CCCP oт 14 мapтa 1990 г. N 1360-I “Oб yчpeждeнии пocтa Пpeзидeнтa CCCP и внeceнии измeнeний и дoпoлнeний в Кoнcтитyцию (Ocнoвнoй Зaкoн) CCCP” [USSR law of 14 March 1990 No. 1360-I “On the establishment of the post of the President of the USSR and the introduction of amendments and additions to the Constitution (Basic Law) of the USSR”] Part II (1, 2) (expired). http://constitution.garant.ru/history/ussr-rsfsr/1977/zakony/185465/ (accessed: 10.01.2019).
Maтepиaлы Плeнyмa Цeнтpaльнoгo Кoмитeтa КПCC, 5-7 фeвpaля 1990 г. [Materials of the Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU, 5–7 February 1990] – M. - Politizdat, 1990. – p 9.
Пocтaнoвлeниe Bepxoвнoгo Coвeтa CCCP «O peзyльтaтax peфepeндyмa CCCP oт 21 мapтa 1991 гoдa [USSR Supreme Soviet Resolution On the results of the USSR referendum of 21 March 1991] No. 2041-1. http://zakon.7law.info/base18/part3/d18ru3791.htm. Accessed 15 January 2019.
Coглaшeниe o coздaнии Coдpyжecтвa Heзaвиcимыx Гocyдapcтв [Agreement establishing the Commonwealth of Independent States] http://www.rusarchives.ru/statehood/10-12-soglashenie-sng.shtml. Accessed 6 January 2019.
XXVIII cъeзд Кoммyниcтичecкoй Пapтии Coвeтcкoгo Coюзa, 2 - 13 июля 1990 г.: Cтeнoгp. oтчeт. T. 1. [XXVIII congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 2-13 July 1990: Stenogr. report. V. 1. - M.: Politizdat. - 1991. - p 74.
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Shaikhutdinova, G.R. (2020). The Origins of the New Russian Federalism (1990–1992). In: Contemporary Russian Federalism. T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-375-7_1
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