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Victim Participation in International Criminal Justice pp 243–281Cite as

Victims’ Lawyers in the Courtroom: Opening and Closing Statements, Questioning Witnesses, Challenging and Presenting Evidence

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Part of the book series: International Criminal Justice Series ((ICJS,volume 11))

Abstract

The role victims’ lawyers fulfil in the courtroom is one of the most significant expressions of victims’ rights in international criminal justice. The three courts analysed in this book—the International Criminal Court, the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia, and the Special Tribunal for Lebanon—all permit, albeit to varying degrees, the presence and active participation of lawyers representing victims in their proceedings. This chapter will look at the main content of that participation: making opening and closing statements, questioning the witnesses of the (other) parties, calling evidence and making submissions on sentencing. The chapter will highlight the existing practice on these issues and make brief recommendations, where necessary. The main conclusion to be drawn is, however, that the rights and duties of victims’ lawyers in the courtroom are still under development and case-law at all three courts is still evolving. The key points at the end of the chapter will summarise the main findings.

Peter Haynes is Lead Legal Representative of Victims in the Ayyash et al. case at the Special Tribunal for Lebanon. He is also Lead Counsel for Defence in Prosecutor v. Jean Pierre Bemba Gombo at the International Criminal Court. The views expressed herein are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the employing organisations.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Trial Chamber I, Decision on Victims’ Participation, ICC-01/04-01/06-1119, 18 January 2008, para 117; ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Decision on the Modalities of Victim Participation at Trial, ICC-01/04-01/07-1788-tENG, 22 January 2010, para 68.

  2. 2.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Dominic Ongwen, Trial Chamber IX, Initial Directions on the Conduct of the Proceedings, ICC-02/04-01/15-497, 13 July 2016, para 7.

  3. 3.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Trial Chamber I, Official Public Transcript, ICC-01/04-01/06-T-101-ENG, 12 January 2009, pp. 9–10.

  4. 4.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Trial Chamber I, Official Public Transcript, ICC-01/04-01/06-T-104-ENG, 16 January 2009, p. 58.

  5. 5.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Trial Chamber I, Official Public Transcript, ICC-01/04-01/06-T-107-ENG, 26 January 2009, pp. 39–42 (Remarks by Ms. P. Massida).

  6. 6.

    Ibid., p. 41 (Remarks by Ms. P. Massida).

  7. 7.

    Ibid., pp. 50–57 (Remarks by Ms. C. Bapita).

  8. 8.

    Ibid., p. 47 (Remarks by Mr. H. Diakiese) and 70.

  9. 9.

    Ibid., pp. 69 (Remarks by Mr. L. Walleyn) and 70–71.

  10. 10.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Official Public Transcript, ICC-01/04-01/07-T-80-ENG, 24 November 2009, pp. 39–48.

  11. 11.

    Ibid., p. 38.

  12. 12.

    Ibid., pp. 39–45 (Remarks by Mr. J.L. Gilissen).

  13. 13.

    Ibid., pp. 45–48 (Remarks by Mr. F.N. Luvengika).

  14. 14.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean Pierre Bemba Gombo, Trial Chamber III, Official Public Transcript, ICC-01/05-01/08-T-30-ENG, 21 October 2010, p. 6.

  15. 15.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean Pierre Bemba Gombo, Trial Chamber III, Official Public Transcript, ICC-01/05-01/08-T-32-ENG, 22 November 2010, pp. 36–39 (Remarks by Mr. A. Zarambaud), pp. 40–43 (Remarks by Ms. M.E. Douzima-Lawson).

  16. 16.

    Ibid., p. 41 (Remarks by Ms. M.E. Douzima-Lawson).

  17. 17.

    Panel of Independent Experts Report 2014, p. 178, note 8.

  18. 18.

    STL, Prosecutor v. Ayyash et al., STL-11-01, Official Public Transcript, 17 January 2014, pp. 53–60.

  19. 19.

    Ibid., pp. 60–75.

  20. 20.

    Ibid., pp. 76–87.

  21. 21.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Trial Chamber I, Decision on victims’ participation, ICC-01/04-01/06-1119, 18 January 2008, para 103; ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Corrigendum to Directions for the conduct of the proceedings and testimony in accordance with Rule 140, ICC-01/04-01/07-1665-Corr, 1 December 2009, paras 87–88, 102(h); ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean Pierre Bemba Gombo, Trial Chamber III, Corrigendum to Decision on the participation of victims in the trial and on 86 applications by victims to participate in the proceedings, ICC-01/05-01/08-807-Corr, 12 July 2010, paras 37, 40; ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto and Joshua Arap Sang, Trial Chamber V(A), Decision on the Conduct of Trial Proceedings (General Directions), ICC-01/09-01/11-847, 9 August 2013, para 19; ICC, Prosecutor v. Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta, Trial Chamber V(B), Decision on the conduct of the trial proceedings, ICC-01/09-02/11-867, 2 December 2013, para 24.

  22. 22.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Bosco Ntaganda, Trial Chamber VI, Decision on the conduct of the proceedings, ICC-01/04-02/06-619, 2 June 2015, para 64.

  23. 23.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean Pierre Bemba Gombo, Trial Chamber III, Decision (i) ruling on legal representatives’ applications to question Witness 33 and (ii) setting a schedule for the filing of submissions in relation to future applications to question witnesses, ICC-01/05-01/08-1729, 9 September 2011, para 14 (four days before the relevant witness is scheduled to testify): Prosecutor v. Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta, Trial Chamber V(B), Decision on the conduct of the trial proceedings, ICC-01/09-02/11-867, 2 December 2013, para 24 (within two working days of the notification of the application).

  24. 24.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto and Joshua Arap Sang, Trial Chamber V(A), Decision on the Conduct of Trial Proceedings (General Directions), ICC-01/09-01/11-847, 9 August 2013, para 19; ICC, Prosecutor v. Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta, Trial Chamber V(B), Decision on the conduct of the trial proceedings, ICC-01/09-02/11-867, 2 December 2013, para 24.

  25. 25.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Corrigendum to Directions for the conduct of the proceedings and testimony in accordance with Rule 140, ICC-01/04-01/07-1665-Corr, 1 December 2009, paras 87–88; ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto and Joshua Arap Sang, Trial Chamber V(A), Decision on the Conduct of Trial Proceedings (General Directions), ICC-01/09-01/11-847, 9 August 2013, para 19.

