The World Anti-Doping Agency and Its Rules

van der Sloot, Bart; Paun, Mara; Leenes, Ronald

doi:10.1007/978-94-6265-351-1_2

Bart van der Sloot⁶,
Mara Paun⁶ &
Ronald Leenes⁶

Part of the book series: ASSER International Sports Law Series ((ASSER))

685 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter reviews the intricate structure of documents compiled by WADA to discover the main ideas in the WADA code and standards regarding the gathering of data, testing and sanctioning. Additionally, it focuses on the organisational structure within the context of doping, which includes most national and international sport federations. The aim is to understand how intelligence and information is exchanged between these organisations and how can it be used to apprehend athletes that contravene WADA’s Code. It describes the testing process on both urine and blood samples, the whereabouts requirement, WADA’s prohibited list, the athletes’ biological passports with their importance and role, the athletes’ rights and responsibilities as well as their ability to challenge doping findings. It discusses the strict liability principle applied in cases where an athlete is caught doping and the athletes’ right to appeal in such cases.

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Notes

1.
David 2017, p 62: Because most of the guidelines are directly connected to the implementation of the Code and Standards, which are mandatory, most Signatories will also follow the guidelines. Moreover, this has been demonstrated in the aforementioned European Commission report via empirical evidence.
2.
Mitten 2009, p 435: The ECtHR case law regarding Article 8 includes violations of privacy based on the administration of intrusive medical treatments (gynecological examination of a detainee, administration of emetics in order to provoke vomiting of searched substances, etc.); Roagna 2012.
3.
Article 9(1) GDPR.
4.
Tranberg 2011.
5.
Yesalis and Bahrke 2002, p 42.
6.
Holt Richard et al. 2009, p 323.
7.
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8.
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9.
Azzazy 2010, p 495.
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11.
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12.
Ibid., p 3.
13.
Pound and Clarke 2011, p 141.
14.
Morente-Sanchez and Zabala 2013, p 409.
15.
Sport Physician Toolkit, p 5.
16.
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17.
‘Europe operates through two public authority forums: The Council of Europe and the European Union. For the years 2002–2016, the Council of Europe through the Committee of Ministers agreed to the payments and formula. In 2002, payments were established based on the indicative scale of contributions calculated for states party to the European Cultural Convention. The indicative scale is based on GDP and population.’ WADA, ‘Funding by Governments’, https://www.wada-ama.org/en/funding-by-governments. (accessed 22 August 2018).
18.
WADA, Constitutive Instrument.
19.
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These are medical exemptions to the anti-doping rules an athlete can apply for if he has to take a certain drug for medical reasons.
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45.
The latter, however, seems to be primarily a formality, since WADA is not an association, but a foundation.
46.
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47.
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48.
WADA, ‘Code Compliance’. https://www.wada-ama.org/en/what-we-do/the-code/code-compliance (accessed 22 August 2018).
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50.
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52.
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53.
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54.
WADA, ‘Model Rules for National Anti-Doping Organisations’. (Version 3.0, February 2014) https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/WADA-2015-NADO-Model-Rules-v3.0-EN.docx (accessed 22 August 2018).
55.
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56.
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57.
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58.
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59.
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60.
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61.
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64.
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67.
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70.
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More than 40 reports: WADA, ‘Independent Observers Reports’. https://www.wada-ama.org/en/resources/search?f[0]=field_resource_collections%3A165 (accessed 22 August 2018).
76.
See also: WADA, ‘INTERPOL Cooperation’. https://www.wada-ama.org/en/interpol-cooperation (accessed 22 August 2018).
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WADC, p 12.
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Ibid.
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ANOCA - Association of National Olympic Committees of Africa; EOC - European Olympic Committees; ODESUR - South American Sports Organisation; OCA - Olympic Council of Asia; PASO/ODEPA - Pan American Sports Organisation; UANOC - Union of Arab National Olympic Committees.
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97.
Not all International Sports Federations recognize national federations: Triathlon (WTC) - World Triathlon Corporation. However, the WTC has recently signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the International Triathlon Union (which recognizes all national federations) to further harmonize the triathlon rules, including the anti-doping rules and procedures. It is likely that WTC would have to align its rules to the WADA requirements, to which ITU is already bound. See Erin Greene, ‘ITU & IRONMAN agree to historic partnership’ (Triathlon 30 January 2017) https://www.triathlon.org/news/article/itu_ironman_agree_to_historic_partnership (accessed 6 July 2018).
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102.
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104.
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105.
Alpine Skiing; Athletics; Biathlon; Nordic Skiing; Ice Sledge Hockey; Powerlifting; Shooting; Swimming; Wheelchair Dance Sport (Non-Paralympic sport).
106.
‘International Organisations of Sports for the Disabled’ (Paralympic.org). https://www.paralympic.org/the-ipc/international-organisation-for-the-disabled (accessed 22 August 2018).
107.
International Wheelchair & Amputee Sports Federation (IWAS), ‘Anti-Doping and IWAS’. http://www.iwasf.com/iwasf/index.cfm/anti-doping1/ (accessed 22 August 2018).
108.
International Tennis Federation (ITF). http://www.itftennis.com/home.aspx (accessed 22 August 2018).
109.
ITF, ‘History’. http://www.itftennis.com/about/organisation/history.aspx (accessed 22 August 2018).
110.
Memorandum, Articles of Association and Bye-laws of ITF LIMITED Trading as the International Tennis Federation Trading as the International Tennis Federation (2016). http://www.itftennis.com/media/221225/221225.pdf (accessed 22 August 2018).
111.
2018 Official Grand Slam Rule Book, p 1. https://www.itftennis.com/media/277864/277864.pdf (accessed 06 July 2018).
112.
Wimbledon, ‘About the AELTC’. http://www.wimbledon.com/en_GB/atoz/about_aeltc.html (accessed 22 August 2018).
113.
ITF, ‘Anti-Doping ITF: Introduction’. http://www.itftennis.com/antidoping/about-the-programme/introduction.aspx (accessed 22 August 2018).
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The Association of Summer Olympic International Federations (ASOIF). http://www.asoif.com/ (accessed 22 August 2018).
115.
IOC, ‘International Sport Federations’. https://www.olympic.org/ioc-governance-international-sports-federations (accessed 22 August 2018).
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Association of IOC Recognised International Sports Federations. http://www.arisf.org/ (accessed 22 August 2018).
117.
Recognised Federations (Olympic.org). https://www.olympic.org/recognised-federations (accessed 22 August 2018).
118.
FIDE Anti-Doping Rules based on WADA’s Models of Best Practice for International Federations and the World Anti-Doping Code (1 January 2015). https://www.fide.com/FIDE/handbook/FIDEAntiDopingRules.pdf (accessed 22 August 2018).
119.
Alliance of Independent recognised Members of Sport (AIMS), ‘Our Member Federations’. http://aimsisf.org/authors/ (accessed 22 August 2018).
120.
AIMS, ‘AIMS Statutes’. http://aimsisf.org/statutes/ (accessed 22 August 2018).
121.
