Abstract
Sanctions are a frequently employed diplomatic instrument to exert influence. However, it is also a relatively poorly understood instrument that, while seductive because it seems easy to employ and relatively risk-free, is also criticized for lack of effectiveness. In particular in the past decade UN sanctions have undergone a significant development. The chapter presents how sanctions changed from their classical and comprehensive form to a more recent targeted version. Whereas comprehensive sanctions aimed at whole states, today the targets of sanctions are mostly individuals, entities and specific economic sectors. The situations in which sanctions have been used and adapted to achieve foreign policy objectives with the simultaneous objective to reduce their humanitarian impact has grown overtime, for instance by including the utilization of sanctions in post-conflict contexts. Especially, the objective of this chapter is to review the opportunities and challenges that characterize targeted sanctions in order to provide recommendations on how to enhance their effectiveness. The argument of the chapter is that targeted sanctions are more demanding in terms of knowledge and maintenance compared to comprehensive sanctions. If the international community, or individual states, wish to rely effectively on this foreign policy instrument, then ways to acquire more information about targeted societies and threats that are to be countered as well as the creation of institutional capacity to monitor and enforce sanctions is key to making sanctions useful.
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- 1.
Tsebelis 1990.
- 2.
United Nations 1945.
- 3.
Cortright and Lopez 1995.
- 4.
Baldwin 1985.
- 5.
Drezner 1999.
- 6.
Hufbauer et al. 1990.
- 7.
Pape 1997.
- 8.
- 9.
Galtung 1967.
- 10.
- 11.
- 12.
Gibbon 1999.
- 13.
- 14.
The Financial Times 1995.
- 15.
United Nations 1997.
- 16.
Von Braunmühl and Kulessa 1995.
- 17.
- 18.
Sunga 1992.
- 19.
United Nations 1999.
- 20.
Wallensteen and Staibano 2005.
- 21.
Hudson 2007.
- 22.
Cortright and Lopez 2002.
- 23.
Biersteker 2009.
- 24.
Cortright et al. 2002: 2.
- 25.
Biersteker 2009.
- 26.
Fouley 1923, p. 71.
- 27.
Giumelli 2011.
- 28.
There are examples, for instance the use of force employed to arrest Laurent Gbagbo in Cote d’Ivoire, see Simonen 2012.
- 29.
Coherently with the literature on sanctions, senders are the actors that impose sanctions and targets are the actors that are sanctioned.
- 30.
Giumelli 2015.
- 31.
Kadi v. Council of the European Union 2005.
- 32.
Giumelli and Levi 2016.
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Giumelli, F. (2017). Winning Without Killing: The Case for Targeted Sanctions. In: Ducheine, P., Osinga, F. (eds) Netherlands Annual Review of Military Studies 2017. NL ARMS. T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-189-0_6
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