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Legal Representation of Participating Victims

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Victim Participation in International Criminal Justice

Part of the book series: International Criminal Justice Series ((ICJS,volume 11))

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Abstract

Victims who participate in international criminal proceedings are required, whether by law or in practice, to be represented by a qualified lawyer. This chapter provides an overview of the legal framework relating to victims’ legal representation. It considers the systems in place for court-arranged collective legal representation, as well as the resourcing of victims’ lawyers, counsel’s obligations and the duration of victims’ representation.

Megan Hirst is a barrister at Doughty Street Chambers in London and a member of an LRV team in Prosecutor v. Dominic Ongwen. She has previously worked on victims’ participation in the Registries of the ICC and the STL.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    ICTY Statute, Article 11; ICTR Statute, Article 10.

  2. 2.

    STL RPE, Rule 51(C)(i); STL Directive on Victims’ Legal Representation, Articles 10–15.

  3. 3.

    STL Directive on Victims’ Legal Representation, Article 20(A).

  4. 4.

    STL, Prosecutor v. Salim Jamil Ayyash, Mustafa Amine Badreddine, Hussein Hassan Oneissi and Assad Hassan Sabra (Ayyash et al.), Pre-Trial Judge, Decision on Victims’ Participation in the Proceedings, STL-11-01/PT/PTJ, 8 May 2012, para 11.

  5. 5.

    STL RPE, Rule 51(G)(i); STL Directive on Victims’ Legal Representation, Article 20(B).

  6. 6.

    STL RPE, Rule 51(B)(ii); STL Directive on Victims’ Legal Representation, Articles 33–34; STL Legal Aid Policy for Victims’ Participation.

  7. 7.

    STL RPE, Rule 51(C)(v); Code of Professional Conduct for Defence Counsel and Legal Representatives of Victims appearing before the Special Tribunal for Lebanon, Articles 32–34.

  8. 8.

    STL RPE, Rule 51(B)(vi), Rule 51(C)(iii); STL Directive on Victims’ Legal Representation, Articles 32, 36–38.

  9. 9.

    ECCC Internal Rules, Rule 12.

  10. 10.

    ECCC Internal Rules, Rule 12bis(1)(c)–(d).

  11. 11.

    ECCC Internal Rules, Rule 12bis(1)(g).

  12. 12.

    These two units—the VPRS and CSS—together undertake the Registry’s responsibilities in relation to victims’ legal representation as set out in ICC RPE, Rule 16(1)(b).

  13. 13.

    ICC Regulations of the Court, Regulation 81(4).

  14. 14.

    ICC Regulations of the Court, Regulation 80(2).

  15. 15.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Trial Chamber III, Decision on common legal representation of victims for the purpose of trial, ICC-01/05-01/08-1005, 10 November 2010, paras 28–30.

  16. 16.

    See for example: Supplementary report of the Registry on four aspects of the Court’s legal aid system, ICC-ASP/11/43 (2012), para 50; Redress, Comments to the Registrar in relation to the ReVision project as it relates to victims’ rights before the ICC, February 2015, http://www.redress.org/downloads/publications/2015-feb-redress-comments-on-revision.pdf. Accessed 22 August 2016, pp. 4–5; FIDH, Five Myths about Victim Participation in ICC Proceedings, https://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/cpi649a.pdf. Accessed 22 August 2016, pp. 35–40.

  17. 17.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Laurent Gbagbo, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Decision on Victims’ Participation and Victims’ Common Legal Representation at the Confirmation of Charges Hearing and in the Related Proceedings, ICC-02/11-01/11-138, 4 June 2012, paras 42–45; ICC, Prosecutor v. Charles Blé Goude, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Decision on victims’ participation in the pre-trial proceedings and related issues, ICC-02/11-02/11-83, 11 June 2014, para 25; ICC, Prosecutor v. Bosco Ntaganda, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Decision Concerning the Organisation of Common Legal Representation of Victims, ICC-01/04-02/06-160, 2 December 2013, para 25.

  18. 18.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Dominic Ongwen, Pre-Trial Chamber II, Decision on contested victims’ applications for participation, legal representation of victims and their procedural rights, ICC-02/04-01/15-350, para 21.

  19. 19.

    ICC, Comprehensive Report on the Reorganisation of the Registry of the International Criminal Court, August 2016. https://www.icc-cpi.int/itemsDocuments/ICC-Registry-CR.pdf. Accessed 4 Nov 2016, p. 12.

  20. 20.

    Both the ICC and the ECCC provide some other means by which victims may engage in proceedings—for example by filing complaints, or making representations on whether the ICC Prosecutor should be permitted to open an investigation proprio motu. These ad hoc forms of participation do not require legal representation.

  21. 21.

    ECCC Internal Rules, Rule 23 ter(1) and (2).

  22. 22.

    ICC RPE, Rule 90.

  23. 23.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Joseph Kony, Vincent Otti, Okot Odhiambo, Raska Lukwiya, Dominic Ongwen, Pre-Trial Chamber II, Decision on legal representation, appointment of counsel for the defence, protective measures and time-limit for submission of observations on applications for participation a/0010/06, a/0064/06 to a/0070/06, a/0081/06 to a/0104/06 and a/0111/06 to a/0127/06, ICC-02/04-01/05-134, 1 February 2007, paras 3–11.

  24. 24.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang, Victims, Motion from Victims a/0041/10, a/0045/10, a/0051/10 and a/0056/10 requesting the Pre-Trial Chamber to Reconsider the Appointment of Common Legal Representative Sureta CHANA for All Victims, ICC-01/09-01/11-314, 31 August 2011, paras 26–27.

  25. 25.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang, Pre-Trial Chamber II, Decision on the “Motion from Victims a/0041/10, a/0045/10, a/0051/10 and a/0056/10 requesting the Pre-Trial Chamber to Reconsider the Appointment of Common Legal Representative Sureta Chana for All Victims”, ICC-01/09-01/11-330, 9 September 2011, para 18. The Single Judge did not provide detailed reasons, referring only to the fact that Article 68(3) of the statute provides that victims’ views and concerns ‘may be presented by the legal representatives of the victims.’

  26. 26.

    For example: ICC, Prosecutor v. Bahar Idriss Abu Garda, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Decision on Applications a/0655/09, a/0656/09, a/0736/09 to a/0747/09, and a/0750/09 to a/0755/09 for Participation in the Proceedings at the Pre-Trial Stage of the Case, ICC-02/05-02/09-255, 19 March 2010, para 33; ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammad Jerbo Jamus, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Decision on Victims’ Participation at the Hearing on the Confirmation of Charges, ICC-02/05-03/09-89, 29 October 2010, para 57; ICC, Prosecutor v. Dominic Ongwen, Pre-Trial Chamber II, Decision on contested victims’ applications for participation, legal representation of victims and their procedural rights, ICC-02/04-01/15-350, para 21.