Rugby League International Federation, ‘RLIF formally sign up to WADA code’ (21 November 2011). http://www.rlif.com/article/723/rlif-formally-sign-up-to See further: WADA, ‘Code signatories: Outside Olympic Movement’. https://www.wada-ama.org/en/code-signatories#OutsideOlympicMovement (accessed 22 August 2018).
122.
‘Code signatories: Outside Olympic Movement’. https://www.wada-ama.org/en/code-signatories#OutsideOlympicMovement (accessed 22 August 2018).
123.
De Koninklijke Nederlandse Lawn Tennis Bond (KNLTB), ‘Regelgeving’. http://www.knltb.nl/over-knltb/fair-play/antidoping/regelgeving/ See also: KNLTB, ‘Dopingreglement’ (2016). https://www.knltb.nl/siteassets/1.-knltb.nl/downloads/over-knltb/regelgeving/knltb_dopingreglement_2016.pdf (accessed 22 August 2018).
124.
KNLTB, ‘Veelgestelde vragen’. http://www.knltb.nl/over-knltb/fair-play/antidoping/veelgestelde-vragen/ (accessed 22 August 2018).
125.
WADA, ‘Major Event Organisations’. https://www.wada-ama.org/en/major-event-organizations (accessed 22 August 2018).
126.
Rauta 2015.
127.
White (2015) After the Qatar World Cup, will English football become a summer game? http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/11432711/After-the-Qatar-World-Cup-will-English-football-become-a-summer-game.html (accessed 22 August 2018).
128.
Andreff and Szymanski 2006, p 249.
129.
Hayes 2010.
130.
WADA, ‘Accredited Laboratories’. https://www.wada-ama.org/en/what-we-do/science-medical/laboratories/accredited-laboratories (accessed 22 August 2018).
131.
WADA, ‘Accreditation Process’. https://www.wada-ama.org/en/what-we-do/science-medical/laboratories/accreditation-process (accessed 22 August 2018).
132.
WADA, ‘World Anti-Doping Code - International Standard: Laboratories’ (June 2016) [ISL]. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/isl_june_2016.pdf (accessed 22 August 2018).
133.
ISO/IEC 17025:2005 General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories. http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=39883 (accessed 22 August 2018).
134.
For the procedure, see: WADA, ‘Criteria for the Approval Of Non-WADA Accredited Laboratories For The Athlete Biological Passport’ (July 2010). https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/WADA_Criteria_Haematological_Laboratory_June_2010_EN_FINAL.pdf (accessed 22 August 2018).
135.
WADA, ‘Approved Laboratories’. https://www.wada-ama.org/en/what-we-do/science-medical/laboratories/approved-laboratories (accessed 22 August 2018).
136.
WADA, WADA Suspends Accreditation of the Bogota Laboratory (2017). https://www.wada-ama.org/en/media/news/2017-02/wada-suspends-accreditation-of-the-bogota-laboratory (accessed 6 July 2018); WADA, WADA revokes accreditation of Almaty and Bloemfontein Laboratories (2017). https://www.wada-ama.org/en/media/news/2017-06/wada-revokes-accreditation-of-almaty-and-bloemfontein-laboratories (accessed 6 July 2018).
137.
Article 21 WADC.
138.
WADA, ‘Athlete Reference Guide to the 2015 World Anti-Doping Code’ p 131. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/wada-reference-guide-to-2015-code.pdf (accessed 6 July 2018): “[Comment to Athlete: This definition makes it clear that all International- and National-Level Athletes are subject to the anti-doping rules of the Code, with the precise definitions of international- and national-level sport to be set forth in the anti-doping rules of the International Federations and National Anti-Doping Organisations, respectively. The definition also allows each National Anti-Doping Organisation, if it chooses to do so, to expand its anti-doping program beyond International- or National Level Athletes to competitors at lower levels of Competition or to individuals who engage in fitness activities but do not compete at all. Thus, a National Anti-Doping Organisation could, for example, elect to test recreational level competitors but not require advance TUEs. But an anti-doping rule violation involving an Adverse Analytical Finding or Tampering results in all of the Consequences provided for in the Code (with the exception of Article 14.3.2). The decision on whether Consequences apply to recreational-level Athletes who engage in fitness activities but never compete is left to the National Anti-Doping Organisation. In the same manner, a Major Event Organisation holding an Event only for masters-level competitors could elect to test the competitors but not analyze Samples for the full menu of Prohibited Substances. Competitors at all levels of Competition should receive the benefit of anti-doping information and education.] WADC, Appendix one: Definitions.”
139.
Ibid., p 4.
140.
Article 21 WADC.
141.
Article 21.2 WADC.
142.
Dopingautoriteit, Nationaal Dopingreglement (16 March 2016). http://www.dopingautoriteit.nl/media/files/documenten/2016/DEF_NDR_2016_website_Dopingautoriteit.pdf (accessed 22 August 2018).
143.
WADA, ‘Disclaimer’ (To the Prohibited Association List). https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/prohibited_association_list_16_oct_2017_en.pdf (accessed 22 August 2018).
144.
Patterson et al. 2014, p 5.
145.
Ibid.
146.
David 2017, pp 305–306.
147.
Kamber 2011, p 5, 6.
148.
Ibid.
149.
Professional Worldwide Controls. http://www.doping-test.com/cms/ (accessed 22 August 2018).
150.
Article 3 ISTI.
151.
WADA, ‘Doping Control Officer’s Training Tool Kit’ (Version 3.0, May 2011). https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/wada_dco_toolkit_v3_full_en.pdf (accessed 22 August 2018).
152.
Doping Control Officer Report Form. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/wada_dco_report_form_v4.pdf; WADA, ‘Doping Control Officer (DCO) Instructions: Doping Control Officer (DCO) Report Form’ (Version 4, September 2015). https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/instructions_wada_dco_report_form_v4_en.pdf (accessed 22 August 2018).
153.
Viret 2016, pp 277–283: The “chain of custody” will describe the traceability of a Sample during the Doping Control process. These mechanism is governed both by ISTI (the external part of the process) and ISL (the internal part of the process).
154.
Article 3.2 ISTI.
155.
WADA, Regional Anti-Doping Organisation. https://www.wada-ama.org/en/who-we-are/anti-doping-community/regional-anti-doping-organizations-rado (accessed 9 July 2018).
156.
Ibid.
157.
WADA, Europe RADO. https://www.wada-ama.org/en/who-we-are/anti-doping-community/regional-anti-doping-organizations-rado#Europe (accessed 9 July 2018).
158.
WADA, Regional Anti-Doping Organisation.
159.
Caribbean RADO Brochure. http://www.caribbeanrado.com/index.php/resources/caribbean-rado-documents/20-rado-brochure/file (accessed 9 July 2018).
160.
Haas and Healey 2016, p 92.
161.
WADC, Part 2.
162.
Article 12 WADC.
163.
WADA, ‘WADA Compliance Review Committee Update’. https://www.wada-ama.org/en/media/news/2016-10/wada-compliance-review-committee-update (accessed 22 August 2018).
164.
Article 10 WADC.
165.
Article 11 WADC.
166.
Article 13 WADC.
167.
Article 2 WADC.
168.
Paoli and Donati 2013, pp 59–82.
169.
CAS 2007/A/1286 Johannes Eder v. International Olympic Committee (IOC) & CAS 2007/A/1288 Martin Tauber v. International Olympic Committee (IOC) & CAS 2007/A/1289 Jürgen Pinter v. International Olympic Committee (IOC), para 64–69.
170.
WADA, Prohibited Association List. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/prohibited_association_list_16_oct_2017_en.pdf (accessed 22 August 2018).
171.
WADA, ‘WADA Publishes Global List of Suspended Athlete Support Personnel’. https://www.wada-ama.org/en/media/news/2015-09/wada-publishes-global-list-of-suspended-athlete-support-personnel (accessed 22 August 2018).
172.
CAS 2004/A/651 French v Australian Sports Commission and Cycling Australia: CAS’ decision was purely based on circumstantial evidence construed from non-analytical findings. Non-analytical findings refer to all other findings that are not based on a positive drug test result.
173.
CAS 2013/A/3341 WADA v. Daniel Pineda Contreras & COC, award of 28 May 2014, para 127.
174.
Ibid., para 130.
175.
The description below is based on the 2017 list of prohibited substances and methods.
176.
WADA, Prohibited List. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/2016-09-29_-_wada_prohibited_list_2017_eng_final.pdf (accessed 22 August 2018).
177.
Article 4 WADC.
178.
WADC, p 14.
179.
Cornelius 2012, p 4: It is argued that the sole dependency of WADA’s classification of substances on the above factors is problematic, because studies suggest that such evidence is not ‘exact science’. Moreover, the third measurement used (experience) comes under particular criticism due to its incredibly vague and broad scope. Such measurement could lead to the prohibition of certain substances, where the experience was a placebo experience rather than direct effect of the substance on the body. See Forgues et al. 2017, p 160.
180.
Article 4.3.3 WADC.
181.