  26. 26.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto and Joshua Arap Sang, Trial Chamber V(A), Decision on the Conduct of Trial Proceedings (General Directions), ICC-01/09-01/11-847, 9 August 2013, para 19; ICC, Prosecutor v. Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta, Trial Chamber V(B), Decision on the conduct of the trial proceedings, ICC-01/09-02/11-867, 2 December 2013, para 24.

  27. 27.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Laurent Gbagbo and Charles Blé Goudé, Annex to Decision adopting amended and supplemented directions on the conduct of the proceedings, ICC-02/11-01/15-498-AnxA, 4 May 2016, para 16.

  28. 28.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Dominic Ongwen, Trial Chamber IX, Initial Directions on the Conduct of the Proceedings, ICC-02/04-01/15-497, 13 July 2016, para 10.

  29. 29.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain, Trial Chamber IV, Decision on the participation of victims in the trial proceedings, ICC-02/05-03/09-545, 20 March 2014, para 33. See also: ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto and Joshua Arap Sang, Trial Chamber V(A), Decision on the Conduct of Trial Proceedings (General Directions), ICC-01/09-01/11-847, 9 August 2013, para 16.

  30. 30.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Trial Chamber I, Decision on Victims’ Participation, ICC-01/04-01/06-1119, 18 January 2008, para 96.

  31. 31.

    Ibid.

  32. 32.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Trial Chamber I, Official Public Redacted Transcript, ICC-01/04-01/06-T-200-Red2-ENG, 26 June 2009, pp. 52–54. See also, ICC, Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Trial Chamber I, Official Public Redacted Transcript, ICC-01/04-01/06-T-124-Red3-ENG, 11 February 2009, pp. 53–54.

  33. 33.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Trial Chamber I, Judgment pursuant to Article 74 of the Statute, ICC-01/04-01/06-2842, 14 March 2012, para 21, footnote 62.

  34. 34.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Official Public Redacted Transcript, ICC-01/04-01/07-T-87-Red-ENG, 30 November 2009, p. 26.

  35. 35.

    Ibid., p. 33.

  36. 36.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Official Public Redacted Transcript, ICC-01/04-01/07-T-160-Red-ENG, 23 June 2010, p. 20.

  37. 37.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Official Public Redacted Transcript, ICC-01/04-01/07-T-252-ENG, 21 April 2011, pp. 42–43.

  38. 38.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean Pierre Bemba Gombo, Trial Chamber III, Decision (i) ruling on legal representatives’ applications to question Witness 33 and (ii) setting a schedule for the filing of submissions in relation to future applications to question witnesses, ICC-01/05-01/08-1729, 9 September 2011, para 15.

  39. 39.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean Pierre Bemba Gombo, Trial Chamber III, Decision on Directions for the Conduct of the Proceedings, ICC-01/05-01/08-1023, 19 November 2010, para 19.

  40. 40.

    See, for instance: ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean Pierre Bemba Gombo, Trial Chamber III, Official Public Redacted Transcript, ICC-01/05-01/08-T-42-Red2-ENG, 2 December 2010, p. 18; ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean Pierre Bemba Gombo, Trial Chamber III, Official Public Redacted Transcript, ICC-01/05-01/08-T-329-Red-ENG, 24 June 2013, pp. 34–35.

  41. 41.

    See, for instance: ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean Pierre Bemba Gombo, Trial Chamber III, Official Public Redacted Transcript, ICC-01/05-01/08-T-329-Red-ENG, 24 June 2013, pp. 34–35.

  42. 42.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean Pierre Bemba Gombo, Trial Chamber III, Decision on the Defence Motion on the Questioning of Defence Witnesses by the Legal Representatives of Victims, ICC-01/05-01/08-2751, 21 August 2013, paras 10–11.

  43. 43.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto and Joshua Arap Sang, Trial Chamber V, Decision on victims’ representation and participation, ICC-01/09-01/11-460, 3 October 2012, para 75; ICC, Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura and Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta, Decision on victims’ representation and participation, ICC-01/09-02/11-498, 3 October 2012, para 74.

  44. 44.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Laurent Gbagbo and Charles Blé Goudé, Annex to Decision adopting amended and supplemented directions on the conduct of the proceedings, ICC-02/11-01/15-498-AnxA, 4 May 2016, para 17.

  45. 45.

    ECCC, Case 001, Official Public Transcript, 22 June 2009, p. 98.

  46. 46.

    ECCC, Case 001, Official Public Transcript, 27 August 2009, p. 74.

  47. 47.

    ECCC, Case 001, Trial Chamber, Decision on Civil Party Co-Lawyers’ Joint request for a ruling on the standing of Civil Party Lawyers to make submissions on sentencing and directions concerning the questioning of the accused, experts, and witnesses testifying on character, 9 October 2009, para 48.

  48. 48.

    ECCC, Case 001, Trial Chamber, Dissenting Opinion of Judge Jean-Marc Lavergne to the Decision on Civil Party Co-Lawyers’ Joint request for a ruling on the standing of Civil Party Lawyers to make submissions on sentencing and directions concerning the questioning of the accused, experts, and witnesses testifying on character, 9 Oct. 2009, para 32.

  49. 49.

    ECCC, Case 001, Official Public Transcript, 12 August 2009, pp. 39–40.

  50. 50.

    ECCC, Case 001, Official Public Transcript, 12 August 2009, p. 41; ECCC, Case 001, Official Public Transcript, 13 July 2009, pp. 47–48.

  51. 51.

    STL, Prosecutor v. Ayyash et al., STL-11-01, Official Public Transcript, 24 March 2015, p. 39.

  52. 52.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain, Trial Chamber IV, Decision on the participation of victims in the trial proceedings, ICC-02/05-03/09-545, 20 March 2014, para 33. See also: ICC, Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Trial Chamber I, Decision on the Manner of Questioning Witnesses by the Legal Representatives of Victims, ICC-01/04-01/06-2127, 16 September 2009, para 28; ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean Pierre Bemba Gombo, Trial Chamber III, Corrigendum to Decision on the participation of victims in the trial and on 86 applications by victims to participate in the proceedings, ICC-01/05-01/08-807-Corr, 12 July 2010, para 38.

  53. 53.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Trial Chamber I, Decision on the Manner of Questioning Witnesses by the Legal Representatives of Victims, ICC-01/04-01/06-2127, 16 September 2009, para 28. See also ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean Pierre Bemba Gombo, Trial Chamber III, Corrigendum to Decision on the participation of victims in the trial and on 86 applications by victims to participate in the proceedings, ICC-01/05-01/08-807-Corr, 12 July 2010, para 38.

