Abstract
In this chapter, issues of legitimacy surrounding the creation/proclamation of the “Donetsk People’s Republic” (DPR) and the “Luhansk People’s Republic” (LPR) are considered. The international legal aspects of the recognition of the DPR and the LPR are also analysed. In addition, the position adopted by the Russian Federation and the international community towards these so-called people’s republics is revealed.
Tymur Korotkyi, Professor, Department of International Law and International Relations, National University “Odesa Law Academy”, Ukraine, email: tymur_korotkyi@ukr.net.
Nataliia Hendel, Associate Professor, Department of International Law and International Relations, National University “Odesa Law Academy”, Ukraine, email: n.v.hendel@gmail.com.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
The presence of orderly management structures; attributes of statehood: constitution, parliament, lawfully elected heads of state and government; domestic legal, monetary and financial systems; adequate social security of the population.
- 2.
Daliavska 2016, pp. 32, 37.
- 3.
Hewitt et al. 2008, p. 33.
- 4.
Tsyvadze 2010, p. 175.
- 5.
In of Northern Cyprus” was invalid, called upon all states “not to recognize any Cypriot State other than the Republic of Cyprus”. In Resolution No. Resolution No. 541 (1983) of 18 November 1983, the UN Security Council, noting that the attempt to establish a “Turkish Republic 550 (1984) of 11 May 1984, the UN Security Council condemned and declared illegal all acts of separatism, including the so-called “ambassadorial exchange” between Turkey and the Turkish Cypriot leadership, “and once again called upon all states” not to recognize the so-called “Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus”, created as a result of separatist actions.
- 6.
Shinkaretskaia 2010, p. 172.
- 7.
Crawford 2011, p. 308.
- 8.
- 9.
See, e.g., (1) Resolutions of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine on the Statement on the Tragic Death of People as a Result of a Terrorist Act Over the Territory of Ukraine (22 July 2014). http://zakon3.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1596-18. Accessed 31 July 2017. (2) On the Counteraction to the Spread of the International Terrorism Supported by the Russian Federation (22 July 2014). http://zakon2.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1597-18. Accessed 31 July 2017. (3) On the Appeal of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine to the United Nations, the European Parliament, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, the NATO Parliamentary Assembly, the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly, the GUAM Parliamentary Assembly, the National Parliaments of the World for the Recognition of the Russian Federation as an Aggressor State (27 January 2015). http://zakon2.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/129-19. Accessed 31 July 2017. (4) Resolution on the Statement of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine on the Recognition by Ukraine of the Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court Regarding the Commission of Crimes Against Humanity and War Crimes by Senior Officials of the Russian Federation and the Leaders of the Terrorist Organizations “DPR” and “LPR”, Which Led to Particularly Grave Consequences and the Massacre of Ukrainian Citizens (4 February 2015). http://zakon3.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/145-19. Accessed 31 July 2017. (5) Draft Law on the Recognition of Self-proclaimed Organizations “Donetsk People’s Republic” and “Luhansk People’s Republic” as Terrorist Organizations (10 December 2014). http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb2/webproc4_1?pf3511=52808. Accessed 31 July 2017. (6) Resolution on the Appeal of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine to Parliaments of Foreign States and International Organizations on Condemning the Escalation of Armed Aggression of the Russian Federation Against Ukraine (7 February 2017). http://zakon3.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1837-viii. Accessed 31 July 2017. (7) Draft Law on Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine on the Improvement of the Mechanisms for Combating Terrorism (13 February 2015). http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb2/webproc4_1?pf3511=54044. Accessed 31 July 2017. (8) ‘The General Prosecutor’s Office of Ukraine recognized the self-proclaimed Donetsk People’s Republic (DPR) and Luhansk People’s Republic (LPR) terrorist organizations’; see LIGABusinessInform 2014.
- 10.
Interfax-Ukraine 2014.
- 11.
Craven 1998, p. 159.
- 12.
Zadorozhnii 2016c, pp. 7–14.
- 13.
- 14.
TSN.UA 2016.
- 15.
Mytsyk 2002, pp. 344–5.
- 16.
- 17.
Abkhazia, South Ossetia, the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic and Transnistria have recognized the independence of and closely cooperated with each other for a long time; see PanARMENIAN.Net 2010. The Donetsk People’s Republic has recognized the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia; see RUSSIAN NEWSPAPER 2015.
- 18.
The document was addressed to: the head of the Government of Ingushetia, Abubakar Malsagov; the Chairman of the National Assembly of the Republic of Ingushetia, Magomed Tatriyev; the head of Chechnya, Ramzan Kadyrov; and the Speaker of the Parliament of the Chechen Republic, Dukuvas Abdurakhmanov. The appeal, in particular, stated the following: “The Supreme Council of the Luhansk People’s Republic highly appreciates the activities of the Republic of Ingushetia [in another letter, the Chechen Republic]. Since the establishment of the LPR, our citizens were firm in their intention to build an independent state and consistent in their desire to share the fate of the Republic of Ingushetia [the Chechen Republic].” See News of Ingushetia Bakdar 2014.
- 19.
The appeals on behalf of the Supreme Council (Parliament) of the LPR asked addressees “to decide on the recognition of the LPR as a sovereign independent state”. Appeals were addressed to countries such as Russia, Abkhazia, Belarus, South Ossetia, Ingushetia, Chechnya, Kazakhstan, the Transnistrian Moldavian Republic, Armenia, Syria, Serbia, Venezuela, China, Cuba and Nicaragua; see RIA News 2014. In the case of Russia, the wording read: “The Supreme Council of the LPR, city councils, regional councils of people’s deputies, public associations are appealing to the Russian Federation to decide on the recognition of the LPR as a sovereign independent state.” Similar statements were sent to Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, China, Serbia, Venezuela, Cuba and Nicaragua. The text of the appeals was published on 11 June by the press service of the LPR; see TASS News Agency 2014. For the full text, see Luhansk Online 2014.
- 20.
On 12 May, the self-proclaimed DPR addressed the Russian Federation with a request to include it in its composition: “We, the people of the Donetsk People’s Republic, according to the results of the referendum held on May 11, 2014, and based on the Declaration of Independence of the DPR, announce that, from now on, the Donetsk People’s Republic is a sovereign state. Based on the will of the people of the DPR and for the restoration of historical justice, we ask the Russian Federation to consider the entry of the DPR into the Russian Federation.” The authorship of this statement was credited to the Chairman of the Presidium of the DPR’s Supreme Council, Denis Pushylin. See TASS News Agency 2014.
- 21.