WADA, Prohibited List (January 2018), p 9. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/prohibited_list_2018_en.pdf (accessed 9 July 2018).
182.
Ibid.
183.
Ibid., p 2.
184.
WADA, Gene Doping. https://www.wada-ama.org/en/gene-doping (accessed 22 August 2018).
185.
WADA, Gene and Cell Doping Expert Group.
186.
See Wells 2008.
187.
Neuberger and Simon 2017.
188.
Prohibited List 2018, pp 7–8.
189.
Akama and Abe 2013, p 270.
190.
Rigozzi et al. 2015, pp 8–9: Under the 2015 WADA Code, non-specified substances violations attract a four years ineligibility sanction if the athlete cannot establish that the violation was not intentional. The specified substances abuses are punished with two years’ ineligibility, but if the ADC can prove that the use was intentional the ineligibility sanction is raised to four years. It means that all intentional violations will draw a four years sanction.
191.
WADA, Prohibited list Q&A, ‘What is a Specified Substance?’. https://www.wada-ama.org/en/questions-answers/prohibited-list-qa (accessed 10 July 2018).
192.
Chan et al. 2016.
193.
WADA, Cross Referencing of TUE Physician Guidelines with Prohibited Substances. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/wada-cross-referencing-tue-physician-guidelines-with-prohibited-substances.pdf (accessed 9 July 2018).
194.
AEPSAD, Aplicación No DopAPP. http://blog.aepsad.es/aplicacion-no-dopapp/ (accessed 9 July 2018).
195.
Cornelius 2012, p 5: There are multiple legal systems across the globe that put under pressure such a policy, as they provide for the universal right of access to court.
196.
Levine 2013, p 146.
197.
Heuberger et al. 2017.
198.
Pound and Clarke 2011), p 164.
199.
CAS 2002/A/376 Baxter v. IOC, para 33.
200.
Golf 2015, p 6.
201.
See Sect. 2.3.3 for a description of the local sports club in relation to WADA requirements.
202.
Henning and Dimeo 2018, p 131.
203.
Ibid., p 134.
204.
CAS 2013/A/3437 International Shooting Sport Federation v. WADA: A NADO issued TUE is not sufficient for International competitions and cannot be used in international anti-doping investigations or findings.
205.
Article 4.4.2 and 4.4.3 WADC.
206.
Article 4.4.5 WADC.
207.
Section 4 ISTUE.
208.
CAS 2015/A/4355 J. & ADD v. IPC, award of 26 May 2016, para 7.5: A heart condition in the athlete (dilated cardiomyopathy) proven by expert evidence that is irreversible, whether or not treated with prohibited substances, is deemed as a solid argument that the use of the prohibited drug cannot enhance the performance of the athlete.
209.
Section 4.3 ISTUE.
210.
CAS 2017/A/5061 Samir Nasri v. UEFA, paras 116 and 119: severe nausea (leading to sudden loss weight) a feel under the weather with viral like symptoms will not be construed by CAS as acute medical condition. The interpretation of this seems to be hinging upon whether or not the doctors’ reports include indications that the state of the athlete’s health would be significantly deteriorated without the intravenous treatment.
211.
Ibid., para 129: The necessity or intent to fly from the US to Europe two or three days later after the treatment was administered (in the US), does not constitute “other exceptional circumstances” which would have left insufficient time to apply for a TUE, in the sense of Article 4.3b ISTUE.
212.
Section 6.2 ISTUE.
213.
CAS 2016/A/4772 Dominguez v. FIA. paras 122 and 126: “An athlete has a legitimate explanation to understand the rationale of a decision which is a legal ruling affecting his status and which may impact claims of ADRV and possible defences as well as the athlete’s handling of such ADRV case. The decision may be challenged on appeal as shown on this award, albeit to a limited degree, and, therefore, the FIA’s argument that the Challenged Decision is not subject to review and there is no reason to provide a reasoned decision is not acceptable […] The failure to provide an explanation breaches this legitimate expectation and is contrary to the athlete’s fundamental rights of personality under Swiss law, which outweighs the argument that there has not been any misuse of discretion by the FIA TUE Committee.”
214.
Section 6.8 ISTUE.
215.
Section 7 ISTUE.
216.
WADA, Medical Information to Support the Decisions of TUE Committee Sinusitis/Rhinosinusitis. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/wada-sinusitis-rhinosinusitis-v1.3-en.pdf (accessed 22 August 2018).
217.
WADA, Medical Information to Support the Decisions of TUE Committees Musculoskeletal Conditions. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/musculoskeletal_conditions_v4.1_nov2017_en.pdf (accessed 22 August 2018).
218.
WADA, Medical Information to Support the Decisions of TUECs
INTRAVENOUS INFUSIONS. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/intravenous_infusions_-_version_4.1_-_july_2016.pdf (accessed 22 August 2018).
219.
WADA, ‘Medical Information to Support the Decisions of TUE Committees, ANDROGEN DEFICIENCY/MALE HYPOGONADISM. http://www.adop.pt/media/10787/wada-androgen-deficiency-male_hypogonadism-v4.0-en.pdf (accessed 22 August 2018).
220.
WADA, Medical Information to Support The Decisions of TUE Committees, Female-to-male Transsexual athletes. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/wada-tpg-medical-info-female-to-male-transsexual-athletes_1.3_en.pdf (accessed 22 August 2018).
221.
WADA, Medical Information to Support the Decisions of TUE Committees Anaphylaxis. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/wada-tpg-anaphylaxis-2.1-en.pdf (accessed 22 August 2018).
222.
WADA, Medical Information to Support the Decisions of TUECs.
Adrenal Insufficiency. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/wada-mi-adrenal-insufficiency-4.0-09-2015-en.pdf (accessed 22 August 2018).
223.
WADA, Medical Information to Support the Decisions of TUECs. Cardiovascular conditions: the therapeutic use of Beta-Blockers in Athletes. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/wada-tpg-cardiovascular_conditions-1.1.pdf (accessed 22 August 2018).
224.
WADA, Medical Information to Support the Decisions of TUE Committees, Inflammatory Bowel Disease. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/wada-medical-info-inflammatory-bowel-disease-2.1-en.pdf (accessed 22 August 2018).
225.
WADA, Medical Information to Support the Decisions of TUE Committees, Post Infectious Cough. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/wada_tpg_post_infectious_cough_v3.2_en.pdf (accessed 22 August 2018).
226.
WADA, Medical Information to Support the Decisions of TUE Committees Asthma. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/wada-medical-info-asthma-5.1-en.pdf (accessed 22 August 2018).
227.
WADA, Medical Information to Support the Decisions of TUE Committees, Diabetes Mellitus. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/wada-tpg-diabetes_mellitus-3.0-en.pdf (accessed 22 August 2018).
228.
WADA, Medical Information to Support the Decisions of TUECs, Renal Transplantation. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/wada-tpg-renal-transplantation-2.1_en.pdf (accessed 22 August 2018).
229.
WADA, Medical Information to Support the Decisions of TUECs, Infertility/Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/wada-tpg-infertility-polycistic-ovarian-syndrome-v5-en.pdf (accessed 22 August 2018).
230.
WADA, Medical Information to Support the Decisions of TUE Committees
Neuropathic Pain. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/tue_neuropathicpain_version2.0_december2017.pdf (accessed 22 August 2018).
231.
WADA, Medical Information to Support the Decisions of TUECs, Growth Hormone Deficiency (Child and Adolescent). https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/tuec_ghdchild_version2.1.pdf (accessed 22 August 2018).
232.
WADA, Medical Information to Support the Decisions of TUE Committees.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) In Children And Adults. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/WADA-MI-ADHD-5.0.pdf (accessed 22 August 2018).
233.
WADA, Medical Information to Support the Decisions of TUE Committees
Growth Hormone Deficiency (Adult). https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/tuec_ghdadult_version2.0.pdf (accessed 22 August 2018).
234.
WADA, Medical Information to Support the Decisions of TUECs, Intrinsic Sleep Disorders. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/tuec_intrinsicsleepdisorder_version4.0.pdf (accessed 22 August 2018).
235.
WADA, Therapeutic Use Exemption Guidelines. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/wada-tue-guidelines-v8.0-en.pdf (accessed 22 August 2018).
236.
Article 3.1 TUE Guidelines.
237.
Article 6.3 TUE Guidelines.
238.
Article 7.1 TUE Guidelines.
239.
WADA, WADC, 18.1. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/wada_anti-doping_code_2018_english_final.pdf (accessed 10 July 2018).