  54. 54.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Trial Chamber I, ICC-01/04-01/06-2127, Decision on the Manner of Questioning Witnesses by the Legal Representatives of Victims, 16 September 2009, para 30.

  55. 55.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Trial Chamber I, Decision on the defence observations regarding the right of the legal representatives of victims to question defence witnesses and on the notion of personal interest, ICC-01/04-01/06-2340, 11 March 2010, paras 34–35.

  56. 56.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean Pierre Bemba Gombo, Trial Chamber III, Oral Decision, Official Public Redacted Transcript, 15 October 2012, pp. 66–67; ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean Pierre Bemba Gombo, Trial Chamber III, Decision on the Defence Motion on the Questioning of Defence Witnesses by the Legal Representatives of Victims, ICC-01/05-01/08-2751, 21 August 2013, para 11; ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean Pierre Bemba Gombo, Trial Chamber III, Decision on Defence Request for Leave to Appeal the Decision on the Defence Motion on the Questioning of Defence Witnesses by the Legal Representatives of Victims, 11 September 2013, paras 19–20.

  57. 57.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Dominic Ongwen, Trial Chamber IX, Initial Directions on the Conduct of the Proceedings, ICC-02/04-01/15-497, 13 July 2016, para 14.

  58. 58.

    ECCC, Case 001, Trial Chamber, Official Public Transcript, 15 June 2009, pp. 4–5.

  59. 59.

    ECCC, Case 001, Trial Chamber, Official Public Transcript, 16 June 2009, pp. 2–3.

  60. 60.

    Ibid., p. 8.

  61. 61.

    ECCC, Case 001, Trial Chamber, Official Public Transcript, 27 July 2009, pp. 29–30.

  62. 62.

    See, for example, ECCC, Case 001, Trial Chamber, Official Public Transcript, 22 July 2009, p. 45.

  63. 63.

    ECCC, Case 002/01, Trial Chamber, Official Public Transcript, 4 October 2012, p. 52.

  64. 64.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Trial Chamber I, Decision on victims’ participation, ICC-01/04-01/06-1119, 18 January 2008, para 109.

  65. 65.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Appeals Chamber, Judgement on the Appeals of the Prosecution and the Defence against Trial Chamber I’s Decision on Victim’s Participation of 18 January 2008, ICC-01/04-01/06-1432, Appeals Chamber, 11 July 2008, para 101.

  66. 66.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Decision on Modalities of Victim Participation at Trial, ICC-01/04-01/07-1788-tENG, 22 January 2010, para 104.

  67. 67.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain, Trial Chamber IV, Decision on the participation of victims in the trial proceedings, ICC-02/05-03/09-545, 20 March 2014, para 30.

  68. 68.

    STL, Prosecutor v. Ayyash et al., STL-11-01, Official Public Transcript, 30 May 2016, pp. 86–95 and Official Public Transcript, 1 June 2016, pp. 2–3, 34–36; Prosecutor v. Ayyash et al., STL-11-01, Legal Representative of Victims, Submissions of the Legal Representative of Victims on the Interlocutory Appeal of the “Interim Decision on the Death of Mr. Mustafa Amine Badreddine and Possible Termination of Proceedings”, 27 June 2016.

  69. 69.

    STL, Prosecutor v. Ayyash et al., STL-11-01, Legal Representative of Victims, Request of the Legal Representative of Victims for Leave to Respond to the Badreddine Interlocutory Appeal of the “Interim Decision on the Death of Mr. Mustafa Amine Badreddine and Possible Termination of Proceedings”, 15 June 2016, para 5 (footnotes omitted).

  70. 70.

    STL, Prosecutor v. Ayyash et al., STL-11-01, Appeals Chamber, Decision on the Request of the Legal Representative of Victims Seeking Leave to Respond to the Badreddine Defence Interlocutory Appeal, 17 June 2016, para 5.

  71. 71.

    See, for example, an intervention by the Co-Legal Representative of Victims in Ayyash et al., advising the Chamber on the correct Arabic transliteration of a particular name. STL, Prosecutor v. Ayyash et al., STL-11-01, Official Public Transcript, 23 January 2015, p. 33.

  72. 72.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Appeals Chamber, Judgment on the appeals of the Prosecutor and the Defence against Trial Chamber I’s Decision on Victims’ Participation of 18 January 2008, ICC-01/04-01/06-1432, 11 July 2008, para 93. See also ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean Pierre Bemba Gombo, Trial Chamber III, Decision on the supplemented applications by the legal representatives of victims to present evidence and the views and concerns of victims, ICC-01/05-01/08-2138, 22 February 2012, para 13.

  73. 73.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Appeals Chamber, Judgment on the appeals of the Prosecutor and the Defence against Trial Chamber I’s Decision on Victims’ Participation of 18 January 2008, ICC-01/04-01/06-1432, 11 July 2008, para 94; ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Appeals Chamber, Judgment on the Appeal of Mr. Katanga Against the Decision of Trial Chamber II of 22 January 2010 Entitled “Decision on the Modalities of Victim Participation at Trial”, ICC-01/04-01/07-2288, 16 July 2010, paras 37, 110–115; ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Decision authorising the appearance of Victims a/0381/09, a/0018/09, a/0191/08, and pan/0363/09 acting on behalf of a/0363/09, ICC-01/04-01/07-2517-tENG, 9 November 2010, para 32; ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean Pierre Bemba Gombo, Trial Chamber III, Decision on the supplemented applications by the legal representatives of victims to present evidence and the views and concerns of victims, ICC-01/05-01/08-2138, 22 February 2012, para 18.

  74. 74.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Trial Chamber I, Decision on victims’ participation, ICC-01/04-01/06-1119, 18 January 2008, para 108. See also ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean Pierre Bemba Gombo, Trial Chamber III, Decision on the supplemented applications by the legal representatives of victims to present evidence and the views and concerns of victims, ICC-01/05-01/08-2138, 22 February 2012, para 18.

  75. 75.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Trial Chamber I, Decision on victims’ participation, 18 January 2008, ICC-01/04-01/06-1119, para 108; ICC, Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Appeals Chamber, Judgment on the appeals of the Prosecutor and the Defence against Trial Chamber I’s Decision on Victims’ Participation of 18 January 2008, ICC-01/04-01/06-1432, 11 July 2008, paras 95 and 98.