  27. 27.

    STL RPE, Rule 86(C)(ii).

  28. 28.

    STL, Prosecutor v. Ayyash et al., Pre-Trial Judge, Decision on Victims’ Participation in the Proceedings, STL11-01/PT/PTJ, 8 May 2012, para 111.

  29. 29.

    ICC RPE, Rule 22(1), ICC Regulations of the Court, Regulation 67; STL RPE, Rule 51(C)(i) and Rule 59(B); ECCC Internal Rules, Rule 12bis(2).

  30. 30.

    ICC RPE, Rule 21(2); STL RPE, Rule 51(c)(i) and Rule 59(B); ECCC Internal Rules, Rule 11(2)(c) and Rule 12bis(1)(c). Regarding procedures related to the lists of counsel see also for the ICC Regulations of the Court, Regulations 69–70, and for the STL the Directive on Victims’ Legal Representation, Articles 11–15.

  31. 31.

    ICTY Statute, Article 21(4); ICTR Statute, Article 20(4).

  32. 32.

    ICTY, Prosecutor v. Delalić et al., Trial Chamber, Decision on Request by Accused Mucić for Assignment of New Counsel, Case No. IT-96-21-T 24 June 1996, para 2; ICTY, Prosecutor v. Martić, Trial Chamber, Decision on Appeal Against Decision of Registry, Case No. IT-95-11-PT, 2 August 2002; ICTR, Prosecutor v. Gérard Ntakirutimana, Trial Chamber I, Decision on the Motions of the Accused for Replacement of Assigned Counsel, Case No. ICTR-96-10-T, ICTR-96-17-T, 11 June 1997.

  33. 33.

    STL RPE, Rules 57(D)(iv), 57(D)(vi), 57(D)(vii), 58; STL Directive the Appointment and Assignment of Defence Counsel, on Articles 6(A), 18bis, 19(C), 20(A), 21.

  34. 34.

    STL RPE, Rule 51(G)(i); STL Directive on Victims’ Legal Representation, Articles 16–18.

  35. 35.

    STL Directive on Victims’ Legal Representation, Article 20(A).

  36. 36.

    ECCC Internal Rules, Rule 22(1)(a) and (b); see also ECCC Practice Direction on Victim Participation, Practice Direction 02/2007/Rev.1, Article 4.

  37. 37.

    ECCC Internal Rules, Rule 12ter.

  38. 38.

    ECCC Internal Rules, Rule 12ter(4).

  39. 39.

    ICC RPE, Rule 90(1).

  40. 40.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Trial Chamber III, Order on the organisation of common legal representation of victims, ICC-01/04-01/07-1328, 22 July 2009, para 11; ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Trial Chamber III, Decision on common legal representation of victims for the purpose of trial, ICC-01/05-01/08-1005, 10 November 2010, paras 15–16; ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, Trial Chamber IV, Decision on common legal representation, ICC-02/05-03/09-337, 25 May 2012, paras 12–14; ICC, Prosecutor v. Laurent Gbagbo, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Decision on Victims’ Participation and Victims’ Common Legal Representation at the Confirmation of Charges Hearing and in the Related Proceedings, ICC-02/11-01/11-138, 4 June 2012, para 35; ICC, Prosecutor v. Ahmad Al Faqi Al Mahdi, Trial Chamber VIII, Public redacted version of ‘Decision on Victim Participation at Trial and on Common Legal representation of Victims”, ICC01/12-01/15-97-Red, 8 June 2016, para 36.

  41. 41.

    Victims may not appoint counsel from the OPCV to represent them: only a Chamber may do this: see ICC, Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Trial Chamber I, Decision on the role of the Office of Public Counsel for Victims and its request for access to documents, ICC-01/04-01-06-1211, 6 March 2008, para 30; ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Trial Chamber III, Decision on the Observations on legal representation of unrepresented applicants, ICC-01/05-01/08-651, 9 December 2009, paras 8–9; ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Trial Chamber III, Decision on common legal representation of victims for the purpose of trial, ICC-01/05-01/08-1005, 10 November 2010, para 29.

  42. 42.

    See for example: ICC, Prosecutor v Dominic Ongwen, Pre-Trial Chamber II, Order to the Registrar in relation to the legal representation of victims participating in the proceedings, ICC-02/04-01/15-331, 28 October 2015, para 4. In Ongwen the Single Judge during pre-trial proceedings also required that the Registry verify all powers of attorney received before formally recognising the counsel concerned. See ibid., at paras 5–7, and ICC, Prosecutor v Dominic Ongwen, Pre-Trial Chamber II, Decision on contested victims’ applications for participation, legal representation of victims and their procedural rights, ICC-02/04-01/15-350, 27 November 2015, para 16.

  43. 43.

    See for example the decision in Bemba, by which Trial Chamber III rejected a Registry proposal to provide victims with a form so that they could provide a power of attorney choosing their common legal representative. The Chamber emphasised that a common legal representative is chosen by the court, not by the victims: ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Trial Chamber III, Decision on common legal representation, ICC-01/05-01/08-1005, 10 November 2010, paras 15–17.

  44. 44.

    STL Directive on Victims’ Legal Representation, Article 6.

  45. 45.

    STL Directive on Victims’ Legal Representation, Article 18(A)(i).

  46. 46.

    Interview with Eleonor Fernandez, Senior legal consultant, Civil Party Lead Co-Lawyers Section, ECCC, 8 June 2015 (records on file with the author).

  47. 47.

    ICC, Situation in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Decision on the Requests of the Legal Representative of Applicants on application process for victims’ participation and legal representation, ICC-01/04-374, 17 August 2007, paras 43–44, 50; ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Pre-Trial Chamber III, Decision on Victim Participation, ICC-01/05-01/08-103-tENG, 12 September 2008, para 10; ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Trial Chamber III, Decision on the Observations on legal representation of unrepresented applicants, ICC-01/05-01/08-651, 9 December 2009; ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Trial Chamber III, Decision on the legal representation of victim applicants at trial, ICC-01/-05-01/08-1020, 19 November 2010; ICC, Prosecutor v. Willliam Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang, Registry, Proposal for the common legal representation of victims, ICC-01/09-01/11-243, 1 August 2011, para 23; ICC, Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammad Hussein Ali, Registry, Proposal for the common legal representation of victims, ICC-01/09-02/11-214, 5 August 2011, para 23.