240.
Ibid.
241.
Hallward and Duncan 2018.
242.
European Parliament, ‘The Principle of Subsidiarity’, Fact Sheets on the European Union. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/factsheets/en/sheet/7/the-principle-of-subsidiarity (accessed 10 July 2018).
243.
WADA, ‘Information/Education Guidelines to Prevent Doping in Sport’. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/wada_guidelines_information_education_2016_v3.0_en.pdf (accessed 22 August 2018).
244.
WADA, ‘Information/Education Guidelines to Prevent Doping in Sport’, p 25.
245.
WADA, Teacher’s Toolkit.
246.
Article 1.0 ISTI (2017). https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/2016-09-30_-_isti_final_january_2017.pdf (accessed 11 July 2018).
247.
WADA, Guidelines – Implementing an Effective Testing Program (2014), p 19. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/wada_guidelines_effective_testing_2014_v1.0_en.pdf (accessed 11 July 2018).
248.
Henne 2015, preface page ix.
249.
Baume et al. 2017.
250.
Article 5 WADC.
251.
Article 20.7 WADC.
252.
Mountjoy et al. 2015, p 888: The test distribution plans are not meant to be static, they can change to target specific doping issues. For instance, ICO’s test distribution plan for the 2014 Youth Olympic Games was updated to focus on targeting sports with historically higher risk of doping and countries who had more than 10 athletes present, instead of testing all medallists.
253.
Article 5.4 WADC.
254.
Article 4.2 ISTI.
255.
Article 4.2.3 ISTI.
256.
Article 4.3.1. ISTI.
257.
Articles 4.4–4.6 ISTI.
258.
ISTI 4.5.5.
259.
Article 4.6.2 ISTI.
260.
Hanstad and Loland 2005, pp 41–42.
261.
‘Good faith’ is a rather loose and broad concept. Non-WADA suggestions for prioritization criteria propose the more pragmatic, precise stats based approach of randomised response techniques, to establish how many athletes are or have been doping and presumably restrict the anti-doping policies only to those athletes. See Pielke Jr 2018.
262.
Article 4.6 ISTI.
263.
WADA, Guidelines for Implementing an Effective Testing Program. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/wada_guidelines_effective_testing_2014_v1.0_en.pdf (accessed 22 August 2018).
264.
Article 3.2 Guidelines for Implementing an Effective Testing Program.
265.
The numbers for amateur cycling doping cases, in the US, are equally, but less mediatized. See Henning and Dimeo 2015, p 403.
266.
Article 4.2 Guidelines for Implementing an Effective Testing Program.
267.
Article 5.1 Guidelines for Implementing an Effective Testing Program.
268.
Future target testing methods may include performance profiling, which entails the registration and collection of any athlete’s performance data throughout his/her professional experience. Iljukov and Schumacher 2017.
269.
Article 5.4 Guidelines for Implementing an Effective Testing Program.
270.
WADA, Article 10.3 WADA Technical Document for Sport Specific Analysis https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/tdssa_v3.1_clean_final_19_02_2018.pdf (accessed 11 July 2018).
271.
Article 3.3 WADA Technical Document for Sport Specific Analysis, https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/tdssa_v3.1_clean_final_19_02_2018.pdf. (accessed 22 August 2018)
272.
Appendix 1 WADA Technical Document for Sport Specific Analysis.
273.
Comment to Article 11.1.1 ISTI.
274.
CAS ad hoc Division OG 16/025 WADA v. Narsingh Yadav & NADA, award of 21 August 2016, paras 7.25–27.
275.
Viret 2015, p 50: Some of the ‘available source’ could include the trafficking of doping substances in relation to their crime organized connections, the role of the athlete’s personal and medical entourage and the sports authorities themselves, but also the overall impact of doping on society.
276.
Article 5.8 WADC.
277.
Article 12.4.3 ISTI.
278.
Geeraets 2018, p 265: WADA is justifying this practice through the so-called voluntary consent claim. An athlete seeking to complain can always be silenced by being reminded that s/he agreed with the requirements of the Code in the first place.
279.
Article 6.1 Guidelines for Implementing an Effective Testing Program.
280.
WADA, Whistleblowing Program, Policy and Procedure for Reporting Misconduct, https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/whistleblowingprogram_policy_procedure_en.pdf. (accessed 22 August 2018).
281.
WADA, Speak Up, https://speakup.wada-ama.org/WebPages/Public/FrontPages/Default.aspx. (accessed 22 August 2018).
282.
Article 3.1. Whistleblowing Program, Policy and Procedure for Reporting Misconduct.
283.
Park 2005.
284.
WADA, Information Gathering and Intelligence Sharing Guidelines. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/wada_guidelines-information-gathering-intelligence-sharing_final_en.pdf (accessed 22 August 2018).
285.
Article 3.3 Information Gathering and Intelligence Sharing Guidelines.
286.
Article 4.2.3 Information Gathering and Intelligence Sharing Guidelines.
287.
Nafziger and Ross 2011, p 142.
288.
Article 5.6 WADC.
289.
For instance, the World Squash Federation, has two pools a Standard Registering Testing Pool and Other Registering Testing Pool. Each has approximatively 10–12 athletes, and the whereabouts requirements are less strict in the latter pool. No duplication of names is allowed. In Switzerland, the independent Antidoping Switzerland Foundation has three distinct pools to which athletes are assigned based on specific criteria. This time, an athlete could end up on more than one list, and would have to comply with multiple whereabouts requirements. See World Squash, Testing Pools & Statistics: Current Criteria for Inclusion http://www.worldsquash.org/ws/athletes/anti-doping/anti-doping/registered-testing-pool and Antidoping Switzerland Foundation, Testing https://www.antidoping.ch/en/testing/testing-pools (accessed 12 July 2018).
290.
Comment to 4.8.1 ISTI.
291.
Borry et al. 2018, p 458: The proposal failed based on the ethical considerations surrounding the athletes ‘privacy. However, WADA is willing to use the devices in a research setting with the goal of comprehending the associations between genotype, phenotype and environment and their impact on the athletes’ performance.
292.
Elmasllari and Plass 2017.
293.
The IAAF makes the same clarification, adding that if the IAAF attempted the test outside of the time slot and the athlete could not be found, it will not be noted as a missed test. See IAAF, IAAF Medical & Anti-Doping Department, Advisory Note – The IAAF Registered Testing Pool, Whereabouts Information, and Missed Tests (2015).
294.
Comment to Article 5.2 WADC.
295.
CAS 2017/A/4967 Adel Mechaal v. IAAF & Agencia Española de Protección de la Salud en el Deporte (AEPSAD).
296.
Article 4.8.6 ISTI.
297.
Article 8.2 Guidelines for Implementing an Effective Testing Program.
298.
Comment to 4.8.3 ISTI.
299.
See about the other pools: Article 8.1.3 Guidelines for Implementing an Effective Testing Program.
300.
Article 8.1.1 Guidelines for Implementing an Effective Testing Program.
301.
Hanstad et al. 2009, p 42.
302.
Article 8.1.2 Guidelines for Implementing an Effective Testing Program. See further: Hardie 2014: In practice, these principles are not visible in a system increasingly accepted as imperfect, but are a useful tool with moderate success in deterring and detecting the doping offences.
303.
Annex H ISTI.
304.
WADC, p 136. The Toolkit, however, refers to the age of majority in their country. See Article 3.1 WADA, Doping Control Officer’s Training Tool Kit, https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/wada_dco_toolkit_v3_full_en.pdf. (accessed 22 August 2018).
305.
CAS 2002/A/399 P. v. FINA, award of 31 January 2003: The DCOs must pay careful attention when preparing the toolkits for sampling. Irregularities during the sampling process can be used by the athlete to argue that the results are not valid. However, as the case shows, the threshold is high. Mere use of incorrect tags on the sampling boxes, or broken boxes that require a test repetition will not suffice.
306.
WADA, Sample Collection Personnel: Recruitment, Training, Accreditation and Re-Accreditation Guideline, https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/WADA_Guidelines_SampleCollectionPersonnel_EN.pdf. (accessed 22 August 2018).
307.
CAS 2015/A/4184 Jobson Leandro Pereira de Oliveira v. FIFA, award of 25 April 2016, paras 170–1: Notifications for an out-of-competition testing delivered by a Football Club administrator and Club interpreter was considered to be acceptable notification procedures, mainly on the grounds that the Athlete could not prove that it was not the DCO or chaperones delivering the message. Moreover, simply receiving the notification was considered more significant.
308.