  76. 76.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Appeals Chamber, Judgment on the appeals of the Prosecutor and the Defence against Trial Chamber I’s Decision on Victims’ Participation of 18 January 2008, ICC-01/04-01/06-1432, 11 July 2008, para 99; ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Directions for the conduct of the proceedings and testimony in accordance with rule 140, ICC-01/04-01/07-1665-Corr, 1 December 2009, para 19; ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Decision on the Modalities of Victim Participation at Trial, ICC-01/04-01/07-1788-tENG, 22 January 2010, para 84.

  77. 77.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Decision authorising the appearance of Victims a/0381/09, a/0018/09, a/0191/08, and pan/0363/09 acting on behalf of a/0363/09, ICC-01/04-01/07-2517-tENG, 9 November 2010, para 18. Trial Chamber II held that were called in this capacity by an LRV, the person’s statement must be limited to issues which are affected by the personal interests of the child who is represented. In order to be questioned on a broader range of issues the person must be called by the Chamber, as occurred in the instance considered by Trial Chamber II in Katanga (paras 18–19).

  78. 78.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Decision on the Modalities of Victim Participation at Trial, ICC-01/04-01/07-1788-tENG, 22 January 2010, paras 94–96. Although contrast the earlier statement appearing to suggest otherwise at ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Directions for the conduct of the proceedings and testimony in accordance with rule 140, ICC-01/04-01/07-1665-Corr, 1 December 2009, paras 24 and 45.

  79. 79.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Appeals Chamber, Judgment on the appeals of the Prosecutor and the Defence against Trial Chamber I’s Decision on Victims’ Participation of 18 January 2008, ICC-01/04-01/06-1432, 11 July 2008, paras 94, 98–99; ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean Pierre Bemba Gombo, Trial Chamber III, Order regarding applications by victims to present their views and concerns or to present evidence ICC-01/05-01/08-1935, 21 November 2011, para 2.

  80. 80.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain, Trial Chamber IV, Decision on the participation of victims in the trial proceedings, ICC-02/05-03/09-545, 20 March 2014, paras 22, 27–28.

  81. 81.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Directions for the conduct of the proceedings and testimony in accordance with rule 140, ICC-01/04-01/07-1665-Corr, 1 December 2009, paras 7 and 45.

  82. 82.

    Compare paras 20 and 47 of ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Directions for the conduct of the proceedings and testimony in accordance with rule 140, ICC-01/04-01/07-1665-Corr, 1 December 2009. Although the Chamber appeared to elaborate additional requirements in respect of victims called by the LRV (paras 21–23), these all relate to the rights of the accused, which apply throughout the trial in general, and are therefore equally applicable where an LRV suggests that a chamber call a witness proprio motu.

  83. 83.

    In Lubanga, two participating victims were allowed to give evidence. See ICC, Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Trial Chamber I, Decision on the request by victims a/0225/06, a/0229/06 and a/0270/07 to express their views and concerns in person and to present evidence during the trial, ICC-01/04-01/06-2032, 26 June 2009. In the Katanga and Ngudjolo case, four victims were allowed to testify: ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Décision aux fins de comparution des victimes a/0381/09, a/0018/09, a/0191/08 et pan/0363/09 agissant au nom de a/0363/09, ICC-01/04-01/07-2517, 9 November 2010. In Bemba, two victims were authorised to give evidence. See ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean Pierre Bemba Gombo, Trial Chamber III, Decision on the supplemented applications by the legal representatives of victims to present evidence and the views and concerns of victims, Trial Chamber III, ICC-01/05-01/08-2138, 22 February 2012.

  84. 84.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Appeals Chamber, Judgment on the appeals of the Prosecutor and the Defence against Trial Chamber I’s Decision on Victims’ Participation of 18 January 2008, ICC-01/04-01/06-1432, 11 July 2008, para 104; ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Directions for the conduct of the proceedings and testimony in accordance with rule 140, ICC-01/04-01/07-1665-Corr, 1 December 2009, para 25; ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Decision authorising the appearance of Victims a/0381/09, a/0018/09, a/0191/08, and pan/0363/09 acting on behalf of a/0363/09, ICC-01/04-01/07-2517-tENG, 9 November 2010, paras 5–6; ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean Pierre Bemba Gombo, Trial Chamber III, Order regarding applications by victims to present their views and concerns or to present evidence ICC-01/05-01/08-1935, 21 November 2011, para 3; ICC, Prosecutor v. Laurent Gbagbo and Charles Blé Goudé, Trial Chamber I, Directions on the conduct of the proceedings, ICC-02/11-01/15-205, 3 September 2015, para 31; ICC, Prosecutor v. Bosko Ntaganda, Trial Chamber VI, Decision on the conduct of the proceedings, ICC-01/04-02/06-619, 2 June 2015, para 69; ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto and Joshua Arap Sang, Trial Chamber V, Decision on victims’ representation and participation, ICC-01/09-01/11-460, 3 October 2012, para 77; ICC, Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura and Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta, Trial Chamber V, Decision on victims’ representation and participation, ICC-01/09-02/11-498, 3 October 2012, para 76.

  85. 85.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Directions for the conduct of the proceedings and testimony in accordance with rule 140, ICC-01/04-01/07-1665-Corr, 1 December 2009, para 25; ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Decision authorising the appearance of Victims a/0381/09, a/0018/09, a/0191/08, and pan/0363/09 acting on behalf of a/0363/09, ICC-01/04-01/07-2517-tENG, 9 November 2010, paras 5–6; ICC, Prosecutor v. Laurent Gbagbo and Charles Blé Goudé, Trial Chamber I, Directions on the conduct of the proceedings, ICC-02/11-01/15-205, 3 September 2015, para 31; ICC, Prosecutor v. Bosko Ntaganda, Trial Chamber VI, Decision on the conduct of the proceedings, ICC-01/04-02/06-619, 2 June 2015, para 69.

  86. 86.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Appeals Chamber, Judgment on the appeals of the Prosecutor and the Defence against Trial Chamber I’s Decision on Victims’ Participation of 18 January 2008, ICC-01/04-01/06-1432, 11 July 2008, para 104; ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Directions for the conduct of the proceedings and testimony in accordance with rule 140, ICC-01/04-01/07-1665-Corr, 1 December 2009, para 28.