On 25 June 2014, the President of the South Ossetia, Leonid Tibilov, signed a decree on the recognition of the sovereignty and independence of the LPR, supported by the Parliament of the Republic, which stated: “Taking into account the will of the people and the appeal of the Supreme Council of the Donetsk People’s Republic to the President of the South Ossetia to recognize the sovereignty of the Donetsk People’s Republic, supported by the Parliament of the Republic of South Ossetia, I resolve: (1) To recognize the Donetsk People’s Republic as a sovereign independent state.” See Russian Legal Portal 2014; Russia Today 2014.
- 22.
Lenta.ru 2015.
- 23.
RBC.ru 2017.
- 24.
RIA News 2017.
- 25.
- 26.
- 27.
EuroPravda 2016.
- 28.
- 29.
- 30.
- 31.
General Assembly of the United Nations 2014.
- 32.
- 33.
“02/06/2014 On the official site of the Investigative Committee of Russia there was a message, which allows us to conclude that Russia has actually recognized the DPR and the LPR. Republics in the message were named, not areas, but the republics. Moreover, Ukraine, the DPR and the LPR were listed through commas as independent entities of international law”; see, Zamlelova 2014. “The Investigative Committee of Russia de jure recognized the Donetsk and Luhansk People’s Republics as states”; see Pandora’s Box 2014. “In fact, today, Russia de facto recognized the Luhansk and the Donetsk republics, and its own jurisdiction over the situation”; see SUMMER56 2014.
- 34.
“The de facto recognition of a new government is being formed in certain statements of competent government bodies, in the signing of agreements of a limited or temporary nature, and in maintaining relations with the new government in current trade, financial and other matters”; see Mytsyk 2002, p. 360.
- 35.
“Regarding still unidentified servicemen of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, as well as persons from the ‘National Guard of Ukraine’ and the ‘Right Sector’, involved in shelling the cities of Slavyansk, Kramatorsk, Donetsk, Mariupol and other settlements proclaimed by the Donetsk and Luhansk People’s Republics, a crime is envisaged as per Part 1 of Article 356 of the Criminal Code (the use of prohibited means and methods of warfare)”; see Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation 2014b. “During this operation, during the shelling of the cities of Slavyansk, Kramatorsk, Donetsk, Mariupol and other settlements proclaimed by the Donetsk and Luhansk people’s republics…”; see Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation 2014c.
- 36.
The State Duma 2010.
- 37.
“Recognition is carried out by a body competent, in accordance with the constitutional right of this state, to represent it in external relations”; see Mytsyk 2002, p. 346.
- 38.
Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation 2014a.
- 39.
Daily newsletter of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation 2014a.
- 40.
Daily newsletter of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation 2014b.
- 41.
Ibid.
- 42.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation 2014.
- 43.
Daily newsletter of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation 2014c.
- 44.
Daily newsletter of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation 2014d.
- 45.
“The main attention will be paid to the resolution of the acute domestic political crisis in Ukraine, the task of stopping bloodshed and realizing the mechanisms of an inclusive political dialogue in this country”, commentary in the Daily newsletter of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation 2014e.
- 46.
Daily newsletter of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation 2014f.
- 47.
Daily newsletter of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation 2014g.
- 48.
Apostrof 2017.
- 49.
The President of the Russian Federation 2017.
- 50.
Security Council of the United Nations 2017.
- 51.
Ibid.
- 52.
Ibid.
- 53.
Radio Liberty 2017b.
- 54.
OSCE Parliamentary Assembly 2017.
- 55.
ZIK.UA 2017.
- 56.
NEWSru 2017.
- 57.
Korrespondent.net 2017.
- 58.
- 59.
ZIK.UA 2017.
- 60.
Online Express 2017.
- 61.
KP.UA 2017b.
- 62.
Radio Liberty 2017c.
- 63.
Ukrinform 2017.
- 64.
- 65.
KP.UA 2017a.
- 66.
Embassy of Ukraine in the Republic of Macedonia 2017.
- 67.
‘Speech on the attempts to divide Biafrey from Nigeria’: see Emerson 1971, p. 460.
- 68.
UNIAN News Agency 2014.
- 69.
- 70.
- 71.
Security Council of the United Nations 2015.
- 72.
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights 2017a.
- 73.
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights 2017b.
- 74.
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights 2016.
- 75.
United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs 2016a.
- 76.
United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs 2016b.
- 77.
United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs 2016c.
- 78.
United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs 2016d.
- 79.
OSCE Parliamentary Assembly 2017.
- 80.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine 2014e.
- 81.
Korrespondent.net 2017.
- 82.
European Parliament 2015.
- 83.
UN News Centre 2014a.
- 84.
- 85.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine 2014d.
- 86.
Ibid.
- 87.
- 88.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine 2014e.
- 89.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine 2014d.
- 90.
Embassy of the Russian Federation in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 2014.
- 91.
- 92.
- 93.
- 94.
- 95.
Koval and Korotkyi 2014, pp. 875–83.
- 96.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine 2014b; Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine 2014c; Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine 2014a; “The General Prosecutor’s Office of Ukraine, for their participation in the activities of terrorist organizations of the so-called ‘Donetsk People’s Republic’ and ‘Luhansk People’s Republic, has declared the aforementioned persons as suspected of committing a criminal offense under Part 1 of Article 258–3 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine (Creation of a Terrorist Organization)”; see General Prosecutor’s Office of Ukraine 2014.