Significant chaperone training failures have been registered during the 2016 Olympic Games, which led to major procedural breaches and even aborted doping tests. WADA, Independent Observer Team Report for 2016 Olympic Summer Games, Rio de Janeiro, p 16 https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/rio2016_io_team_report_26102016.pdf (accessed 12 July 2018).
309.
Article 7.3.3 Guidelines on Sample Collection Personnel.
310.
Article 7.4 Guidelines on Sample Collection Personnel.
311.
Article 8.3.3 Guidelines on Sample Collection Personnel.
312.
Article 8.4 Guidelines on Sample Collection Personnel.
313.
Article 4.1.3 Guidelines on Sample Collection Personnel.
314.
Article 5.2 l ISTI.
315.
Article 5.4.1 ISTI.
316.
Failures to comply must also be documented. Annex A ISTI.
317.
CAS 2008/A/1558 WADA v. SANEF & Jasyn Gertenback, CAS 2008/A/1578 FEI v. SANEF, award of 4 March 2009, paras 72–4.
318.
Article 5.4.2 ISTI.
319.
Article 3.5.2 Urine Sample Collection Guidelines. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/wada_guidelines_urine_sample_collection_2014_v1.0_en.pdf (accessed 22 August 2018); Article 3.5.2 Blood Sample Collection Guidelines. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/guidelines_blood_sample_collection_v5_sept_2016.pdf (accessed 22 August 2018).
320.
Article 4.2 Doping Control Officer’s Training Tool Kit.
321.
CAS 2015/A/3915 Iago Gorgodoze v. IPC, award of 3 February 2016, paras 125–152: This case, among other things, concerned doping control form irregularities. An initial form was signed after the doping test. There were mistakes made on the form and corrected by writing on top of the mistakes and coffee was spilled on top of the form. The next day, the DCO required the athlete to sign a new form, because the former was unusable. The DCO sends the forms only via email to the laboratories and admits to also forging the signature of the chaperone, which inconsistent evidence suggests he may have not been present during the testing procedure. CAS considered all of these IST deviations regrettable, but not incriminatory because the athlete could not prove that due to these irregularities an AAF was established.
322.
Article 5.4.4 ISTI.
323.
Annex C ISTI. Article C.4.4 ‘Athletes who are Minors should be notified in the presence of an adult, and may choose to be accompanied by a representative throughout the entire Sample Collection Session. The representative shall not witness the passing of a urine Sample unless requested to do so by the Minor. The objective is to ensure that the DCO is observing the Sample provision correctly. Even if the Minor declines a representative, the Sample Collection Authority, DCO or Chaperone, as applicable, shall consider whether another third party ought to be present during notification of and/or collection of the Sample from the Athlete.’ For out-of-competition testing, a location should be selected where the presence of an adult is most likely, for example a training venue.
324.
Annex B ISTI. Article B.4.6 ‘Athletes who are using urine collection or drainage systems are required to eliminate existing urine from such systems before providing a urine Sample for analysis. Where possible, the existing urine collection or drainage system should be replaced with a new, unused catheter or drainage system prior to collection of the Sample. The catheter or drainage system is not a required part of Sample Collection Equipment to be provided by the Sample Collection Authority; instead it is the responsibility of the Athlete to have the necessary equipment available for this purpose.’
325.
WADA, 2017 Anti-Doping Testing Figures by Laboratory, p 19: In 2017 there were no AAFs as a result of an in-competition alcohol intoxication. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/2017_anti-doping_testing_figures_en_0.pdf (accessed 8 August 2018).
326.
WADA, Breath Alcohol Testing Guidelines’. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/wada_guidelines_breath_alcohol_testing_2014_v1.0_en.pdf (accessed 22 August 2018).
327.
Article 3.1 Breath Alcohol Testing Guidelines.
328.
CAS 2016/A/4502 Patrick Leeper v. IPC, award of 12 January 2016, para 125.
329.
Annex D ISTI.
330.
Venkatratnam and Lents Nathan 2011.
331.
WADA, ISTI Urine Sample Collection Guidelines.
332.
CAS 98/211 B./ FINA, award of 7 June 1999, paras 52–56: When the DCO is unable to see clearly the vagina of the athlete as she is producing the urine sample, relying on sounds rather than sight, it will be construed as part of the circumstantial evidence pointing towards the alteration of the sample by the athlete.
333.
Article 6.1 Doping Control Officer’s Training Tool Kit.
334.
Cooper 2012, p 253.
335.
Annex E ISTI.
336.
Blood Sample Collection Guidelines.
337.
Samples collected as part of the athlete’s biological passport: CAS 2010/A/2178 Caucchioli v. CONI & UCI; CAS 2010/A/2308 Pellizotti v. CONI & UCI.
338.
Article 2.6 Blood Sample Collection Guidelines.
339.
Stanley et al. 2015; Dahl 2013.
340.
Article 3.1 Blood Sample Collection Guidelines.
341.
Article 3.5 Blood Sample Collection Guidelines.
342.
Article 7.1 Blood Sample Collection Guidelines.
343.
Sottas 2012, p 115: Apart from being a novel supervisory method, it is also a method considered to be a paradigm shift. Compared to the AAF, the ABP are more direct by focusing primarily on the physiological effects, rather than going from the effects to the cause.
344.
WADA, Athlete Biological Passport. https://www.wada-ama.org/en/athlete-biological-passport (accessed 22 August 2018).
345.
WADA, Criteria for approval of non-WADA accredited laboratories for the athlete biological passport. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/WADA_Criteria_Haematological_Laboratory_June_2010_EN_FINAL.pdf (accessed 22 August 2018).
346.
Annex L ISTI.
347.
Annex I ISTI.
348.
CAS 28 December 2015, Karam Gaber v. UWW, award of 28 December 2015, para 8.4.
349.
Ibid., para 8.5.
350.
Comment to Article I.1.1(b) ISTI.
351.
CAS 2013/A/3241 WADA v. CONI & Alice Fiorio, award of 22 January 2014, paras 9 and 41.
352.
Elbe and Overbye 2014, p 236: The Danish athletes have admitted that keeping up with the whereabouts requirements is very difficult and makes them feel trapped and unable to make spontaneous changes in their schedules.
353.
Article 9 Guidelines for Implementing an Effective Testing Program.
354.
WADA, Accreditation process. https://www.wada-ama.org/en/what-we-do/science-medical/laboratories/accreditation-process (accessed 22 August 2018).
355.
ISO, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories. https://www.iso.org/standard/39883.html (accessed 22 August 2018).
356.
Boghosian et al. 2012, p 1593: The EQAS is a probationary test consisting of a minimum of ten tests on WADA samples in controlled conditions. It seeks to test the quality of the laboratory’s assessments before final accreditation is given.
357.
Part 4 of the ISL and Annex A ISL.
358.
Annex B ISL.
359.
WADA, Decision Limits for the Confirmatory Quantification of Thresholds Substances.
https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/2016-12-13_td2017dl.pdf (accessed 22 August 2018).
360.
WADA, TD2017LDOC Summary of Major Modifications. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/td2017ldoc_summary_modifications.pdf (accessed 22 August 2018).
361.
WADA, Blood Analytical Requirements for the Athlete Biological Passport. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/wada_td2017bar_blood_analysis_requirements_en.pdf (accessed 22 August 2018).
362.
WADA, Detection of Synthetic Forms of Endogenous Anabolic Androgenic Steroids by GC/C/IRMS. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/wada-td2016irms-detection_synthetic_forms_eaas_by_irms-en.pdf (accessed 22 August 2018).
363.
WADA, Endogenous Anabolic Androgenic Steroids Measurement and Reporting. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/wada-td2016eaas-eaas-measurement-and-reporting-en.pdf (accessed 22 August 2018).
364.
WADA, Harmonization of analysis and reporting of 19-norsteroids related to nadrolone. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/td2016na_eng.pdf (accessed 22 August 2018).
365.
WADA, Harmonization of analysis and reporting of Eryptropoiesis Simulating Agents by Electrophoretic Techniques. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/WADA-TD2014EPO-v1-Harmonization-of-Analysis-and-Reporting-of-ESAs-by-Electrophoretic-Techniques-EN.pdf (accessed 22 August 2018).
366.
WADA, Human Growth Hormone Isoform Differential Immunoassays for Doping Control Analyses. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/wada_td2015gh_hgh_isoform_diff_immunoassays_en.pdf (accessed 22 August 2018).
367.