  48. 48.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Bosco Ntaganda, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Decision Establishing Principles on the victims’ Application Process, ICC-01/04-02/06-67, 28 May 2013, para 45.

  49. 49.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Laurent Gbagbo, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Decision on the conduct of the proceedings following the defence challenge to the jurisdiction of the court pursuant to Article 19 of the Rome Statute, ICC-02/11-01/11-153, 15 June 2012, para 7; ICC, Prosecutor v. Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi and Abddullah Al-Senussi, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Decision on the Conduct of the Proceedings Following the “Application on behalf of the Government of Libya pursuant to Article 19 of the Statute”, ICC-01/11-01/11-134, 4 May 2012, para 13; ICC, Prosecutor v. Simone Gbagbo, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Decision on the conduct of the proceedings following Côte d’Ivoire’s challenge to the admissibility of the case against Simone Gbagbo, ICC-02/11-01/12-15, 15 November 2013, para 10. See also the Kony case, in which the OPCV was appointed to represent applicants for participation: ICC, Prosecutor v. Joseph Kony, Vincent Otti, Okot Odhiambo, Raska Lukwiya, Dominic Ongwen, Pre-Trial Chamber II, Decision on legal representation, appointment of counsel for the defence, protective measures and time-limit for submission of observations on applications for participation a/0010/06, a/0064/06, to a/0070/06, a/0081/06 to a/0104/06 and a/0111/06 to a/0127/06, ICC-02/04-01/05-134, 1 February 2007, para 13; ICC, Prosecutor v. Joseph Kony, Vincent Otti, Okot Odhiambo, Dominic Ongwen, Pre-Trial Chamber II, Decision on legal representation, appointment of counsel for the defence, criteria for redactions of applications for participation, and submission of observations on applications for participation a/0014/07 to a/0020/07 and a/0076/07 to a/0125/07, ICC-02/04-01/05-312, 17 September 2008, p. 7. Such applicants were subsequently permitted to participate in the Article 19 process: ICC, Prosecutor v. Joseph Kony, Vincent Otti, Okot Odhiambo, Dominic Ongwen, Pre-Trial Chamber II, Decision initiating proceedings under Article 19, requesting observations and appointing counsel for the Defence, 21 October 2008, ICC-02/04-01/05-320, p. 7.

  50. 50.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Trial Chamber III, Decision on the legal representation of victim applicants at trial, ICC-01/05-01/08-1020, 19 November 2010. But note that a similar approach was rejected in: ICC, Prosecutor v. Callixte Mbarushimana, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Decision on the “Proposal for victim participation in the confirmation hearing”, 10 June 2011.

  51. 51.

    Trial Chambers I and III required Registrar to designate an alternative counsel, but was prepared to consider any objection to this made by OPCV if a reason was given why representation by the alternative counsel ‘may be detrimental’ to the victims: ICC, Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Trial Chamber I, Decision on the role of the Office of Public Counsel for Victims and its request for access to documents, ICC-01/04-01-06-1211, 6 March 2008, para 34; ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Trial Chamber III, Decision on the Observations on legal representation of unrepresented applicants, ICC-01/05-01/08-651, 9 December 2009, dispositif.

  52. 52.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Trial Chamber III, Decision on the legal representation of victim applicants at trial, ICC-01/-05-01/08-1020, 19 November 2010, para 25; ICC, Prosecutor v. Willliam Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang, Registry, Proposal for the common legal representation of victims, ICC-01/09-01/11-243, 1 August 2011, para 23; ICC, Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammad Hussein Ali, Registry, Proposal for the common legal representation of victims, ICC-01/09-02/11-214, 5 August 2011, para 23.

  53. 53.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Willliam Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang, Registry, Proposal for the common legal representation of victims, ICC-01/09-01/11-243, 1 August 2011, para 38; ICC, Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammad Hussein Ali, Registry, Proposal for the common legal representation of victims, ICC-01/09-02/11-214, 5 August 2011, para 38.

  54. 54.

    ECCC, Case 001, Trial Chamber, Judgement, Case No. 001/18-07-2007/ECCC/TC, 26 July 2010, para 9.

  55. 55.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Transcript 22 January 2009, ICC-01/04-01/06-T-105-ENG, p. 13.

  56. 56.

    ECCC Press release: 7th Plenary Session of the ECCC commences Tuesday 2 February, 28 January 2010; ECCC Internal Rules, Rule 12ter and Rule 23(5).

  57. 57.

    ICC RPE, Rule 90(2); ICC, Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Trial Chamber I, Decision on Victims’ Participation, ICC-01/04-01/06-1119, 18 January 2008, para 123; ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Pre-Trial Chamber III, Fifth Decision on Victims’ Issues Concerning Common Legal Representation, ICC-01/05-01/08-322, 16 December 2008, para 7; ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, Trial Chamber IV, Decision on common legal representation, ICC-02/05-03/09-337, 25 May 2012, para 38.

  58. 58.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, Trial Chamber IV, Order instructing the Registry to start Consultations on the Organisation of Common Legal Representation, ICC-02/05-03/09-138, 21 April 2011, para 4; ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang, Pre-Trial Chamber II, Decision on Victims’ Participation at the confirmation of Charges Hearing and In the Related Proceedings, ICC-01/09-01/11-249, 5 August 2011, para 65; ICC, Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammad Hussein Ali, Pre-Trial Chamber II, Decision on Victims’ Participation at the Confirmation of Charges Hearing and in the Related Proceedings, ICC-01/09-02/11-267, 26 August 2011, para 79.

  59. 59.

    STL, Prosecutor v. Ayyash et al., Pre-Trial Judge, Decision on Victims’ Participation in the Proceedings, STL11-01/T/PTJ, 8 May 2012, paras 110–111.

  60. 60.

    ECCC Internal Rules, Rule 12ter(4).

  61. 61.

    STL RPE, Rule 86(D).

  62. 62.

    STL Directive on Victims’ Legal Representation, Article 16(A).

  63. 63.

    STL, Prosecutor v. Ayyash et al., Pre-Trial Judge, Decision on Victims’ Participation in the Proceedings, STL11-01/T/PTJ, 8 May 2012; STL, Prosecutor v. Ayyash et al., Pre-Trial Judge, Designation of Victims’ Legal Representatives, 16 May 2012. The trial in Prosecutor v. Ayyash et al. commenced on 16 January 2014.

  64. 64.

    ICC RPE, Rule 90(2) and (3). See also ICC, Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Trial Chamber I, Decision on Victims’ Participation, ICC-01/04-01/06-1119, 18 January 2008, para 123.