References
112 Ukraine (2017) Chehija zajavila o nelegitimnosti ljubyh predlozhenij ot “DNR” i “LNR” [The Czech Republic declared the illegitimacy of any proposals from the “DPR” and “LPR”]. https://112.ua/politika/chehiya-zayavila-o-nelegitimnosti-lyubyh-predlozheniy-ot-dnr-i-lnr-401855.html. Accessed 31 July 2017
Apostrof (2017) Glavar’ DNR sdelal neozhidannoe zajavlenie o sozdanii “Malorossii” [The leader of DPR made an unexpected statement about the creation of “Malorossia”]. https://apostrophe.ua/news/politics/regional-policy/2017-07-18/glavari-dnr-i-lnr-sdelali-neozhidannoe-zayavlenie-o-sozdanii-malorossii/101806. Accessed 31 July 2017
Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly (2014) The Humanitarian situation in Ukraine, Doc. 13550. http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/Xref-XML2HTML-en.asp?fileid=21044&lang=en. Accessed 31 July 2017
Craven MCR (1998) The Problem of State Succession and the Identity of States under International Law. European Journal of International Law 9(1):142–162
Crawford J (2011) The Creation of States in International Law, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Daily newsletter of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation (2014) Kommentarij Departamenta informacii i pechati MID Rossii v svjazi s osvobozhdeniem na Vostoke Ukrainy nabljudatelej OBSE 28 ijunja [Commentary of the MFA Information and Press Department regarding the release of OSCE observers in the East of Ukraine on June 28]. http://www.mid.ru/bl.nsf/. Accessed 31 July 2017
Daily newsletter of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation (2014) Brifing ministra inostrannyh del Rossii S. V. Lavrova dlja predstavitelej inostrannyh i rossijskih SMI [Briefing of Russian Foreign Minister Sergey V. Lavrov for representatives of foreign and Russian mass media]. http://www.mid.ru/bl.nsf/. Accessed 31 July 2017
Daily newsletter of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation (2014) Zajavlenie MID Rossii v svjazi s prodolzhajushhimisja karatel’nymi operacijami kievskih vlastej na Jugo-Vostoke Ukrainy [Statement by the Russian Foreign Ministry in connection with the ongoing punitive operations of the Kyiv authorities in the South-East of Ukraine]. http://www.mid.ru/bl.nsf/. Accessed 31 July 2017
Daily newsletter of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation (2014) Vystuplenie i otvety na voprosy SMI ministra inostrannyh del Rossii S. V. Lavrova v hode sovmestnoj press-konferencii po itogam peregovorov s ministrom inostrannyh del Pol’shi R. Sikorskim i ministrom inostrannyh del FRG F.-V. Shtajnmajerom [Speech and answers to questions by Russian Foreign Minister Sergey V. Lavrov at a joint press conference following negotiations with Polish Foreign Minister R. Sikorski and Foreign Minister of Germany F.-V. Steinmeier]. http://www.mid.ru/bl.nsf/. Accessed 31 July 2017
Daily newsletter of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation (2014) Kommentarij Departamenta informacii i pechati MID Rossii v svjazi so vstrechej ministrov inostrannyh del Rossii, Germanii i Pol’shi [Commentary of the MFA Information and Press Department regarding the meeting of the Ministers for Foreign Affairs of Russia, Germany and Poland]. http://www.mid.ru/bl.nsf/. Accessed 31 July 2017
Daily newsletter of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation (2014) Otvet ministra inostrannyh del Rossii S. V. Lavrova na vopros rossijskih SMI po tematike ukrainskogo krizisa [Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov’s response to a question from Russian media on the subject of the Ukrainian crisis]. http://www.mid.ru/bl.nsf/. Accessed 31 July 2017
Daily newsletter of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation (2014) Kommentarij Departamenta informacii i pechati MID Rossii o nachale raboty nabljudatelej OBSE na punktah propuska «Doneck» i «Gukovo» na rossijsko-ukrainskoj granice [Commentary of the MFA Information and Press Department regarding beginning of work of OSCE observers at the checkpoints “Donetsk” and “Gukovo” on the Russian-Ukrainian border]. http://www.mid.ru/bl.nsf/. Accessed 31 July 2017
Daliavska T (2016) Fenomen nevyznanykh derzhav: politolohichnyi analiz [The phenomenon of unrecognized states: political analysis]. National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Koretsky Institute of State and Law, Kiev
Deutsche Welle (2017) Germany: ‘Unacceptable’ that Russia accepts separatist Ukraine passports. http://www.dw.com/en/germany-unacceptable-that-russia-accepts-separatist-ukraine-passports/a-37638344. Accessed 31 July 2017
Embassy of the Russian Federation in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (2014) Sovmestnaja deklaracija ministrov inostrannyh del Germanii, Rossii, Ukrainy i Francii, Berlin, 2 ijulja 2014 g [Joint Declaration of the Ministers for Foreign Affairs of Germany, Russia, Ukraine and France, Berlin, July 2, 2014]. http://rus.rusemb.org.uk/foreignpolicy/2298. Accessed 31 July
Embassy of Ukraine in Australia (2017) Russia’s recognition of the documents of separate regions of Donetsk and Luhansk regions (ORDLO) is not the basis for their recognition by Australia. http://australia.mfa.gov.ua/en/press-center/publications/5362-viznannya-rf-dokumentiv-ordlo-ne-je-pidstavoju-dlya-jih-viznannya-z-boku-avstraliji. Accessed 31 July 2017
Embassy of Ukraine in the Republic of Macedonia (2017) Rosii brakuie shche vyznaty vevchanski pasporty [What if Russia recognizes the Vevčani passports]. http://macedonia.mfa.gov.ua/ua/embassy/ambassador/interview/5348-rosiji-brakuje-shhe-viznati-vevchansyki-pasporti. Accessed 31 July 2017
Emerson R (1971) Self-Determination. American Journal of International Law 65:459–475
European Parliament (2015) Resolution on the situation in Ukraine, 2014/2965(RSP). http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=TA&language=EN&reference=P8-TA-2015-0011. Accessed 31 July 2017
EuroPravda (2016) Zhodnoho “predstavnytstva DNR” v Italii nemaie – posol [There is no “DPR” mission in Italy - the ambassador]. http://www.eurointegration.com.ua/news/2016/12/15/7058938/. Accessed 31 July 2017
EuroPravda (2017) Posolstvo Frantsii prokomentuvalo stvorennia “predstavnytstva “DNR” v Marseli [The French embassy commented on the creation of a “DPR” mission in Marseilles]. http://www.eurointegration.com.ua/news/2017/06/27/7067730/. Accessed 31 July 2017
EuroPravda (2017) Rishennia RF vyznaty pasporty ORDLO porushuie Minski uhody – uriad Nimechchyny [The decision of the Russian Federation to recognize the passports of the ORDLO violates the Minsk agreements - the government of Germany]. http://www.eurointegration.com.ua/news/2017/02/20/7061929/. Accessed 31 July 2017