WADA, Minimum Criteria for Chromatographic-Mass Spectrometric Confirmation of the Identity of Analytes for Doping Control Purposes. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/td2015idcr_-_eng.pdf (accessed 22 August 2018).
368.
WADA, Laboratory Internal Chain of Custody. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/WADA_TD2009LCOC_Laboratory_Internal_Chain_Custody_EN.pdf (accessed 22 August 2018).
369.
WADA, TD2015MRPL Summary of Major Modifications. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/wada_td2015mrpl_summary_modifications.pdf (accessed 22 August 2018).
370.
WADA, Search Results (122). https://www.wada-ama.org/en/search?k=accreditation&search-category=all&op=Search (accessed 22 August 2018).
371.
CAS 2010/A/2162 Doping Control Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysa v. WADA.
372.
Dasgupta 2017, p 9: For instance, the latest Russian doping scandal brings to light the inexplicable omissions of WADA to investigate and/or revoke the accreditation of many of the Russian laboratories involved in the breaches, despite receiving information about the violations since 2011.
373.
WADA, WADA Suspends Accreditation of Rio Laboratory. https://www.wada-ama.org/en/media/news/2016-06/wada-suspends-accreditation-of-rio-laboratory (accessed 22 August 2018).
374.
The suspension of one lab, the Madrid lab, has been lifted in the meantime.
375.
The Bucharest laboratory is also under investigation: https://www.wada-ama.org/en/media/news/2018-02/wada-suspends-accreditation-of-bucharest-laboratory (accessed 22 August 2018).
376.
CAS 2011/A/2566 Veerpalu v. FIS, para 97: “CAS panel cannot place in question whether an ISO [International Organization for Standardization] accreditation was correctly attributed to a laboratory, because this would render the whole international standardization and certification system meaningless and because, notoriously, compliance with ISO accreditation requirements is regularly checked by external auditors.”
377.
See for potential problems: https://www.wada-ama.org/en/media/news/2018-01/wada-investigates-potential-integrity-issue-with-new-generation-bereg-kit-geneva (accessed 22 August 2018).
378.
Sections 8 and 9 ISTI.
379.
Section 9.3.1 ISTI.
380.
CAS 2010/A/2296, Simon Vroemen v. KNAU & ADAN, para 129: Instead CAS considered the DCO’s choice to freeze and thaw samples acceptable sampling procedure.
381.
Annex K ISTI.
382.
In addition to a regular Doping Control form, the DCO/BCO shall use the ABP Supplementary. Article K.4.1 ISTI.
383.
Sections 2.8 and 2.9 Blood Sample Guidelines. See also Sects. 2.8 and 2.9 Urine Sample guidelines.
384.
Section 2.8.1 Doping Control Officer’s Training Tool Kit.
385.
CAS 2010/A/2296, Simon Vroemen v. KNAU & ADAN, paras 124–5: Four and a half days was construed by CAS to fall within the ISTI meaning of ‘as soon as possible’ and was not considered as unacceptable or too long a period. The actual interpretation of the phrase ‘as soon as possible’ remains unclear.
386.
CAS 2005/A/908 WADA v. Wium, paras 6.5: Samples are left unattended at the DCS.
387.
Section 2.8.2 Doping Control Officer’s Training Tool Kit.
388.
See on the analysis of the sample also Article 6 of the WADC.
389.
Section 5 ISL.
390.
Section 5.2.2.3 ISL.
391.
CAS 2011/A/2566 Veerpalu v. FIS, para 135.
392.
CAS 2011/A/2612 Liao Hui v. IWF, para 65.
393.
WADA, Laboratory Internal Chain of Custody.
394.
Section 5.2.1.3 ISL.
395.
Section 5.2.2.6 ISL.
396.
Section 5.2.2.12.10 ISL.
397.
CAS 2017/A/4973 Chunhong Liu v. IOC, award of 31 July 2017, para 13.
398.
Section 5.2.4.3.1 ISL.
399.
Section 5.2.5 ISL.
400.
Section 5.2.6.6 ISL.
401.
WADC, p 130.
402.
CAS 2017/A/4974 Lei Cao v. IOC, award of 31 July 2017, paras 82–87: The sample could be stored long-term for possible re-analysis. An AAF could be established 8 years later upon the re-analysis of the same sample. The contradiction between the initial and latter analysis may not be an issue, because the entire purpose of the re-analysis is to use new detection methods unavailable at the time of the initial analysis.
403.
WADC, p 132.
404.
Section 5.3 ISL.
405.
Section 5.4 ISL.
406.
Section 5.4.4.3.1 ISL.
407.
Section 5.4.4.4.1.2–5.4.4.4.1.5 ISL.
408.
Section 5.2.6.14.4 ISL.
409.
WADA, List of Organizations Using ADAMS. https://www.wada-ama.org/en/list-of-organizations-using-adams WADA, Implementation. https://www.wada-ama.org/en/implementation (accessed 22 August 2018).
410.
Viret 2015, p 738.
411.
WADA, Agreement for the Sharing of Information. https://www.wada-ama.org/en/resources/adams/agreement-for-the-sharing-of-information (accessed 22 August 2018).
412.
Schedule 1 Agreement for the Sharing of Information.
413.
ADAMS Privacy Policy.
414.
Schedule 2 Agreement for the Sharing of Information.
415.
Schedule 3 Agreement for the Sharing of Information.
416.
Schedule 4 Agreement for the Sharing of Information.
417.
WADA, Biological results. http://adams-docs.wada-ama.org/display/EN/Biological+results.
418.
WADA, Athlete Biological Passport program. http://adams-docs.wada-ama.org/display/EN/Athlete+Biological+Passport+program (accessed 22 August 2018).
419.
WADA, ADAMS User Guide for Athletes. http://adams-docs.wada-ama.org/display/EN/ADAMS+User+Guide+for+Athletes (accessed 22 August 2018).
420.
WADA, ADAMS Mobile App user guide. http://adams-docs.wada-ama.org/display/EN/ADAMS+Mobile+App+user+guide (accessed 22 August 2018).
421.
WADA, ADAMS User Guide for Sport Organizations. http://adams-docs.wada-ama.org/display/EN/ADAMS+User+Guide+for+Sport+Organizations (accessed 22 August 2018).
422.
WADA, ADAMS Biological Passport Guide. http://adams-docs.wada-ama.org/display/EN/ADAMS+Biological+Passport+guide (accessed 22 August 2018).
423.
WADA, ADAMS User Guide for Administrators. http://adams-docs.wada-ama.org/display/EN/ADAMS+User+Guide+for+Administrators (accessed 22 August 2018).
424.
WADA, ADAMS User Guide for WADA-accredited Laboratories. http://adams-docs.wada-ama.org/display/EN/ADAMS+User+Guide+for+WADA-accredited+Laboratories (accessed 22 August 2018).
425.
WADA, Athlete’s Consent Form. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/ADAMS_Athlete_Consent_Form_Doping_Control_Data_EN.pdf (accessed 22 August 2018).
426.
About the security measures, WADA has stated the following in a private e-mail (dated 29 March 2017):
“Processing activities are performed by a dedicated WADA team, although some processing is performed by an IT services firm, which has ISO9000 and SSAE 16 certifications, as does our secure data center facility, and is under contractual obligations to keep the data secure. A non-exhaustive list of other relevant security measures includes the following:
Servers hosted in secure data centre, physical and logical (management) access restricted to select IT infrastructure management personnel.
Dedicated hosting network, isolated from the rest of the business, with management access restricted by two-factor RSA SecurID.
Change management processes.
Network firewall, IDS and web-application firewall.
Security monitoring by IBM Managed Security Services.
Data in transit encrypted using TLS.
Logging of network and application activity.
Access and authentication controls related to ADAMS data, such as user account credentials, multi-level permissions, and sharing rules.”
427.
Article 4.2 ‘For the avoidance of doubt, each Party shall: 4.2.1 Process Personal Information contained in ADAMS for anti-doping purposes alone; 4.2.2 treat Personal Information contained in ADAMS as confidential information at all times; 4.2.3 grant access to Personal Information contained in ADAMS only to persons identified in this Agreement, the Code or the International Standard, unless otherwise required by applicable laws; 4.2.4 in the event that Personal Information is disclosed, inform recipients of the confidential nature of such information and the limited purposes for which it can be used, require such recipients to treat the Personal Information confidentially, and, when necessary, enter into agreements in writing with the recipients to preserve the confidential nature of the Personal Information; 4.2.5 respect and observe the technical security measures contained in ADAMS and, where appropriate, implement additional organizational security measures to prevent unauthorized access to Personal Information contained in ADAMS; and 4.2.6 ensure that all ADAMS Users to whom it has granted access have been informed of and received training in how to use ADAMS in a secure manner.’ WADA, Agreement governing the use and sharing of information in WADA’s anti-doping administration and management system. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/wada_adams_user_agreement_ado_version_2015.pdf (accessed 22 August 2018).
428.
WADA, ADAMS Legal Statement. https://www.wada-ama.org/en/adams-legal-statement (accessed 22 August 2018).
429.