  87. 87.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean Pierre Bemba Gombo, Trial Chamber III, Decision on the supplemented applications by the legal representatives of victims to present evidence and the views and concerns of victims, ICC-01/05-01/08-2138, 22 February 2012, para 30.

  88. 88.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Laurent Gbagbo and Charles Blé Goudé, Trial Chamber I, Directions on the conduct of the proceedings, ICC-02/11-01/15-205, 3 September 2015, para 31.

  89. 89.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Corrigendum to Directions for the conduct of the proceedings and testimony in accordance with Rule 140, ICC-01/04-01/07-1665-Corr, 1 December 2009, para 22; ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Decision on the Modalities of Victim Participation at Trial, ICC-01/04-01/07-1788-tENG, 22 January 2010, para 92.

  90. 90.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean Pierre Bemba Gombo, Trial Chamber III, Second order regarding the applications of the legal representatives of victims to present evidence and the views and concerns of victims, ICC-01/05-01/08-2027, 21 December 2011, para 19.

  91. 91.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean Pierre Bemba Gombo, Trial Chamber III, Order regarding applications by victims to present their views and concerns or to present evidence ICC-01/05-01/08-1935, 21 November 2011, para 3; ICC, Prosecutor v. Laurent Gbagbo and Charles Blé Goudé, Trial Chamber I, Directions on the conduct of the proceedings, ICC-02/11-01/15-205, 3 September 2015, para 31; ICC, Prosecutor v. Bosko Ntaganda, Trial Chamber VI, Decision on the conduct of the proceedings, ICC-01/04-02/06-619, 2 June 2015, para 69.

  92. 92.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Directions for the conduct of the proceedings and testimony in accordance with rule 140, ICC-01/04-01/07-1665-Corr, 1 December 2009, para 26; ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Decision authorising the appearance of Victims a/0381/09, a/0018/09, a/0191/08, and pan/0363/09 acting on behalf of a/0363/09, ICC-01/04-01/07-2517-tENG, 9 November 2010, para 6; ICC, Prosecutor v. Laurent Gbagbo and Charles Blé Goudé, Trial Chamber I, Directions on the conduct of the proceedings, ICC-02/11-01/15-205, 3 September 2015, para 31.

  93. 93.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Directions for the conduct of the proceedings and testimony in accordance with rule 140, ICC-01/04-01/07-1665-Corr, 1 December 2009, para 26.

  94. 94.

    Ibid., para 27; see also ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Decision authorising the appearance of Victims a/0381/09, a/0018/09, a/0191/08, and pan/0363/09 acting on behalf of a/0363/09, ICC-01/04-01/07-2517-tENG, 9 November 2010, para 6.

  95. 95.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean Pierre Bemba Gombo, Trial Chamber III, Order regarding applications by victims to present their views and concerns or to present evidence ICC-01/05-01/08-1935, 21 November 2011, para 3; ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain, Trial Chamber IV, Decision on the participation of victims in the trial proceedings, ICC-02/05-03/09-545, 20 March 2014, para 26; ICC, Prosecutor v. Laurent Gbagbo and Charles Blé Goudé, Trial Chamber I, Directions on the conduct of the proceedings, ICC-02/11-01/15-205, 3 September 2015, para 31; ICC, Prosecutor v. Bosko Ntaganda, Trial Chamber VI, Decision on the conduct of the proceedings, ICC-01/04-02/06-619, 2 June 2015, para 69.

  96. 96.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean Pierre Bemba Gombo, Trial Chamber III, Order regarding applications by victims to present their views and concerns or to present evidence ICC-01/05-01/08-1935, 21 November 2011, para 3; ICC, Prosecutor v. Laurent Gbagbo and Charles Blé Goudé, Trial Chamber I, Directions on the conduct of the proceedings, ICC-02/11-01/15-205, 3 September 2015, para 31.

  97. 97.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Trial Chamber I, Annex to: Order issuing public redacted version of the ‘Decision on the request by victims a/ 0225/06, a/0229/06 and a/0270/07 to express their views and concerns in person and to present evidence during the trial’, ICC-01/04-01/06-2032-Anx, 9 July 2009, para 21; ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean Pierre Bemba Gombo, Trial Chamber III, Corrigendum to Decision on the participation of victims in the trial and on 86 applications by victims to participate in the proceedings, ICC-01/05-01/08-807-Corr, 12 July 2010, para 36.

  98. 98.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean Pierre Bemba Gombo, Trial Chamber III, Corrigendum to Decision on the participation of victims in the trial and on 86 applications by victims to participate in the proceedings, ICC-01/05-01/08-807-Corr, 12 July 2010, para 36.

  99. 99.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Appeals Chamber, Judgment on the appeals of the Prosecutor and the Defence against Trial Chamber I’s Decision on Victims’ Participation of 18 January 2008, ICC-01/04-01/06-1432, 11 July 2008, para 104; ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Appeals Chamber, Judgment on the Appeal of Mr. Katanga Against the Decision of Trial Chamber II of 22 January 2010 Entitled ‘Decision on the Modalities of Victim Participation at Trial’, ICC-01/04-01/07-2288, 16 July 2010, paras 3, 40, 44; ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain, Trial Chamber IV, Decision on the participation of victims in the trial proceedings, ICC-02/05-03/09-545, 20 March 2014, para 25; ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto and Joshua Arap Sang, Trial Chamber V, Decision on victims’ representation and participation, ICC-01/09-01/11-460, 3 October 2012, para 77; ICC, Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura and Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta, Trial Chamber V, Decision on victims’ representation and participation, ICC-01/09-02/11-498, 3 October 2012, para 66.

  100. 100.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Appeals Chamber, Judgment on the appeals of the Prosecutor and the Defence against Trial Chamber I’s Decision on Victims’ Participation of 18 January 2008, ICC-01/04-01/06-1432, 11 July 2008, para 104; ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Directions for the conduct of the proceedings and testimony in accordance with rule 140, ICC-01/04-01/07-1665-Corr, 1 December 2009, para 21; ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Decision authorising the appearance of Victims a/0381/09, a/0018/09, a/0191/08, and pan/0363/09 acting on behalf of a/0363/09, ICC-01/04-01/07-2517-tENG, 9 November 2010, paras 5 and 21; ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean Pierre Bemba Gombo, Trial Chamber III, Decision on the supplemented applications by the legal representatives of victims to present evidence and the views and concerns of victims, ICC-01/05-01/08-2138, 22 February 2012, para 23(i); ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain, Trial Chamber IV, Decision on the participation of victims in the trial proceedings, ICC-02/05-03/09-545, 20 March 2014, para 25.