EuroPravda (2017) Sud v Chekhii ostatochno likviduvav “predstavnytstvo DNR” yak nezakonne [The Czech court finally eliminated the “representation of the DPR” as illegal]. http://www.eurointegration.com.ua/news/2017/06/28/7067788/. Accessed 31 July 2017
EuroPravda (2017) Sud zakryv feikove “posolstvo DNR” u Chekhii za pozovom MZS [The court closed the fake “embassy of the DPR” in the Czech Republic on the lawsuit of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs]. http://www.eurointegration.com.ua/news/2017/04/7/7064200/. Accessed 31 July 2017
General Assembly of the United Nations (2014) Territorial Integrity of Ukraine: resolution, A/RES/68/262. http://www.refworld.org/docid/534502a14.html. Accessed 31 July 2017
General Assembly of the United Nations (2017) Situation of human rights in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol (Ukraine): resolution, A/RES/71/205. http://www.refworld.org/docid/589b4db11e.html. Accessed 31 July 2017
General Prosecutor’s Office of Ukraine (2014) Sud nadav dozvil na zatrymannia samoproholoshenykh kerivnykiv “DNR” ta “LNR” [The court granted permission to detain self-proclaimed leaders of the “DPR” and “LPR”]. http://www.gp.gov.ua/ua/news.html?_m=publications&_t=rec&id=140393&fp=50. Accessed 31 July 2017
Greek Reporter (2017) Greece Has Never Recognized the Self-Proclaimed Donetsk People’s Republic - FM Spox Says. http://greece.greekreporter.com/2017/03/22/greece-has-never-recognized-the-self-proclaimed-donetsk-peoples-republic-fm-spox-says/. Accessed 31 July 2017
Hewitt JJ, Wilkenfeld J, Gurr TR (2008) Peace and Conflict 2008. Paradigm Publishers, London
Interfax-Ukraine (2014) “Vybory” “DNR” i “LNR” nezakonny – zajavlenie glav MID Vyshegradskoj chetverki [“Elections” in “DPR” and “LPR” are illegal - statement of the Foreign Ministers of the Visegrad Four]. http://interfax.com.ua/news/political/232014.html. Accessed 31 July 2017
Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation (2014) Sledstviem ustanovleny lica, prichastnye k voennym prestuplenijam na territorii jugo-vostoka Ukrainy [The investigation established the persons involved in war crimes in the territory of the southeast of Ukraine]. http://www.sledcom.ru/actual/407377/. Accessed 31 July 2017
Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation (2014) Vozbuzhdeno ugolovnoe delo po faktu primenenija zapreshhennyh sredstv i metodov vedenija vojny na territorii Doneckoj i Luganskoj Narodnyh Respublik [A criminal case was instituted on the use of prohibited means and methods of war on the territory of the Donetsk and Luhansk People’s Republics]. http://www.sledcom.ru/actual/403388/. Accessed 31 July 2017
Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation (2014) Vozbuzhdeno ugolovnoe delo v otnoshenii Igorja Kolomojskogo i Arsena Avakova [A criminal case has been opened against Igor Kolomoisky and Arsen Avakov]. http://www.sledcom.ru/actual/405159. Accessed 31 July 2017
Korrespondent.net (2017) Evropa otkazalas’ priznavat’ pasporta DNR i LNR [Europe refused to recognize passports of the DPR and LPR]. http://korrespondent.net/world/3828252-evropa-otkazalas-pryznavat-pasporta-dnr-y-lnr. Accessed 31 July 2017
Korynevych A (2015) Zastosuvannia mizhnarodnoho humanitarnoho prava do zbroinoho konfliktu na terytorii Ukrainy [Application of international humanitarian law to armed conflict in the territory of Ukraine]. Feniks, Odessa
Koval D, Korotkyi T (2014) Informatsiina viina Rosiiskoi Federatsii proty Ukrainy: otsinka mizhnarodnoho spivtovarystva [Information War of the Russian Federation against Ukraine: an assessment of the international community]. In: Antonovych M, Babin B, Baimuratov M (eds) Ukrainska Revoliutsiia hidnosti, ahresiia RF i mizhnarodne pravo [Ukrainian Revolution of Dignity, Russian aggression and international law]. К.I.S, Kiev, pp 847–885
KP.UA (2017) Belarus’ ne budet priznavat’ pasporta “DNR” i “LNR” [Belarus will not recognize the passports of “DPR” and “LPR”]. http://kp.ua/politics/567585-belarus-ne-budet-pryznavat-pasporta-dnr-y-lnr. Accessed 31 July 2017
KP.UA (2017) MID Francii: priznanie pasportov “DNR” ne sootvetstvuet duhu Minskih soglashenij [French Ministry of Foreign Affairs: recognition of “DPR” passports does not correspond to the spirit of Minsk agreements]. http://kp.ua/politics/567620-myd-frantsyy-pryznanye-pasportov-dnr-ne-sootvetstvuet-dukhu-mynskykh-sohlashenyi. Accessed 31 July 2017
Lenta.ru (2015) V Luganske otkrylos’ dippredstavitel’stvo Juzhnoj Osetii [The diplomatic mission of South Ossetia was opened in Luhansk]. https://lenta.ru/news/2015/04/16/lugansk/. Accessed 31 July 2017
LIGABusinessInform (2014) Genprokuratura objavila DNR i LNR terroristicheskimi organizacijami [The General Prosecutor’s Office declared DPR and LPR terrorist organizations]. http://news.liga.net/news/incident/1760339-genprokuratura_obyavila_dnr_i_lnr_terroristicheskimi_organizatsiyami.htm. Accessed 31 July 2017
Luhansk online (2014) Respublikanskoe sobranie Luganskoj Narodnoj Respubliki obratilos’ v OON [The Republican Assembly of the Luhansk People’s Republic appealed to the UN]. http://lugansk-online.info/news/respublikanskoe-sobranie-luganskoi-narodnoi-respubliki-obratilos-v-oon. Accessed 31 July 2017
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation (2014) Zajavlenie MID Rossii otnositel’no silovoj operacii na Jugo-Vostoke Ukrainy [Statement by the Russian Foreign Ministry regarding the force operation in the Southeast of Ukraine]. http://www.mid.ru/brp_4.nsf/0/3E75E3F7753EE78A44257CCC003985B3. Accessed 31 July 2017
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine (2014) Komentar Departamentu informatsiinoi polityky shchodo pidtrymky Rosiieiu terorystychnoi diialnosti v Donetskii ta Luhanskii oblastiakh [Commentary by the Department of Information Policy on Russia’s support for terrorist activities in the Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts]. http://mfa.gov.ua/ua/press-center/comments/1512-komentar-departamentu-informacijnoji-politiki-mzs-ukrajini-shhodo-pidtrimki-rosijeju-teroristichnoji-dijalynostiv-donecykij-ta-lugansykij-oblastyah. Accessed 31 July 2017
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine (2014) Komentar shchodo cherhovykh provokatsii z boku Rosii na ukrainsko-rosiiskomu derzhavnomu kordoni [Comment on another Russian provocation on the Ukrainian-Russian state border]. http://mfa.gov.ua/ua/press-center/comments/1990-komentar-mzs-ukrajini-shodo-chergovih-provokacij-z-boku-rosiji-na-ukrajinsyko-rosijsykomu-derzhavnomu-kordoni. Accessed 31 July 2017