  65. 65.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Trial Chamber I, Decision on Victims’ Participation, ICC-01/04-01/06-1119, 18 January 2008, para 123; ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Pre-Trial Chamber III, Fifth Decision on Victims’ Issues Concerning Common Legal Representation, ICC-01/05-01/08-322, 16 December 2008, para 7.

  66. 66.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, Trial Chamber IV, Order instructing the Registry to start Consultations on the Organisation of Common Legal Representation, ICC-02/05-03/09-138, 21 April 2011, para 4.

  67. 67.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang, Pre-Trial Chamber II, Decision on Victims’ Participation at the confirmation of Charges Hearing and In the Related Proceedings, ICC-01/09-01/11-249, 5 August 2011, para 65; ICC, Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammad Hussein Ali, Pre-Trial Chamber II, Decision on Victims’ Participation at the Confirmation of Charges Hearing and in the Related Proceedings, ICC-01/09-02/11-267, 26 August 2011, para 79.

  68. 68.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Pre-Trial Chamber III, Fifth Decision on Victims’ Issues Concerning Common Legal Representation, ICC-01/05-01/08-322, 16 December 2008, para 7; ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang, Pre-Trial Chamber II, First Decision on Victims’ Participation in the Case, ICC-01/09-01/11-17, 30 March 2011, para 24; ICC, Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammad Hussein Ali, Pre-Trial Chamber II, First Decision on Victims’ Participation in the Case, ICC-01/09-02/11-23, 30 March 2011, para 24; ICC, Prosecutor v. Callixte Mbarushimana, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Decision on the 138 applications for victims’ participation in the proceedings, 11 August 2011, paras 46–48; ICC, Prosecutor v. Laurent Gbagbo, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Second decision on issues related to the victims’ application process, ICC-02/11-01/11-86, 5 April 2012, para 44. ICC, Prosecutor v. Charles Blé Goudé, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Decision on victims’ participation in the pre-trial proceedings and related issues, ICC-02/11-02/11-83, 11 June 2014, paras 22–25. Exceptions to this practice occurred in the Abu Garda and Banda and Jerbo cases, in which common legal representation was not arranged during pre-trial proceedings, and various lawyers selected by the victims appeared in the confirmation of charges hearings.

  69. 69.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Bosco Ntaganda, Pre-Trial I, Decision Establishing Principles on the Victims’ Application Process, ICC-01/04-02/06-67, 28 May 2013, para 46.

  70. 70.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Bosco Ntaganda, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Decision Concerning the Organisation of Common Legal Representation of Victims, ICC-01/04-02/06-160, 2 December 2013, paras 20–21.

  71. 71.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Registrar, Response to the questions raised by the Trial Chamber II on 13 November 2008 and additional observations, ICC-01/04-01/07-765, 24 November 2008, p. 10; ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, Registry, Report recommending a decision concerning the common legal representation of victims participating in the case, ICC-02/05-03/09-134, 15 April 2011, para 8; ICC, Prosecutor v. Willliam Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang, Registry, Proposal for the common legal representation of victims, ICC-01/09-01/11-243, 1 August 2011, para 3; ICC, Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammad Hussein Ali, Registry, Proposal for the common legal representation of victims, ICC-01/09-02/11-214, 5 August 2011, para 3.

  72. 72.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Dominic Ongwen, Trial Chamber IX, Decision on Requests Concerning Organisation of Victim Representation, ICC-02/04-01/15-476, 17 June 2016.

  73. 73.

    ICC RPE, Rule 90(2).

  74. 74.

    For example: ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Pre-Trial Chamber III, ICC-01/05-01/08-322, 16 December 2008, para 10; ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, Trial Chamber IV, Order instructing the Registry to start consultations on the organisation of common legal representation, ICC-02/05-03/09-138, 21 April 2011, para 5; and the order of Trial Chamber IV quoted in: ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, Registry, Report on the organization of common legal representation, ICC-02/05-03/09-187, 5 August 2011, para 1.

  75. 75.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Willliam Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang, Registry, Proposal for the common legal representation of victims, ICC-01/09-01/11-243, 1 August 2011, paras 4–5; ICC, Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammad Hussein Ali, Registry, Proposal for the common legal representation of victims, ICC-01/09-02/11-214, 5 August 2011, paras 4–5.

  76. 76.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Trial Chamber I, Decision on the applications by victims to participate in the proceedings, ICC-01/04-01/06-1556-Corr-Anx 3, 15 December 2008, para 137(e); ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Registry, Response to the questions raised by the Trial Chamber II on 13 November 2008 and additional observations, ICC-01/04-01/07-765, 24 November 2008, pp. 10–11.

  77. 77.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, Registry, Report on the organization of common legal representation, ICC-02/05-03/09-187, 5 August 2011, para 5; ICC, Prosecutor v. Willliam Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang, Registry, Proposal for the common legal representation of victims, ICC-01/09-01/11-243, 1 August 2011, para 7; ICC, Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammad Hussein Ali, Registry, Proposal for the common legal representation of victims, ICC-01/09-02/11-214, 5 August 2011, para 7.

  78. 78.

    See for example in Katanga and Ngudjolo Chui, where a proposal was made jointly by existing legal representatives but not accepted by the Chamber: ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Legal Representatives of Victims, Corrigendum à la Soumission relative à la representation légale commune, ICC-01/04-01/07-876-Corr, 6 February 2009; ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Order on the organisation of common legal representation of victims, ICC-01/04-01/07-1328, 22 July 2009, dispositif.

  79. 79.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, Registry, Report on the organization of common legal representation, ICC-02/05-03/09-187, 5 August 2011, paras 2–4; ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto, Henry Kipromo Kosget and Joshuua Arap Sang, Registry, Proposal for the common legal representation of victims, ICC-01/09-01/11-243, 1 August 2011, paras 5–8; Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammed Hussein Ali, Registry, Proposal for the common legal representation of victims, ICC-01/09-02/11-214, 1 August 2011, paras 5–8.

  80. 80.

    See e.g. objections raised in ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, Victims’ Legal Representatives, Joint Observations of Victims’ Legal Representatives on Common Legal Representation, ICC-02/05-03/09-182, 18 July 2011 and ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, Victims’ Legal Representatives, Joint Victims’ Observations on the Registry “Report on the organisation of common legal representation” and Request for the Joint Agreement on Common Legal Representation to the adopted pursuant to the Trial Chamber’s Order, ICC-02/05-03/09-200, 22 August 2011, which were not accepted by the Chamber: ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, Trial Chamber IV, Order inviting the Registrar to appoint a common legal representative, ICC-02/05-03/09-209, 6 September 2011. See also ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang, Victims’ Legal Representatives, Motion from Victims a/0041/10, a/0045/10, a/0051/10 and a/0056/10 requesting the Pre-Trial Chamber to Reconsider the Appointment of Common Legal Representative Sureta CHANA for All Victims, ICC-01/09-01/11-314, 31 August 2011; which was rejected by the Chamber in: ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang, Pre-Trial Chamber II, Decision on the “Motion from Victims a/0041/10, a/0045/10, a/0051/10 and a/0056/10 requesting the Pre-Trial Chamber to Reconsider the Appointment of Common Legal Representative Sureta Chana for All Victims”, ICC-01/09-01/11-330, 9 September 2011.