Act respecting the protection of personal information in the private sector (R.S.Q., c. P-39.1), sections 42 and 61. http://legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/en/ShowDoc/cs/P-39.1 (accessed 20 July 2018).
430.
Letter from the Quebec Commission on Access to Information, 3 April 2009, p 2. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/WADA_Letter_QC_Commission_200904_EN.pdf (accessed 20 July 2018).
431.
‘For the avoidance of doubt, each Party shall: Process Personal Information contained in ADAM S for anti-doping purposes alone; treat Personal Information contained in ADAMS as confidential information at all times; grant access to Personal Information contained in ADAMS only to persons identified in this Agreement, the Code or the International Standard, unless otherwise required by applicable laws; in the event that Personal Information is disclosed, inform recipients of the confidential nature of such information and the limited purposes for which it can be used, require such recipients to treat the Personal Information confidentially, and, when necessary, enter into agreements in writing with the recipients to preserve the confidential nature of the Personal Information; respect and observe the technical security measures contained in ADAMS and, where appropriate, implement additional organizational security measures to prevent unauthorized access to Personal Information contained in ADAMS; and ensure that all ADAMS Users to whom it has granted access have been informed of and received training in how to use ADAMS in a secure manner.’ Agreement governing the use and sharing of information in WADA’s anti-doping administration and management system.
432.
WADA, Guidelines - International ADO’s Cooperation. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/guideline_ado_international_cooperation_projects_july2017_en.docx (accessed 22 August 2018).
433.
International ADO’s Cooperation, p 3.
434.
INADO, Articles of Association of INADO. http://www.inado.org/fileadmin/user_upload/INADO_Articles_Final_January_2012_1_.pdf (accessed 22 August 2018).
435.
INADO, Purpose. http://www.inado.org/about/this-is-inado.html (accessed 22 August 2018).
436.
INADO, User Login. http://www.inado.org/nc/documents.html (accessed 22 August 2018).
437.
Hanstad et al. 2010, p 430.
438.
WADA, ‘Guidelines for Optimizing Collaboration Between International Federations and National Anti-Doping Organizations. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/wada-if-nado-collaboration-guidelines_en.pdf (accessed 22 August 2018).
439.
WADA, Information/Education Guidelines to Prevent Doping in Sport. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/wada_guidelines_information_education_2014_v2.0_en.pdf (accessed 22 August 2018).
440.
Section 4 IF and NADO Collaboration Guidelines.
441.
Section 6 IF and NADO Collaboration Guidelines.
442.
Article 5.3.2 IF and NADO Collaboration Guidelines.
443.
See for example: PWD, Company. http://www.doping-test.com/cms/en/pwc-company (accessed 22 August 2018).
444.
WADA, NOC Model Rules (Version 2.0). https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/WADA-2015-NOC-Model-Rules-v2.0-EN.doc (accessed 22 August 2018).
445.
WADA, NADO Model Rules (Version 3.0). https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/WADA-2015-NADO-Model-Rules-v3.0-EN.docx (accessed 22 August 2018).
446.
WADA, IF Model Rules. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/wada-2015-if-model-rules-v3.0-en_0.doc (accessed 22 August 2018).
447.
WADA, MEO model rules. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/wada-2015-meo-model-rules-v3.0-en.docx (accessed 22 August 2018).
448.
WADA, Guidelines for major events.
449.
Section 2.2 Guidelines for Major Events.
450.
Davis et al. 2014.
451.
WADA promotes on its website also the Australian model whereby there is to a large extent a collaboration between the NADO and law enforcement organisations. WADA, ‘Intelligence and investigations’ https://www.wada-ama.org/en/what-we-do/intelligence-and-investigations (accessed 22 August 2018).
452.
WADA, Coordinating Investigations and Sharing Anti-Doping information and Evidence (May 2011) 8. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/WADA_Investigations_Guidelines_May2011_EN.pdf (accessed 22 August 2018).
453.
Corazza and Urrestarazu 2017, p 52.
454.
WADA, Coordinating Investigations and Sharing Anti-Doping information and Evidence.
455.
Article 4.4 WADC.
456.
SR/NAPD/885/2017 UK Anti-Doping & National Anti-Doping Organisation v. Ryan Bailey, paras 51–2: Based on impressive psychiatric evidence that showed the athlete’s mind could not process the information regarding the consequences of a refusal to submit to sample collection, the athlete was considered to bear no fault or negligence.
457.
CAS 2015/A/4063 WADA v. CADC & Remigius Machura Jr., award of 5 November 2015, paras 96–101: To count as the athlete fault, there must be clear evidence that the athlete had prior knowledge of his/her eligibility for out-of-competition testing. Refusing to submit to sample collection could be inferred from the refusal to open the door for the DCO, while clearly at home.
458.
Results Management, Hearings and Decisions Guidelines, p 29.
459.
Ibid.
460.
Article 3.8.1.2 Results Management, Hearings and Decisions Guidelines.
461.
Comment to Article 7 WADC.
462.
Article 7.3 WADC.
463.
Article 7.4 WADC.
464.
Mareck et al. 2010, p 637.
465.
Article 7.5 WADC.
466.
Article L.2.1 ISTI.
467.
Article L.2.2.3 ISTI.
468.
Article 2.3 ISTI.
469.
Article L.3 ISI.
470.
WADA, Athlete Biological Passport Operating Guidelines. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/guidelines_abp_v6_2017_jan_en_final.pdf (accessed 22 August 2018).
471.
Article L.5 ISTI.
472.
Article 7.6 WADC.
473.
CAS 2011/A/2499 Albert Subirats v. FINA, award of 24 August 2011, paras 13–15: When the ADO chooses as recipient of the failure notice a third party, instead of the athlete, the ADO in question is responsible for ensuring that the athlete is in full knowledge of this information. Delegating to a third party who fails to pass on the notice to the athlete can be used as a defense by the athlete, but not by the ADO.
474.
The DCO should wait for the whole hour; if the athlete appears later during the hour, this will not count as a failure, but it will be documented by the DCO.
475.
CAS 2016/A/4461 FIFA v. CONMEBOL & Brain Fernandez, award of 7 November 2016, para 4.
476.
CAS 2011/A/2499 Albert Subirats v. FINA, para 32.
477.
Article 7.7 WADC.
478.
Article 7.9 WADC.
479.
Article 4.3 Results Management, Hearings and Decisions Guidelines.
480.
CAS 2016/O/4702 IAAF v. ARAF & Maksim Dyldin, award of 6 January 2017, para 48; CAS 2016/A/4626 WADA v. Indian NADA & Mhaskar Meghali, award of 20 September 2016, para 54.
481.
Article 3 WADC.
482.
Article 3.1 WADC.
483.
CAS 2014/A/3820 WADA v. Damar Robinson & JADCO, award of 14 July 2015, paras 77–79.
484.
CAS 2015/A/4049 Romela Aleksander Begaj v. IWF, award of 5 October 2015, para 71.
485.
WADA, Strict Liability in Anti-Doping. https://www.wada-ama.org/en/questions-answers/strict-liability-in-anti-doping (accessed 22 August 2018).
486.
Article 8 WADC.
487.
Sometimes, there may be agreeance on a single hearing before CAS.
488.
Article 13 WADC.
489.
CAS 2000/A/281 H. / FIM, award of 22 December 2000, para 8; CAS 2003/A/507 Marko Strahija v. FINA, award of 9 February 2004, p 5; CAS 2003/A/455 W. v/ UK Athletics, award of 21 August 2003, para 13: Right to a fair hearing includes the right to a certain amount of time granted for preparation before the hearing (a hearing scheduled 15 minutes before a competition falls outside of those parameters) and the right to refute the other side’s factual submission by presenting evidence to enable one to defend himself/herself. The principle of fair hearing comes with restrictions. ‘It is only guaranteed within the framework of the procedural rules and the orders made to manage the proceedings provided said orders are not arbitrary or impartially detrimental to one of the parties.’
490.
5.1.2 Results Management, Hearings and Decisions Guidelines.
491.
5.1.1 Results Management, Hearings and Decisions Guidelines.
492.
Article 5.1.2.2 Results Management, Hearings and Decisions Guidelines.
493.
Article 5.2.2 Results Management, Hearings and Decisions Guidelines.
494.
Jurisdiction related contestations are the second largest ground after violation of public policy and procedural fairness in doping cases. See Mavromati 2018, p 21.
495.
Article 15 WADC.
496.
Article 9 WADC.
497.
Article 11 WADC.
498.
See also article 12 WADC on the sanctions against sporting bodies.
499.
Article 10.2 WADC.
500.
WADC, p 141.
501.
Article 10.7 WADC.
502.
CAS 2013/A/3360 FCF v. FIFA, award of 31 January 2014.
503.
Article 14.3 WADC.