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine (2014) Komentar shchodo nelehalnoi peredachi Rosiiskoiu Federatsiieiu ozbroien terorystychnym uhrupovanniam, shcho diiut u Donetskii i Luhanskii oblastiakh [Commentary on the illegal transfer of arms by the Russian Federation to terrorist groups operating in the Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts]. http://mfa.gov.ua/ua/press-center/comments/1665-komentar-mzs-ukrajini-shhodo-nelegalynoji-peredachi-rosijsykoju-federacijeju-ozbrojeny-teroristichnim-ugrupovannyam-shho-dijuty-u-donecykij-i-lugansykij-oblastyah. Accessed 31 July 2017
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine (2014) Rezoliutsiia Yevropeiskoho Parlamentu shchodo sytuatsii v Ukraini vid 17 lypnia 2014 r [Resolution of the European Parliament on the situation in Ukraine of July 17, 2014]. http://mfa.gov.ua/ua/news-feeds/foreign-offices-news/25779-rezolyucija-jevropejsykogo-parlamentu-shhodo-situaciji-v-ukrajini-vid-17-lipnya-2014-roku. Accessed 31 July 2017
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine (2014) Vysnovky Rady YeS u zakordonnykh spravakh shchodo Ukrainy, ukhvaleni za pidsumkamy zasidannia 23 chervnia 2014 r v Liuksemburzi [Conclusions of the EU Council on Foreign Affairs on Ukraine, adopted following the meeting of 23 June 2014 in Luxembourg]. http://mfa.gov.ua/ua/press-center/comments/1714-zajava-mzs-ukrajini-shhodo-visnovkiv-radi-jes-stosovno-ukrajini-vid-23-chervnya-2014-roku. Accessed 31 July 2017
Mirror of the week, Ukraine (2014a) Brytanske MZS zvynuvatylo RF u brekhni pro prychyny avarii “Boinha” [The British Foreign Ministry accused Russia of lying about the causes of the Boeing accident]. http://dt.ua/WORLD/britanskiy-mzs-zvinuvativ-rf-u-brehni-pro-prichini-avariyi-boyinga-147613_.html. Accessed 31 July 2017
Mirror of the week, Ukraine (2014b) Merkel ne bachyt alternatyvy dialohu z Putinym dlia myru v Ukraini [Merkel does not see an alternative to dialogue with Putin for peace in Ukraine]. http://dt.ua/WORLD/merkel-ne-bachit-alternativi-dialogu-z-putinim-dlya-miru-v-ukrayini-147093_.html. Accessed 31 July 2017
Mirror of the week, Ukraine (2014c) Obama: Malaiziiskyi litak zbytyi raketoiu, vypushchenoiu z kontrolovanoi terytorii boiovykamy [Obama: Malaysian plane was shot down by missile, released from the territory controlled by militants]. http://dt.ua/UKRAINE/obama-malayziyskiy-litak-zbitiy-raketoyu-vipuschenoyu-z-kontrolovanoyi-teritoriyi-boyovikami-147163_.html. Accessed 31 July 2017
Mytsyk V (2002) Vyznannia v mizhnarodnomu pravi [Recognition in international law]. In: Butkevych V (ed) Mizhnarodne pravo. Osnovy teorii [International law. Fundamentals of the theory]. Lybid, Kyiv, pp 344–365
News of Ingushetia Bakdar (2014) Luganskaja narodnaja respublika poprosila Ingushetiju priznat’ ee nezavisimost’ [The Luhansk People’s Republic asked Ingushetia to recognize its independence]. http://bakdar.org/view_index.php?id=3597. Accessed 31 July 2017
NEWSru (2017) NATO raskritikovalo Rossiju za priznanie pasportov DNR i LNR [NATO criticized Russia for recognizing passports of DPR and LPR]. http://www.newsru.com/world/30mar2017/stoltenberg.html. Accessed 31 July 2017
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (2014) Report on the human rights situation in Ukraine 15 May 2014. http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/UA/HRMMUReport15May2014.pdf. Accessed 31 July 2017
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (2014) Report on the human rights situation in Ukraine 15 June 2014. http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/UA/HRMMUReport15June2014.pdf. Accessed 31 July 2017
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (2017) Dopovid shchodo sytuatsii z pravamy liudyny v Ukraini 16 lystopada 2016 roku – 15 liutoho 2017 roku [Report on the human rights situation in Ukraine during November 16, 2016 - February 15, 2017]. http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/UA/UAReport17th_UKR.pdf. Accessed 31 July 2017
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (2017) Dopovid shchodo sytuatsii z pravamy liudyny v Ukraini 16 liutoho–15 travnia 2017 roku [Report on the human rights situation in Ukraine during February 16-May 15, 2017]. http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/UA/UAReport18th_UKR.pdf. Accessed 31 July 2017
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (2016) Report on the human rights situation in Ukraine 16 May to 15 August 2016. http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Ukraine15thReport.pdf. Accessed 31 July 2017
Online Express (2017) U MZS Polshchi vidreahuvaly na rishennia RF pro vyznannia “pasportiv L/DNR” [The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Poland responded to the decision of the Russian Federation to recognize “passports of L/DPR”]. http://expres.ua/news/2017/02/22/229325-mzs-polshchi-vidreaguvaly-rishennya-rf-vyznannya-pasportiv-ldnr. Accessed 31 July 2017
Oreshkin D (2017) Rashodimsja po domam: SShA poslali Rossii chetkij signal po Donbassu [Lets go home: the United States sent Russia a clear message regarding Donbass]. https://apostrophe.ua/article/politics/2017-05-07/rashodimsya-po-domam-ssha-poslali-rossii-chetkiy-signal-po-donbassu/12130. Accessed 31 July 2017
OSCE Parliamentary Assembly (2017) Rezoljucija “Vosstanovlenie suvereniteta i territorial’noj celostnosti Ukrainy” [Resolution “Restoration of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine”]. https://www.oscepa.org/documents/all-documents/annual-sessions/2017-minsk/declaration-25/3557-declaration-rus/file. Accessed 31 July 2017
PanARMENIAN Network (2010) Vice-spiker parlamenta Abhazii: Vybory v NKR sootvetstvujut vsem mezhdunarodnym standartam [Vice Speaker of Abkhazian Parliament: Elections in NKR correspond to all international standards]. http://www.panarmenian.net/rus/world/news/49007/. Accessed 31 July 2017
Pandora’s Box (2014) Juridicheskoe priznanie Rossiej Doneckoj i Luganskoj Narodnyh Respublik [The legal recognition of Donetsk and Luhansk People’s Republics by Russia]. http://pandoraopen.ru/2014-06-01/yuridicheskoe-priznanie-rossiej-doneckoj-i-luganskoj-narodnyx-respublik/. Accessed 31 July 2017
Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (2016) Report of the Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights “Legal remedies for human rights violations on the Ukrainian territories outside the control of the Ukrainian authorities”. http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/Xref-DocDetails-en.asp?FileID=23007&lang=en. Accessed 31 July 2017
Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (2016) Resolution 2133 “Legal remedies for human rights violations on the Ukrainian territories outside the control of the Ukrainian authorities”. http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/Xref-XML2HTML-en.asp?fileid=23167&lang=en. Accessed 31 July 2017
Radio Liberty (2017) Court in Czech Republic closes Ukrainian separatist mission in Ostrava. https://www.rferl.org/a/court-czech-republic-closes-ukrainian-separatist-mission-donetsk-peoples-republic-ostava-/28585123.html. Accessed 31 July 2017
Radio Liberty (2017) OBSIe: vyznannia Rosiieiu “dokumentiv” ORDLO pidryvaie myrni zusyllia v Ukraini [OSCE: Russia’s recognition of ORDLO “documents” undermines peaceful efforts in Ukraine]. https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/news/28318870.html. Accessed 31 July 2017
Radio Liberty (2017) SShA: vyznannia Rosiieiu «dokumentiv» okupovanoho Donbasu superechyt Minskym uhodam [USA: Russia’s recognition of “documents” of the occupied Donbass contradicts the Minsk treaties]. https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/news/28318243.html. Accessed 31 July 2017
Raidió Teilifís Éireann (2014) Obama says pro-Russian separatists shot down MH17 https://www.rte.ie/news/2014/0718/631526-malaysia-airlines-ukraine/. Accessed 31 July 2017
RBC.ru (2017) DNR i Juzhnaja Osetija podpisali protokol ob ustanovlenii dipotnoshenij [DPR and South Ossetia signed a protocol on the establishment of diplomatic relations]. http://www.rbc.ru/rbcfreenews/59149e9a9a79473d099547c5. Accessed 31 July 2017
Reeves SR, Wallace D (2015) The Combatant Status of the “Little Green Men” and Other Participants in the Ukraine Conflict. International Law Studies 91:361–401
RIA News (2014) LNR obratilas’ k 15 stranam i subektam RF o priznanii nezavisimosti [LPR has addressed to 15 countries and subjects of the Russian Federation about recognition of its independence]. http://ria.ru/world/20140611/1011694535.html#ixzz39d5rBIQ8. Accessed 31 July 2017
RIA News (2017) Juzhnaja Osetija i DNR podpisali dogovor o druzhbe i vzaimnoj pomoshhi [South Ossetia and DPR signed a treaty on friendship and mutual assistance]. https://ria.ru/world/20170511/1494077743.html Accessed 31 July 2017
Russian legal portal (2014) O priznanii Doneckoj Narodnoj Respubliki: Ukaz prezidenta Juzhnoj Osetii [On the recognition of the Donetsk People’s Republic: Decree of the President of South Ossetia]. http://constitutions.ru/?p=10048. Accessed 31 July 2017
RUSSIAN NEWSPAPER (2015) DNR priznala nezavisimost’ Abhazii i Juzhnoj Osetii [DPR acknowledged the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia]. https://rg.ru/2015/05/12/dnr-site-anons.html. Accessed 31 July 2017
Security Council of the United Nations (2014) Resolution on the downing of Malaysia Airlines flight MH17 on 17 July in Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine, S/RES/2166. http://www.refworld.org/docid/53d63dd74.html. Accessed 31 July 2017
Security Council of the United Nations (2015) On the Package of Measures for the Implementation of the Minsk Agreements, S/RES/2202. http://www.refworld.org/docid/54eefb4155.html. Accessed 31 July 2017
Security Council of the United Nations (2017) The Report of the 7886th meeting, S/PV.7886. https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/PRO/N17/045/61/PDF/N1704561.pdf?OpenElement. Accessed 31 July 2017
Shinkaretskaia G (2010) Polozhenie fakticheski sushchestvuiushchikh rezhimov (nepriznannye gosudarstva) [The situation of the actual regimes (unrecognized states)]. RAS Institute of State and Law, Moscow
Stopfake.org (2017) Fake: Donetsk People’s Republic Opens Offices in France. http://www.stopfake.org/en/fake-donetsk-people-s-republic-opens-offices-in-france/. Accessed 31 July 2017
SUMMER56 (2014) Sledstvennyj Komitet RF vozbudil delo po faktu metodov vedenija vojny na territorii DNR i LNR [The Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation initiated a case on the methods of warfare in the territory of DPR and LPR]. http://summer56.livejournal.com/130010.html. Accessed 31 July 2017
TASS news agency (2014) Provozglashennaja Luganskaja narodnaja respublika (LNR) obratilas’ k Rossijskoj Federacii i eshhe 14 gosudarstvam s pros’boj priznat’ ee nezavisimost’ [The proclaimed Lugansk People’s Republic (LPR) appealed to the Russian Federation and 14 other states with a request to recognize its independence]. http://itar-tass.com/mezhdunarodnaya-panorama/1253083. Accessed 31 July 2017
The Prague Daily Monitor (2017) Court dissolves group of alleged Donetsk honorary consul. http://praguemonitor.com/2017/06/29/court-dissolves-group-alleged-donetsk-honorary-consul. Accessed 31 July 2017
The President of the Russian Federation (2017) Ukaz o priznanii dokumentov, vydannyh grazhdanam Ukrainy i licam bez grazhdanstva, prozhivajushhim na territorijah otdel’nyh rajonov Doneckoj i Luganskoj oblastej Ukrainy ot 18 fevralja 2017 goda [Decree on recognition of documents issued to citizens of Ukraine and stateless persons residing in the territories of certain regions of Donetsk and Luhansk regions of Ukraine of February 18, 2017]. http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/53895. Accessed 31 July 2017
The State Duma (2010) O Sledstvennom komitete Rossijskoj Federacii: Federal’nyj zakon RF [On the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation: Federal Law of the Russian Federation]. http://fzrf.su/zakon/o-sledstvennom-komitete-403-fz/. Accessed 31 July 2017
The Telegraph (2016) MH17 Investigation: Moscow denounces ‘biased’ investigation as prosecutors say missile came from Russia. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/09/28/mh17-investigation-prosecutors-to-reveal-where-missile-that-down/. Accessed 31 July 2017
TSN.UA (2016) Vyznannia vtorhnennia RF na Donbas ta vykonannia minskykh uhod [Recognition of Russia’s invasion in the Donbas and the fulfillment of the Minsk Treaty]. https://tsn.ua/politika/viznannya-vtorgnennya-rf-na-donbas-ta-vikonannya-minskih-ugod-povniy-tekst-rezolyuciyi-parye-785901.html. Accessed 31 July 2017
Tsyvadze N (2010) O razvitii principa samoopredelenija v mezhdunarodnom prave [On the development of the principle of self-determination in international law]. RAS Institute of state and law, Moscow
Ukraine News (UAZMI) (2017) Australia does not recognize ORDLO “documents”. http://uazmi.com/news/post/cIE8hwtXtnudCMo2e3CZhW. Accessed 31 July 2017
Ukrainian Pravda (2017) Vlasti Grecii postavili na mesto “predstavitel’stvo DNR” [The Greek authorities restrained a “representation of DPR”]. http://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2017/03/22/7138882/. Accessed 31 July 2017