  81. 81.

    For example: ICC, Prosecutor v. Bosco Ntaganda, Pre-Trial Chamber II, Decision Concerning the Organisation of Common Legal Representation of Victims, ICC-01/04-02/06-160, 2 December 2013.

  82. 82.

    ECCC Internal Rules, Rule 23(3). See also Rule 12ter(5)(a).

  83. 83.

    A Werner and D Rudy, “Civil Party Representation at the ECCC: Sounding the Retreat in International Criminal Law, Northwestern Journal of International Human Rights, vol. 8, issue 3, Summer 2010.

  84. 84.

    Interview with Eleonor Fernandez, Senior legal consultant, Civil Party Lead Co-Lawyers Section, ECCC, 8 June 2015 (records on file with the authors). Further details are not available as the matter was considered in confidential filings.

  85. 85.

    STL RPE, Rule 86(D).

  86. 86.

    For example, in the Ayyash et al. case, the VPU’s recommendations were rejected by the Pre-Trial Judge: STL, Prosecutor v. Ayyash et al., Pre-Trial Judge, Decision on Victims’ Participation in the Proceedings, STL-11-01/T/PTJ, 8 May 2012, paras 121–127.

  87. 87.

    Although this may arguably be inferred from Rule 90(3) which says that the Chamber may request the Registrar to ‘choose one or more common legal representative’: ICC RPE, Rule 90(3).

  88. 88.

    For example: ICC, Prosecutor v. Laurent Gbagbo, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Decision on Victims’ Participation and Victims’ Common Legal Representation at the Confirmation of Charges Hearing and in the Related Proceedings, ICC-02/11-01/11-138, 4 June 2012, para 40; ICC, Prosecutor v. Bosco Ntaganda, Pre-Trial Chamber II, Decision Concerning the Organisation of Common Legal Representation of Victims, ICC-01/04-02/06-160, 2 December 2013, para 23.

  89. 89.

    ICC RPE, Rule 90(4).

  90. 90.

    STL RPE, Rule 86(D).

  91. 91.

    In both the Lubanga case and at the trial stage in Bemba, decisions were taken to create more than one group, but with no explanation provided as to why victims could not be represented in one group: ICC, Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Transcript 22 January 2009, ICC-01/04-01/06-T-105-ENG, p. 13; ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Trial Chamber III, Decision on common legal representation of victims for the purpose of trial, ICC-01/05-01/08-1005, 10 November 2010, paras 18–21.

  92. 92.

    STL, Prosecutor v. Ayyash et al., Pre-Trial Judge, Decision on Victims’ Participation in the Proceedings, STL11-01/T/PTJ, 8 May 2012, paras 119–120.

  93. 93.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang, Pre-Trial Chamber II, Decision on Victims’ Participation at the confirmation of Charges Hearing and In the Related Proceedings, ICC-01/09-01/11-249, 5 August 2011, para 65; ICC, Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammad Hussein Ali, Pre-Trial Chamber II, Decision on Victims’ Participation at the Confirmation of Charges Hearing and in the Related Proceedings, ICC-01/09-02/11-267, 26 August 2011, para 79; see also ICC, Prosecutor v. Laurent Gbagbo, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Decision on Victims’ Participation and Victims’ Common Legal Representation at the Confirmation of Charges Hearing and in the Related Proceedings, ICC-02/11-01/11-138, 4 June 2012, para 40 which endorsed the reasons of the Registry for a single grouping given in ICC, Prosecutor v. Laurent Gbagbo, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Legal framework and Registry’s approach on common legal representation, ICC-02/11-01/11-120-Anx1, 16 May 2012, paras 9–10.

  94. 94.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Willliam Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang, Registry, Proposal for the common legal representation of victims, ICC-01/09-01/11-243, 1 August 2011, para 9; ICC, Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammad Hussein Ali, Registry, Proposal for the common legal representation of victims, ICC-01/09-02/11-214, 5 August 2011, para 9; ICC, Prosecutor v. Laurent Gbagbo, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Proposal for the common legal representation of victims, ICC-02/11-01/11-120, 16 May 2012, para 9.

  95. 95.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Order on the organisation of common legal representation of victims, ICC-01/04-01/07-1328, 22 July 2009, para 10; STL, Prosecutor v. Ayyash et al., Pre-Trial Judge, Decision on Victims’ Participation in the Proceedings, STL11-01/T/PTJ, 8 May 2012, para 120.

  96. 96.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, Trial Chamber IV, Decision on common legal representation, ICC-02/05-03/09-337, 25 May 2012, para 42.

  97. 97.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Order on the organisation of common legal representation of victims, ICC-01/04-01/07-1328, 22 July 2009, para 12(c); ICC, Prosecutor v. Bosco Ntaganda, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Decision Requesting the VPRS and the OPCV to take steps with regard to the legal representation of victims in the confirmation of charges hearing and in the related proceedings, ICC-01/04-02/06-150, para 8; ICC, Prosecutor v. Bosco Ntaganda, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Decision Concerning the Organisation of Common Legal Representation of Victims, ICC-01/04-02/06-160, 2 December 2013, para 10.

  98. 98.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Order on the organisation of common legal representation of victims, ICC-01/04-01/07-1328, 22 July 2009, para 12(c); ICC, Prosecutor v. Bosco Ntaganda, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Decision Requesting the VPRS and the OPCV to take steps with regard to the legal representation of victims in the confirmation of charges hearing and in the related proceedings, ICC-01/04-02/06-150, para 8; ICC, Prosecutor v. Bosco Ntaganda, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Decision Concerning the Organisation of Common Legal Representation of Victims, ICC-01/04-02/06-160, 2 December 2013, para 10.

  99. 99.

    For example: ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, Victims’ Legal Representatives, Joint Observations of Victims’ Legal Representatives on Common Legal Representation, ICC-02/05-03/09-182, 18 July 2011, para 14; ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, Participating Victims, Request of Victims a/1646/10 and a/1647/10 for the Trial Chamber to review the Registry’s “Notification of appointment of common legal representatives of victims” in accordance with Regulation 79(3), ICC-02/05-03/09-228, 30 September 2011.