  101. 101.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Trial Chamber I, Decision on Victims’ Participation, ICC-01/04-01/06-1119, 18 January 2008, para 108; See also ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Decision on the Modalities of Victim Participation at Trial, ICC-01/04-01/07-1788-tENG, 22 January 2010, paras 91, 96; ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Appeals Chamber, Judgment on the Appeal of Mr. Katanga Against the Decision of Trial Chamber II of 22 January 2010 Entitled “Decision on the Modalities of Victim Participation at Trial”, ICC-01/04-01/07-2288, 16 July 2010, para 3; ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Directions for the conduct of the proceedings and testimony in accordance with rule 140, ICC-01/04-01/07-1665-Corr, 1 December 2009, para 20; ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean Pierre Bemba Gombo, Trial Chamber III, Decision on the supplemented applications by the legal representatives of victims to present evidence and the views and concerns of victims, ICC-01/05-01/08-2138, 22 February 2012, para 23(ii); ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain, Trial Chamber IV, Decision on the participation of victims in the trial proceedings, ICC-02/05-03/09-545, 20 March 2014, para 25; ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto and Joshua Arap Sang, Trial Chamber V, Decision on victims’ representation and participation, ICC-01/09-01/11-460, 3 October 2012, para 77; ICC, Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura and Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta, Trial Chamber V, Decision on victims’ representation and participation, ICC-01/09-02/11-498, 3 October 2012, para 66.

  102. 102.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Appeals Chamber, Judgment on the appeals of the Prosecutor and the Defence against Trial Chamber I’s Decision on Victims’ Participation of 18 January 2008, ICC-01/04-01/06-1432, 11 July 2008, para 104.

  103. 103.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Directions for the conduct of the proceedings and testimony in accordance with rule 140, ICC-01/04-01/07-1665-Corr, 1 December 2009, para 30; ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean Pierre Bemba Gombo, Trial Chamber III, Decision on the supplemented applications by the legal representatives of victims to present evidence and the views and concerns of victims, ICC-01/05-01/08-2138, 22 February 2012, para 24.

  104. 104.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean Pierre Bemba Gombo, Trial Chamber III, Decision on the supplemented applications by the legal representatives of victims to present evidence and the views and concerns of victims, ICC-01/05-01/08-2138, 22 February 2012, paras 36 and 49.

  105. 105.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Trial Chamber I, Decision on Victims’ Participation, ICC-01/04-01/06-1119, 18 January 2008, para 108; see also ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean Pierre Bemba Gombo, Trial Chamber III, Decision on the supplemented applications by the legal representatives of victims to present evidence and the views and concerns of victims, ICC-01/05-01/08-2138, 22 February 2012, para 18.

  106. 106.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain, Trial Chamber IV, Decision on the participation of victims in the trial proceedings, ICC-02/05-03/09-545, 20 March 2014, para 25.

  107. 107.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Directions for the conduct of the proceedings and testimony in accordance with rule 140, ICC-01/04-01/07-1665-Corr, 1 December 2009, paras 21–22; ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Decision authorising the appearance of Victims a/0381/09, a/0018/09, a/0191/08, and pan/0363/09 acting on behalf of a/0363/09, ICC-01/04-01/07-2517-tENG, 9 November 2010, paras 5 and 21; also ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean Pierre Bemba Gombo, Trial Chamber III, Decision on the supplemented applications by the legal representatives of victims to present evidence and the views and concerns of victims, ICC-01/05-01/08-2138, 22 February 2012, para 23(i).

  108. 108.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean Pierre Bemba Gombo, Trial Chamber III, Second order regarding the applications of the legal representatives of victims to present evidence and the views and concerns of victims, ICC-01/05-01/08-2027, 21 December 2011, pp. 9–13.

  109. 109.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Directions for the conduct of the proceedings and testimony in accordance with rule 140, ICC-01/04-01/07-1665-Corr, 1 December 2009, para 22.

  110. 110.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Directions for the conduct of the proceedings and testimony in accordance with rule 140, ICC-01/04-01/07-1665-Corr, 1 December 2009, para 22.

  111. 111.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Trial Chamber I, Decision on Victims’ Participation, ICC-01/04-01/06-1119, 18 January 2008, para 108; See also ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Decision on the Modalities of Victim Participation at Trial, ICC-01/04-01/07-1788-tENG, 22 January 2010, paras 91 and 96; ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Appeals Chamber, Judgment on the Appeal of Mr. Katanga Against the Decision of Trial Chamber II of 22 January 2010 Entitled “Decision on the Modalities of Victim Participation at Trial”, ICC-01/04-01/07-2288, 16 July 2010, para 3; ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Directions for the conduct of the proceedings and testimony in accordance with rule 140, ICC-01/04-01/07-1665-Corr, 1 December 2009, para 20; ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean Pierre Bemba Gombo, Trial Chamber III, Decision on the supplemented applications by the legal representatives of victims to present evidence and the views and concerns of victims, ICC-01/05-01/08-2138, 22 February 2012, para 23(ii); ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain, Trial Chamber IV, Decision on the participation of victims in the trial proceedings, ICC-02/05-03/09-545, 20 March 2014, para 25; ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto and Joshua Arap Sang, Trial Chamber V, Decision on victims’ representation and participation, ICC-01/09-01/11-460, 3 October 2012, para 77; ICC, Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura and Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta, Trial Chamber V, Decision on victims’ representation and participation, ICC-01/09-02/11-498, 3 October 2012, para 66.

  112. 112.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Appeals Chamber, Judgment on the Appeal of Mr. Katanga Against the Decision of Trial Chamber II of 22 January 2010 Entitled “Decision on the Modalities of Victim Participation at Trial”, ICC-01/04-01/07-2288, 16 July 2010, para 40.

  113. 113.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Decision authorising the appearance of Victims a/0381/09, a/0018/09, a/0191/08, and pan/0363/09 acting on behalf of a/0363/09, ICC-01/04-01/07-2517-tENG, 9 November 2010, para 14. ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Directions for the conduct of the proceedings and testimony in accordance with rule 140, ICC-01/04-01/07-1665-Corr, 1 December 2009, para 30; ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean Pierre Bemba Gombo, Trial Chamber III, Decision on the supplemented applications by the legal representatives of victims to present evidence and the views and concerns of victims, ICC-01/05-01/08-2138, 22 February 2012, para 24; ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain, Trial Chamber IV, Decision on the participation of victims in the trial proceedings, ICC-02/05-03/09-545, 20 March 2014, para 25.