Ukrinform (2017) Avstralija ne priznaet dokumenty ORDLO [Australia does not recognize ORDLO “documents”]. https://www.ukrinform.ru/rubric-polytics/2181945-avstralia-ne-priznaet-dokumenty-ordlo.html. Accessed 31 July 2017
UN News Centre (2014) Navi Pilljej prizvala vooruzhennye gruppy v Ukraine slozhit’ oruzhie [Navi Pillay called on armed groups in Ukraine to lay down their arms]. http://www.un.org/russian/news/story.asp?NewsID=21606. Accessed 31 July 2017
UN News Centre (2014) Vooruzhennye gruppy na vostoke Ukrainy pytajutsja navjazat’ mestnomu naseleniju vlast’ straha i terrora, govoritsja v doklade OON [Armed groups in the East of Ukraine are trying to impose on the local population the power of fear and terror, the UN report says]. http://www.un.org/russian/news/story.asp?newsID=22066. Accessed 31 July 2017
UNIAN news agency (2014) Luganskaja Narodnaja Respublika prosit OON priznat’ ee nezavisimost’ [The Luhansk People’s Republic asks the United Nations to recognize its independence]. http://www.unian.net/politics/919654-luganskaya-narodnaya-respublika-prosit-oon-priznat-ee-nezavisimost.html. Accessed 31 July 2017
UNIAN news agency (2017) Poroshenko: Priznanie Rossiej “pasportov” “DNR” i “LNR” javljaetsja ocherednym dokazatel’stvom narushenija mezhdunarodnogo prava [Poroshenko: Russia’s recognition of the “passports” of the “DPR” and “LPR” is yet another proof of a violation of international law]. https://www.unian.net/politics/1784492-poroshenko-priznanie-rossiey-pasportov-dnr-i-lnr-yavlyaetsya-ocherednyim-dokazatelstvom-narusheniya-mejdunarodnogo-prava.html. Accessed 31 July 2017
United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) (2016) Humanitarian Bulletin Ukraine. Issue 11, 1–30 June 2016. http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/ukraine_-_issue_11_eng.pdf. Accessed 31 July 2017
United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) (2016) Humanitarian Bulletin Ukraine. Issue 13, 1–31 August 2016. http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/humanitarian_bulletin_20160908_en.pdf. Accessed 31 July 2017
United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) (2016) Humanitarian Bulletin: Ukraine. Issue 14, 1–30 September 2016. http://reliefweb.int/report/ukraine/humanitarian-bulletin-ukraine-issue-14-1-30-september-2016-enru. Accessed 31 July 2017
United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) (2016) Humanitarian Bulletin: Ukraine. Issue 15, 1 October-31 December 2016. http://reliefweb.int/report/ukraine/humanitarian-bulletin-ukraine-issue-15-1-october-31-december-2016. Accessed 31 July 2017
United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) (2014a) Ukraine Situation report No.3, July 17 2014. http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/SitRep-Ukraine_20140717_final.pdf. Accessed 31 July 2017
United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) (2014b) Ukraine Situation report No.4, July 25 2014. http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/SitRep-Ukraine_20140725_final.pdf. Accessed 31 July 2017
U.S. Department of State (2017) Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2016. Ukraine. https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/#wrapper. Accessed 31 July 2017
Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (2014) Postanova Pro Zaiavu Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy “Pro trahichnu zahybel liudei vnaslidok terorystychnoho aktu nad terytoriieiu Ukrainy” [Resolution on the Statement of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine “On the tragic death of people as a result of a terrorist act over the territory of Ukraine”]. http://zakon3.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1596-18. Accessed 31 July 2017
Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (2014) Postanova Pro Zaiavu Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy “Shchodo protydii poshyrenniu pidtrymuvanoho Rosiiskoiu Federatsiieiu mizhnarodnoho teroryzmu” [Resolution on the Statement of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine “On the counteraction to the spread of the international terrorism supported by the Russian Federation”]. http://zakon2.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1597-18. Accessed 31 July 2017
Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (2014) Proekt Zakonu pro vyznannia samoproholoshenykh orhanizatsii “Donetska narodna respublika” ta “Luhanska narodna respublika” terorystychnymy orhanizatsiiamy [Draft Law on the recognition of self-proclaimed organizations “Donetsk People’s Republic” and “Luhansk People’s Republic” as terrorist organizations]. http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb2/webproc4_1?pf3511=52808. Accessed 31 July 2017
Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (2015) Postanova Pro Zaiavu Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy “Pro vyznannia Ukrainoiu yurysdyktsii Mizhnarodnoho kryminalnoho sudu shchodo skoiennia zlochyniv proty liudianosti ta voiennykh zlochyniv vyshchymy posadovymy osobamy Rosiiskoi Federatsii ta kerivnykamy terorystychnykh orhanizatsii “DNR” ta “LNR”, yaki pryzvely do osoblyvo tiazhkykh naslidkiv ta masovoho vbyvstva ukrainskykh hromadian” [Resolution on the Statement of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine “On the recognition by Ukraine of the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court regarding the commission of crimes against humanity and war crimes by senior officials of the Russian Federation and the leaders of the terrorist organizations “DPR” and “LPR”, which led to particularly grave consequences and the massacre of Ukrainian citizens”]. http://zakon3.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/145-19. Accessed 31 July 2017
Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (2015) Postanova Pro Zvernennia Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy do Orhanizatsii Obiednanykh Natsii, Yevropeiskoho Parlamentu, Parlamentskoi Asamblei Rady Yevropy, Parlamentskoi Asamblei NATO, Parlamentskoi Asamblei OBSIe, Parlamentskoi Asamblei HUAM, natsionalnykh parlamentiv derzhav svitu pro vyznannia Rosiiskoi Federatsii derzhavoiu-ahresorom [Resolution on the Appeal of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine to the United Nations, the European Parliament, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, the NATO Parliamentary Assembly, the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly, the GUAM Parliamentary Assembly, the national parliaments of the world for the recognition of the Russian Federation as an aggressor state]. http://zakon2.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/129-19. Accessed 31 July 2017
Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (2015) Proekt Zakonu pro vnesennia zmin do deiakykh zakonodavchykh aktiv Ukrainy shchodo udoskonalennia mekhanizmiv borotby z teroryzmom [Draft Law on amendments to certain legislative acts of Ukraine on the improvement of the mechanisms for combating terrorism]. http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb2/webproc4_1?pf3511=54044. Accessed 31 July 2017
Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (2017) Postanova Pro Zvernennia Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy do parlamentiv inozemnykh derzhav ta mizhnarodnykh orhanizatsii shchodo zasudzhennia eskalatsii zbroinoi ahresii Rosiiskoi Federatsii proty Ukrainy [Resolution on the Appeal of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine to parliaments of foreign states and international organizations on condemning the escalation of armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine]. http://zakon3.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1837-viii. Accessed 31 July 2017
Voice of America (2017) US Lawmakers Include Several Measures Targeting Russia in Spending Bill. https://www.voanews.com/a/us-spending-bill-government-running-senate-trump/3840388.html. Accessed 31 July 2017
Zadorozhnii O (2014) Ahresiia Rosiiskoi Federatsii proty Ukrainy i mizhnarodno-pravovyi pryntsyp neporushnosti kordoniv [The aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine and the international legal principle of the inviolability of borders]. Naukovyi visnyk Mizhnarodnoho humanitarnoho universytetu. Seriia: Yurysprudentsiia [Scientific Herald of the International Humanitarian University: Jurisprudence] 12(2):172–176
Zadorozhnii O (2014) Mizhnarodno-pravovyi pryntsyp neporushnosti kordoniv u Yevropi ta ahresiia Rosiiskoi Federatsii proty Ukrainy [The international legal principle of the inviolability of borders in Europe and the aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine]. Naukovi pratsi NU “OUA” [Scientific works of the National University “Odesa Law Academy”] 14:42–69
Zadorozhnii O (2014) Mizhnarodno-pravovyi pryntsyp nezastosuvannia syly abo pohrozy syloiu v konteksti dii Rosiiskoi Federatsii proty Ukrainy [The international legal principle of non-use of force or threat of force in the context of the Russian Federation’s action against Ukraine] Pravova derzhava [Legal state] 18:129–134
Zadorozhnii O (2015) Porushennia ahresiieiu RF proty Ukrainy mizhnarodno-pravovoho pryntsypu dobrosovisnoho vykonannia mizhnarodnykh zoboviazan [Violation of the international legal principle of the honest fulfillment of international obligations by Russian Federation’s aggression against Ukraine]. Ukrainskyi chasopys mizhnarodnoho prava [Ukrainian Journal of International Law] 1:17–32
Zadorozhnii O (2015) Porushennia ahresyvnoiu viinoiu Rosiiskoi Federatsii proty Ukrainy osnovnykh pryntsypiv mizhnarodnoho prava [Violation of the fundamental principles of international law by the aggressive war of the Russian Federation against Ukraine]. Ukrainian association of international law, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv
Zadorozhnii O (2015) Porushennia pryntsypu suverennoi rivnosti derzhav v ahresyvnii viini Rosii proty Ukrainy [Violation of the principle of sovereign equality of states in the aggressive war of Russia against Ukraine]. Almanakh mizhnarodnoho prava [Almanac of International Law] 7:3–19
Zadorozhnii O (2015) Porushennia Rosiiskoiu Federatsiieiu u 2014–2015 rokakh pryntsypu nevtruchannia u vnutrishni spravy derzhav stosovno Ukrainy [Violation of the principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of states by the Russian Federation in 2014–2015 in relation to Ukraine]. Naukovi pratsi NU “OUA” [Scientific works of the National University “Odesa Law Academy”] 15:119–143
Zadorozhnii O (2015) Pravova otsinka zastosuvannia RF syly proty Ukrainy v konteksti mizhnarodno-pravovoho pryntsypu nezastosuvannia syly [Legal assessment of the use of force by the RF against Ukraine in the context of international legal principle of non-use of force]. Ukrainskyi chasopys mizhnarodnoho prava [Ukrainian Journal of International Law] 2:19–30
Zadorozhnii O (2015) Stanovlennia i normatyvnyi zmist pryntsypu terytorialnoi tsilisnosti derzhav yak osnovnoho pryntsypu mizhnarodnoho prava [Formation and normative content of the principle of territorial integrity of states as the main principle of international law]. Universytetski naukovi zapysky [University scientific notes] 1:231–246
Zadorozhnii O (2016) Opravdat liuboi tcenoi. Agressivnaia voina Rossiiskoi Federatcii protiv Ukrainy i transformatciia rossiiskogo videniia mezhdunarodnogo prava [Justify at any cost. The aggressive war of the Russian Federation against Ukraine and the transformation of the Russian vision of international law]. Ukrainian association of international law, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv
Zadorozhnii O (2016) Porushennia pryntsypu povahy osnovnykh prav i svobod liudyny ahresiieiu RF na Skhodi Ukrainy [Violation of the principle of respect for fundamental rights and freedoms by aggression of the Russian Federation in the East of Ukraine]. In: Zadorozhnii O, Poiedynok O (ed) Liber Amicorum do 60-richchia prof. V.V. Mytsyka [Liber Amicorum for the 60th anniversary of prof. V. Mytsyk]. Feniks, Kyiv, Odesa, pp 605–615
Zadorozhnii O (2016) Revisiting the “International Legal Personality” of DPR/LPR. European Political and Law Discourse 3(4):7–14
Zamlelova S (2014) Priznanie respublik [Recognition of republics]. http://www.zamlelova.ru/novosti/all/article_306/. Accessed 31 July 2017
ZIK.UA (2017) Hensek OBSIe zasudyv vyznannia Rosiieiu «dokumentiv» ORDLO [The OSCE General Secretary condemned Russia’s recognition of the ORDLO “documents”]. http://zik.ua/news/2017/02/20/gensek_obsye_zasudyv_vyznannya_rosiieyu_dokumentiv_ordlo_0_1046599. Accessed 31 July 2017
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 T.M.C. Asser Press and the authors
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Korotkyi, T., Hendel, N. (2018). The Legal Status of the Donetsk and Luhansk “Peoples’ Republics”. In: Sayapin, S., Tsybulenko, E. (eds) The Use of Force against Ukraine and International Law. T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-222-4_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-222-4_7
Published:
Publisher Name: T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague
Print ISBN: 978-94-6265-221-7
Online ISBN: 978-94-6265-222-4
eBook Packages: Law and CriminologyLaw and Criminology (R0)