  100. 100.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, Registry, Summary of information relevant to the grouping of victims, ICC-02/05-03/09-203-Anx2-Red, 25 August 2011, paras 2, 5; ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang, Registry, Summary of information relevant to the grouping of victims, ICC-01/09-01/11-243-Anx2, 1 August 2011, para 2; ICC, Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammad Hussein Ali, Registry, Summary of information relevant to the grouping of victims, ICC-01/09-02/11-214-Anx2, 5 August 2011, para 2; ICC, Prosecutor v. Laurent Gbagbo, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Proposal for the common legal representation of victims, ICC-02/11-01/11-120, 16 May 2012, footnote 12.

  101. 101.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, Registry, Summary of information relevant to the grouping of victims, ICC-02/05-03/09-203-Anx2-Red, 25 August 2011, para 5.

  102. 102.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, Registry, Summary of information relevant to the grouping of victims, ICC-02/05-03/09-203-Anx2-Red, 25 August 2011, paras 2, 5; ICC, Prosecutor v. Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang, Registry, Summary of information relevant to the grouping of victims, ICC-01/09-01/11-243-Anx2, 1 August 2011, para 2; ICC, Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammad Hussein Ali, Registry, Summary of information relevant to the grouping of victims, ICC-01/09-02/11-214-Anx2, 5 August 2011, para 2; ICC, Prosecutor v. Laurent Gbagbo, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Proposal for the common legal representation of victims, ICC-02/11-01/11-120, 16 May 2012, footnote 12.

  103. 103.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, Registry, Summary of information relevant to the grouping of victims, ICC-02/05-03/09-203-Anx2-Red, 25 August 2011, para 2; ICC, Prosecutor v. Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang, Registry, Summary of information relevant to the grouping of victims, ICC-01/09-01/11-243-Anx2, 1 August 2011, para 2; ICC, Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammad Hussein Ali, Registry, Summary of information relevant to the grouping of victims, ICC-01/09-02/11-214-Anx2, 5 August 2011, para 2; ICC, Prosecutor v. Prosecutor v. Laurent Gbagbo, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Proposal for the common legal representation of victims, ICC-02/11-01/11-120, 16 May 2012, footnote 12.

  104. 104.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, Registry, Summary of information relevant to the grouping of victims, ICC-02/05-03/09-203-Anx2-Red, 25 August 2011, para 5.

  105. 105.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang, Registry, Summary of information relevant to the grouping of victims, ICC-01/09-01/11-243-Anx2, 1 August 2011, para 3; ICC, Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammad Hussein Ali, Registry, Summary of information relevant to the grouping of victims, ICC-01/09-02/11-214-Anx2, 5 August 2011, para 3; ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, Registry, Summary of information relevant to the grouping of victims, ICC-02/05-03/09-203-Anx2-Red, 25 August 2011, para 7.

  106. 106.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang, Registry, Summary of information relevant to the grouping of victims, ICC-01/09-01/11-243-Anx2, 1 August 2011, para 3; ICC, Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammad Hussein Ali, Registry, Summary of information relevant to the grouping of victims, ICC-01/09-02/11-214-Anx2, 5 August 2011, para 3.

  107. 107.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang, Registry, Summary of information relevant to the grouping of victims, ICC-01/09-01/11-243-Anx2, 1 August 2011, para 2; ICC, Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammad Hussein Ali, Registry, Summary of information relevant to the grouping of victims, ICC-01/09-02/11-214-Anx2, 5 August 2011, para 2.

  108. 108.

    In the Kenya cases, in which ethnicity was such a significant factor in the social factor the Registry considered at length whether this was a basis for separately representing victims. Ultimately it considered that in each case the various ethnic groups among the victims did not have ‘clear and significant distinct interests’. Indeed, the Registry noted that intermediaries, lawyers and others working with victims had warned against separating victim groupings along ethnic lines, for fear that this would only serve to reinforce ethnic divisions. ICC, Prosecutor v. Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang, Registry, Summary of information relevant to the grouping of victims, ICC-01/09-01/11-243-Anx2, 1 August 2011, paras 7–11; ICC, Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammad Hussein Ali, Registry, Summary of information relevant to the grouping of victims, ICC-01/09-02/11-214-Anx2, 5 August 2011, paras 8–12.

  109. 109.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, Registry, Summary of Information Relevant to the Grouping of Victims, ICC-02/05-03/09-203-Anx2-Red, 25 August 2011, para 8; ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, Trial Chamber IV, Decision on common legal representation, ICC-02/05-03/09-337, 25 May 2012, para 34.

  110. 110.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, Trial Chamber IV, Decision on common legal representation, ICC-02/05-03/09-337, 25 May 2012, para 34.

  111. 111.

    STL, Prosecutor v. Ayyash et al., Pre-Trial Judge, Decision on Victims’ Participation in the Proceedings, STL11-01/T/PTJ, 8 May 2012, para 124.

  112. 112.

    Ibid., para 123.

  113. 113.

    Ibid., paras 125–126.

  114. 114.

    Interview with Eleonor Fernandez, Senior legal consultant, Civil Party Lead Co-Lawyers Section, ECCC, 8 June 2015 (records on file with the authors).

  115. 115.

    STL RPE, Rule 51(G)(i); STL Directive on Victims’ Legal Representation, Article 16.

  116. 116.

    STL RPE, Rule 51(G)(i).

  117. 117.

    STL Directive on Victims’ Legal Representation, Article 19.

  118. 118.

    Ibid., Article 20(B).

  119. 119.

    Ibid., Article 20(A).

  120. 120.

    Ibid., Article 19(C)(i).

  121. 121.

    Personal notes and experience of the author as former legal officer for the STL Victims’ Participation Unit.

  122. 122.

    STL, Prosecutor v. Ayyash et al., Pre-Trial Judge, Decision on the Duty Legal Representative’s Motion for Review of the Registrar’s Designation of the Lead Legal Representative for Victims, Case No. STL-11-01/PT/PTJ, 27 September 2012, para 37.

  123. 123.

    Ibid., para 39.

  124. 124.

    STL, Prosecutor v. Ayyash et al., Registrar, Designation of Victims’ Legal Representatives, Case No. STL-11-01/PT/PTJ, 16 May 2012.

  125. 125.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Pre-Trial Chamber III, Fifth Decision on Victims’ Issues Concerning Common Legal Representation, ICC-01/05-01/08-322, 16 December 2008, para 14.