  114. 114.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain, Trial Chamber IV, Decision on the participation of victims in the trial proceedings, ICC-02/05-03/09-545, 20 March 2014, para 25.

  115. 115.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Decision on the Modalities of Victim Participation at Trial, ICC-01/04-01/07-1788-tENG, 22 January 2010, para 91.

  116. 116.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Directions for the conduct of the proceedings and testimony in accordance with rule 140, ICC-01/04-01/07-1665-Corr, 1 December 2009, para 30; ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean Pierre Bemba Gombo, Trial Chamber III, Decision on the supplemented applications by the legal representatives of victims to present evidence and the views and concerns of victims, ICC-01/05-01/08-2138, 22 February 2012, para 24; ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Decision authorising the appearance of Victims a/0381/09, a/0018/09, a/0191/08, and pan/0363/09 acting on behalf of a/0363/09, ICC-01/04-01/07-2517-tENG, 9 November 2010, para 14; ICC, Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Trial Chamber I, Annex to: Order issuing public redacted version of the ‘Decision on the request by victims a/ 0225/06, a/0229/06 and a/0270/07 to express their views and concerns in person and to present evidence during the trial’, ICC-01/04-01/06-2032-Anx, 9 July 2009, para 26.

  117. 117.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Trial Chamber I, Annex to: Order issuing public redacted version of the ‘Decision on the request by victims a/ 0225/06, a/0229/06 and a/0270/07 to express their views and concerns in person and to present evidence during the trial’, ICC-01/04-01/06-2032-Anx, 9 July 2009, para 37.

  118. 118.

    Ibid.

  119. 119.

    ICC, Prosecutor. Jean Pierre Bemba Gombo, Trial Chamber III, Partly Dissenting Opinion of Judge Sylvia Steiner on the Decision on the supplemented applications by the legal representatives of victims to present evidence and the views and concerns of victims, ICC-01/05-01/08-2138, ICC-01/05-01/08-2140, 23 February 2012, para 14.

  120. 120.

    Ibid.

  121. 121.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Decision on a number of procedural issues raised by the Registry, ICC-01/04-01/07-1134, 14 May 2009, para 28.

  122. 122.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Decision authorising the appearance of Victims a/0381/09, a/0018/09, a/0191/08, and pan/0363/09 acting on behalf of a/0363/09, ICC-01/04-01/07-2517-tENG, 9 November 2010, para 38.

  123. 123.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Decision on the Modalities of Victim Participation at Trial, ICC-01/04-01/07-1788-tENG, 22 January 2010, para 86.

  124. 124.

    Ibid., paras 94–96.

  125. 125.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Decision authorising the appearance of Victims a/0381/09, a/0018/09, a/0191/08, and pan/0363/09 acting on behalf of a/0363/09, ICC-01/04-01/07-2517-tENG, 9 November 2010, para 25; see also ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Decision on the Modalities of Victim Participation at Trial, ICC-01/04-01/07-1788-tENG, 22 January 2010, para 86.

  126. 126.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Laurent Gbagbo and Charles Blé Goudé, Trial Chamber I, Directions on the conduct of the proceedings, ICC-02/11-01/15-205, 3 September 2015, para 12.

  127. 127.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Laurent Gbagbo and Charles Blé Goudé, Trial Chamber I, Directions on the conduct of the proceedings, ICC-02/11-01/15-205, 3 September 2015, para 32; ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Directions for the conduct of the proceedings and testimony in accordance with rule 140, ICC-01/04-01/07-1665-Corr, 1 December 2009, para 32.

  128. 128.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Decision on the Modalities of Victim Participation at Trial, ICC-01/04-01/07-1788-tENG, 22 January 2010, para 97.

  129. 129.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Directions for the conduct of the proceedings and testimony in accordance with rule 140, ICC-01/04-01/07-1665-Corr, 1 December 2009, para 32; ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Decision authorising the appearance of Victims a/0381/09, a/0018/09, a/0191/08, and pan/0363/09 acting on behalf of a/0363/09, ICC-01/04-01/07-2517-tENG, 9 November 2010, para 35.

  130. 130.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Directions for the conduct of the proceedings and testimony in accordance with rule 140, ICC-01/04-01/07-1665-Corr, 1 December 2009, para 29. See also Chap. 6.

  131. 131.

    See ECCC Rules, Rule 23(4). See also Practice Direction 004/2009, Classification and Management of Case-Related Information, Article 2(e), which defines a witness as a ‘person, other than a civil party’.

  132. 132.

    ECCC Internal Rules, Rules 31(10), 74(e), 80, 80bis.

  133. 133.

    Ibid., Rule 80(1).

  134. 134.

    Ibid., Rule 80(2).

  135. 135.

    The KRT Trial Monitor, Report Issue No. 18, Week Ending August 23, 2009, https://krttrialmonitor.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/aiji_eccc_case1_no18_23aug09_en.pdf. Accessed 30 September 2016. Written correspondence with Christoph Sperfeldt, PhD Scholar, Australian National University, 2 October 2016 (notes on file with the editors).

  136. 136.

    ECCC, Case 001, Official Public Transcript, 25 August 2009; McGonigle Leyh 2011, pp. 207–208.

  137. 137.

    ECCC, Case 002/01, Factsheet (2014), pp. 13–14; ECCC, Case 002/01, Trial Chamber, Annex I (Individuals heard in Case 002/01) to Final decision on witness, experts and civil parties to be heard in Case 002/01, 7 August 2014.

  138. 138.

    STL, Prosecutor v. Ayyash et al., STL-11-01, Legal Representative of Victims, List of Witnesses and Exhibits Filed on Behalf of the Participating Victims with Confidential Annexes, 13 December 2012.

  139. 139.

    STL, Prosecutor v. Ayyash et al., STL-11-01, Legal Representative of Victims, Amended and Updated Lists of Witnesses and Exhibits of the Legal Representative of Victims with Confidential Annexes, 26 February 2014; STL, Prosecutor v. Ayyash et al., Legal Representative of Victims, Amended and Updated Lists of Witnesses and Exhibits of the Legal Representative of Victims with Confidential Annexes, 1 October 2014.