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WADA’s and Other Institution’s Official Documents and Websites

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WADA (2008) WADA Gene Doping Symposium Calls Greater Awareness, Strengthened Action Against Potential Genet Transfer Misuse in Sport. https://www.wada-ama.org/en/media/news/2008-06/wada-gene-doping-symposium-calls-for-greater-awareness-strengthened-action. Accessed 22 August 2018.
WADA (2009) ‘The World Anti-Doping Code Guideline For TUE Enquiries By Accredited Laboratories’, Version 1.0. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/WADA_Guideline_TUE_Enquiries_2009_EN.pdf. Accessed 22 August 2018.
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Tilburg Institute for Law, Technology, and Society (TILT), Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
Bart van der Sloot, Mara Paun & Ronald Leenes

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Bart van der Sloot
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van der Sloot, B., Paun, M., Leenes, R. (2020). The World Anti-Doping Agency and Its Rules. In: Athletes’ Human Rights and the Fight Against Doping: A Study of the European Legal Framework. ASSER International Sports Law Series. T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-351-1_2

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-351-1_2
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The World Anti-Doping Agency and Its Rules

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WADA’s and Other Institution’s Official Documents and Websites

Case Law

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The World Anti-Doping Agency and Its Rules

Abstract

Access this chapter

Notes

References

Literature

Further Reading

WADA’s and Other Institution’s Official Documents and Websites

Case Law

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Corresponding author

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