  126. 126.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto and Joshua Arap Sang, Trial Chamber V, Decision on victims’ representation and participation, ICC-01/09-01/11-460, 3 October 2012, paras 60–61; ICC, Prosecutor v. Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta, Trial Chamber V, Decision on victims’ representation and participation, ICC-01/09-02/11-498, 3 October 2012, paras 59–60; ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto and Joshua Sang, Trial Chamber V, Decision appointing a common legal representative of victims, ICC-01/09-01/11-479, 23 November 2012, para 5.

  127. 127.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, Trial Chamber IV, Order inviting the Registrar to appoint a common legal representative, ICC-02/05-03/09-209, 6 September 2011.

  128. 128.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang, Pre-Trial Chamber II, Decision on Victims’ Participation at the Confirmation of Charges Hearing and in the Related Proceedings, ICC-01/09-01/11-249, 5 August 2011, p. 48; ICC, Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammed Hussein Ali, Pre-Trial Chamber II, Decision on Victims’ Participation at the Confirmation of Charges Hearing and in the Related Proceedings, ICC-01/09-02/11-267, 26 August 2011, p. 46; ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto and Joshua Arap Sang, Trial Chamber V, Decision appointing a common legal representative of victims, ICC-01/09-01/11-479, 23 November 2012, p. 7; ICC, Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura and Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta, Trial Chamber V, Decision appointing a common legal representative of victims, ICC-01/09-02/11-537, 20 November 2012, p. 6.

  129. 129.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Bosco Ntaganda, Pre-Trial Chamber, Decision Concerning the Organisation of Common Legal Representation of Victims, ICC-01/04-02/06-160, 2 December 2013, para 25. Note that the Chamber appointed counsel from the OPCV pursuant to regulation 80 of the Regulations of the Court, rather than through the RPE’s rule 90 procedure for common legal representation.

  130. 130.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Laurent Gbagbo, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Decision on Victims’ Participation and Victims’ Common Legal Representation at the Confirmation of Charges Hearing and in the Related Proceedings, ICC-02/11-01/11-138, 4 June 2012, paras 42–45.

  131. 131.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, Registry, Legal framework and Registry’s approach on common legal representation, ICC-02/05-03/09-203-Anx1, 25 August 2011, para 8; ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang, Registry, Legal framework and experience to date on common legal representation, ICC-01/09-01/11-243-Anx1, 1 August 2011, paras 8–9; ICC, Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammad Hussein Ali, Registry, Legal framework and experience to date on common legal representation, ICC-01/09-02/11-214-Anx1, 5 August 2011, paras 8–9.

  132. 132.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, Registry, Proposal for the common legal representation of victims, ICC-02/05-03/09-203, 25 August 2011, paras 3, 10; see also ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, Registry, Legal framework and Registry’s approach on common legal representation, ICC-02/05-03/09-203-Anx1, 25 August 2011, para 13; ICC, Prosecutor v. Willliam Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang, Registry, Proposal for the common legal representation of victims, ICC-01/09-01/11-243, 1 August 2011, para 16; ICC, Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammad Hussein Ali, Registry, Proposal for the common legal representation of victims, ICC-01/09-02/11-214, 5 August 2011, para 16; ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto and Joshua Arap Sang, Registry, Recommendation for the position of Common Legal Representative of victims, ICC-01/09-01/11-467, 5 November 2012, para 5; ICC, Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura and Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta, Registry, Recommendation for the Position of Common Legal Representative of Victims, ICC-01/09-02/11-517, 5 November 2012, para 5; ICC, Prosecutor v. Laurent Gbagbo, Registry, Proposal for the common legal representation of victims, ICC-02/11-01/11-120, 16 May 2012, paras 3 and 9.

  133. 133.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, Registry, Information document distributed to counsel on 11 July 2011, ICC-02/05-03/09-203-Anx3, 25 August 2011; ICC, Prosecutor v. Willliam Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang, Registry, Proposal for the common legal representation of victims, ICC-01/09-01/11-243, 1 August 2011, paras 4 and 24; ICC, Prosecutor v. Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang, Registry, Information document distributed to counsel on 17 June 2011, ICC-01/09-01/11-243-Anx3, 1 August 2011; ICC, Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammad Hussein Ali, Registry, Proposal for the common legal representation of victims, ICC-01/09-02/11-214, 5 August 2011, paras 4 and 24; ICC, Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammad Hussein Ali, Registry, Information document distributed to counsel on 17 June 2011, ICC-01/09-02/11-214-Anx3, 5 August 2011; ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto and Joshua Arap Sang, Registry, Recommendation for the position of Common Legal Representative of victims, ICC-01/09-01/11-467, 5 November 2012, para 11; ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto and Joshua Arap Sang, Registry, Annex 1, ICC-01/09-01/11-467-Anx1, 5 November 2012; ICC, Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura and Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta, Registry, Recommendation for the position of Common Legal Representative of victims, ICC-01/09-02/11-517, 5 November 2012, para 11; ICC, Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura and Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta, Registry, Annex 1, ICC-01/09-02/11-517-Anx1, 5 November 2012; ICC, Prosecutor v. Laurent Gbagbo, Registry, Proposal for the common legal representation of victims, ICC-02/11-01/11-120, 16 May 2012, para 11; ICC, Prosecutor v. Laurent Gbagbo, Registry, Registry’s Call for Counsel, ICC-02/11-01/11-120-Anx2, 16 May 2012.

  134. 134.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, Registrar, Report on the organization of common legal representation, ICC-02/05-03/09-187, 5 August 2011, para 7; ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, Registrar, Proposal for the common legal representation of victims, ICC-02/05-03/09-203, 25 August 2011, paras 16–21; ICC, Prosecutor v. Willliam Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang, Registrar, Proposal for the common legal representation of victims, ICC-01/09-01/11-243, 1 August 2011, paras 24–26; ICC, Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammad Hussein Ali, Registrar, Proposal for the common legal representation of victims, ICC-01/09-02/11-214, 5 August 2011, paras 24-29; ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto and Joshua Arap Sang, Registrar, Recommendation for the position of Common Legal Representative of victims, ICC-01/09-01/11-467, 5 November 2012, paras 10–17; ICC, Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura and Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta, Registrar, Recommendation for the position of Common Legal Representative of victims, ICC-01/09-02/11-517, 5 November 2012, paras 10–17; ICC, Prosecutor v. Laurent Gbagbo, Registrar, Proposal for the common legal representation of victims, ICC-02/11-01/11-120, 16 May 2012, paras 11–16.