  140. 140.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Closing Statements, Official Public Transcript, ICC-01/04-01/06-T-356-ENG, 25 August 2011, p. 3.

  141. 141.

    Ibid., pp. 56–57 (Remarks by Ms. P. Massida).

  142. 142.

    Ibid., p. 57 (Remarks by Ms. P. Massida).

  143. 143.

    Ibid., p. 58 (Remarks by Ms. P. Massida).

  144. 144.

    Ibid., p. 59 (Remarks by Ms. P. Massida).

  145. 145.

    Ibid., pp. 60–61 (Remarks by Ms. P. Massida).

  146. 146.

    Ibid., p. 62 (Remarks by Ms. P. Massida).

  147. 147.

    Ibid., pp. 63–64 (Remarks by Ms. P. Massida).

  148. 148.

    Ibid., pp. 66–71 (Remarks by Ms. C. Bapita).

  149. 149.

    Ibid., pp. 72–77 (Remarks by Mr. P. Kabongo).

  150. 150.

    Ibid., pp. 74–75 (Remarks by Mr. P. Kabongo).

  151. 151.

    Ibid., p. 75.

  152. 152.

    Ibid., pp. 75–76 (Remarks by Mr. P. Kabongo).

  153. 153.

    Ibid., pp. 77–78 (Remarks by Mr. J. Keta).

  154. 154.

    Ibid., 25 August 2011, pp. 79–81 (Remarks by Mr. J. Keta).

  155. 155.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga, Trial Chamber II, Closing Statements, Official Public Transcript, ICC-01/04-01/07-T-337-Red-ENG, 16 May 2012.

  156. 156.

    Ibid., p. 38 (Remarks by Mr. J.L. Gilissen).

  157. 157.

    Ibid., p. 46 (Remarks by Mr. J.L. Gilissen).

  158. 158.

    Ibid., pp. 49–51 (Remarks by Mr. J.L. Gilissen).

  159. 159.

    Ibid., p. 54 (Remarks by Mr. F.N. Luvengika).

  160. 160.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Trial Chamber III, Closing Statements, Official Public Transcript, ICC-01/05-01/08-T-364-Red-ENG, 12 November 2014 and Official Public Transcript, ICC-01/05-01/08-T-365-Red2-ENG, 13 November 2014.

  161. 161.

    Ibid., pp. 83–85 (Remarks by Mr. C. Nzala).

  162. 162.

    Ibid., pp. 85–86 (Remarks by Mr. C. Nzala).

  163. 163.

    Ibid., pp. 88–90, 92–95 (Remarks by Ms. M.E. Douzima Lawson).

  164. 164.

    Ibid., pp. 91–92 (Remarks by Ms. M.E. Douzima Lawson).

  165. 165.

    Ibid., pp. 95–97 (Remarks by Ms. M.E. Douzima Lawson); ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Trial Chamber III, Official Public Transcript, ICC-01/05-01/08-T-365-Red2-ENG, 13 November 2014, pp. 3–15 (Remarks by Ms. M.E. Douzima Lawson).

  166. 166.

    ECCC, Case 001, Written Record of Proceedings, 23 November 2009, Public, p. 2.

  167. 167.

    ECCC, Case 001, Official Public Redacted Transcript, 23 November 2009, pp. 11–22 (first group), 36–58 (second group), 74–95 (third group), 103–123 (fourth group).

  168. 168.

    ECCC, Case 001, Official Public Redacted Transcript, 23 November 2009, pp. 4 (Remarks by Mr. K.A.A. Khan).

  169. 169.

    ECCC, Case 001, Official Public Redacted Transcript, 23 November 2009, pp. 50–53 (Remarks by Ms. S. Studzinsky).

  170. 170.

    ECCC, Case 001, Official Public Redacted Transcript, 23 November 2009, pp. 22–35 (first group), 58–71 (second group).

  171. 171.

    ECCC, Case 001, Official Public Redacted Transcript, 23 November 2009, pp. 71 (second group), 96–102 (third group), 103–123 (fourth group).

  172. 172.

    ECCC, Case 002/01, Written Record of Proceedings, 16 October 2013, Public, p. 2.

  173. 173.

    ECCC, Case 002/01, Official Public Transcript, 16 October 2013, p. 15 et seq.

  174. 174.

    ECCC, Case 002/01, Official Public Transcript, 16 October 2013, pp. 97–102.

  175. 175.

    ECCC, Case 002/01, Official Public Transcript, 16 October 2013, pp. 143–161; ECCC, Case 002/01, Factsheet (2014), p. 19.

  176. 176.

    For legal representatives’ written submissions, see, for example: ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga, Trial Chamber II, Observations relatives à la procédure et aux principes relatifs à la fixation de la peine (Ordonnance ICC-01/04-01/07-3437), ICC-01/04-01/07-3441, 17 March 2014.

  177. 177.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Trial Chamber I, Official Public Redacted Transcript, ICC-01/04-01/06-T-360-Red-ENG, 13 June 2012, pp. 36–43.

  178. 178.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga, Trial Chamber II, Jugement rendu en application de l’article 74 du Statut, ICC-01/04-01/07-3436, 7 March 2014.

  179. 179.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga, Trial Chamber II, Official Public Redacted Transcript, ICC-01/04-01/07-T-345-Red-ENG, 6 May 2014, pp. 3–10.

  180. 180.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean Pierre Bemba Gombo, Trial Chamber III, Official Public Redacted Transcript, ICC-01/05-01/08-T-370-ENG, 18 May 2016, pp. 30–37.

  181. 181.

    ECCC, Case 001, Trial Chamber, Decision on Civil Party Co-Lawyers’ Joint request for a ruling on the standing of Civil Party Lawyers to make submissions on sentencing and directions concerning the questioning of the accused, experts, and witnesses testifying on character, 9 October 2009, para 40.

  182. 182.

    ECCC, Case 002/01, Trial Chamber, Case 002/01 Judgment, 7 August 2014, para 1064.

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  1. Special Tribunal for Lebanon, The Hague, The Netherlands

    Peter Haynes

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    Megan Hirst

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Haynes, P. (2017). Victims’ Lawyers in the Courtroom: Opening and Closing Statements, Questioning Witnesses, Challenging and Presenting Evidence. In: Tibori-Szabó, K., Hirst, M. (eds) Victim Participation in International Criminal Justice. International Criminal Justice Series, vol 11. T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-177-7_8

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