  135. 135.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, Trial Chamber IV, Decision on common legal representation, ICC-02/05-03/09-337, 25 May 2012, especially at para 2. ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang, Pre-Trial Chamber II, Decision on Victims’ Participation at the confirmation of Charges Hearing and In the Related Proceedings, ICC-01/09-01/11-249, 5 August 2011, para 76; ICC, Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammad Hussein Ali, Pre-Trial Chamber II, Decision on Victims’ Participation at the Confirmation of Charges Hearing and in the Related Proceedings, ICC-01/09-02/11-267, 26 August 2011, para 90.

  136. 136.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, Registry, Report on the Implementation of the Chamber’s Order instructing the Registry to start consultations on the organisation of common legal representation, ICC-02/05-03/09-164-Red, 21 June 2011, paras 13–14; ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, Registry, Proposal for the common legal representation of victims, ICC-02/05-03/09-203, 25 August 2011, para 11; ICC, Prosecutor v. Willliam Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang, Registry, Proposal for the common legal representation of victims, ICC-01/09-01/11-243, 1 August 2011, para 6; ICC, Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammad Hussein Ali, Registry, Proposal for the common legal representation of victims, ICC-01/09-02/11-214, 5 August 2011, para 6; ICC, Prosecutor v. Laurent Gbagbo, Registry, Proposal for the common legal representation of victims, ICC-02/11-01/11-120, 16 May 2012, paras 4–5; ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto and Joshua Arap Sang, Registry, Recommendation for the position of Common Legal Representative of victims, ICC-01/09-01/11-467, 5 November 2012, para 8; ICC, Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura and Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta, Registry, Recommendation for the position of Common Legal Representative of victims, ICC-01/09-02/11-517, 5 November 2012, para 8.

  137. 137.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Bosco Ntaganda, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Decision Concerning the Organisation of Common Legal Representation of Victims, ICC-01/04-02/06-160, 2 December 2013, para 8.

  138. 138.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, Registry, Proposal for the common legal representation of victims, ICC-02/05-03/09-203, 25 August 2011, para 11.

  139. 139.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Bosco Ntaganda, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Decision Concerning the Organisation of Common Legal Representation of Victims, ICC-01/04-02/06-160, 2 December 2013, para 24.

  140. 140.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, Trial Chamber IV, Decision on common legal representation, ICC-02/05-03/09-337, 25 May 2012, para 49.

  141. 141.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Trial Chamber III, Decision on common legal representation of victims for the purpose of trial, ICC-01/05-01/08-1005, 10 November 2010, para 14.

  142. 142.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Order on the organisation of common legal representation of victims, ICC-01/04-01/07-1328, 22 July 2009, para 14; ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Trial Chamber III, Decision on common legal representation of victims for the purpose of trial, ICC-01/05-01/08-1005, 10 November 2010, paras 10 and 12; ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, Registry, Registry’s proposed general criteria for selection of common legal representatives under rule 90(3) of the rules of Procedure and Evidence, ICC-02/05-03/09-164-Anx, 21 June 2011, paras 10–11; ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang, Pre-Trial Chamber II, Decision on Victims’ Participation at the confirmation of Charges Hearing and In the Related Proceedings, ICC-01/09-01/11-249, 5 August 2011, para 73; ICC, Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammad Hussein Ali, Pre-Trial Chamber II, Decision on Victims’ Participation at the Confirmation of Charges Hearing and in the Related Proceedings, ICC-01/09-02/11-267, 26 August 2011, para 87; ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto and Joshua Arap Sang, Trial Chamber V, Decision on victims’ representation and participation, ICC-01/09-01/11-460, 3 October 2012, para 61; ICC, Prosecutor v. Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta, Trial Chamber V, Decision on victims’ representation and participation, ICC-01/09-01/11-498, 3 October 2012, para 60.

  143. 143.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Order on the organisation of common legal representation of victims, ICC-01/04-01/07-1328, 22 July 2009, para 15; ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Trial Chamber III, Decision on common legal representation of victims for the purpose of trial, ICC-01/05-01/08-1005, 10 November 2010, para 11; ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, Registry, Registry’s proposed general criteria for selection of common legal representatives under rule 90(3) of the rules of Procedure and Evidence, ICC-02/05-03/09-164-Anx, 21 June 2011, para 7; ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang, Pre-Trial Chamber II, Decision on Victims’ Participation at the confirmation of Charges Hearing and In the Related Proceedings, ICC-01/09-01/11-249, 5 August 2011, para 71; ICC, Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammad Hussein Ali, Pre-Trial Chamber II, Decision on Victims’ Participation at the Confirmation of Charges Hearing and in the Related Proceedings, ICC-01/09-02/11-267, 26 August 2011, para 85; ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto and Joshua Arap Sang, Trial Chamber V, Decision on victims’ representation and participation, ICC-01/09-01/11-460, 3 October 2012, para 61; ICC, Prosecutor v. Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta, Trial Chamber V, Decision on victims’ representation and participation, ICC-01/09-01/11-498, 3 October 2012, para 60.

  144. 144.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, Registry, Registry’s proposed general criteria for selection of common legal representatives under rule 90(3) of the rules of Procedure and Evidence, ICC-02/05-03/09-164-Anx, 21 June 2011, paras 8–9; ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang, Pre-Trial Chamber II, Decision on Victims’ Participation at the confirmation of Charges Hearing and In the Related Proceedings, ICC-01/09-01/11-249, 5 August 2011, para 72; ICC, Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammad Hussein Ali, Pre-Trial Chamber II, Decision on Victims’ Participation at the Confirmation of Charges Hearing and in the Related Proceedings, ICC-01/09-02/11-267, 26 August 2011, para 86; ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto and Joshua Arap Sang, Trial Chamber V, Decision on victims’ representation and participation, ICC-01/09-01/11-460, 3 October 2012, para 61; ICC, Prosecutor v. Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta, Trial Chamber V, Decision on victims’ representation and participation, ICC-01/09-01/11-498, 3 October 2012, para 60.

  145. 145.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, Registry’s proposed general criteria for selection of common legal representatives under rule 90(3) of the Rules of Procedure and Evidence, ICC-02/05-03/09-164-Anx, 21 June 2011, para 6; ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang, Decision on Victims’ Participation at the confirmation of Charges Hearing and In the Related Proceedings, ICC-01/09-01/11-249, 5 August 2011, para 70; ICC, Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammad Hussein Ali, Pre-Trial Chamber II, Decision on Victims’ Participation at the Confirmation of Charges Hearing and in the Related Proceedings, ICC-01/09-02/11-267, 26 August 2011, para 84; ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto and Joshua Arap Sang, Trial Chamber V, Decision on victims’ representation and participation, ICC-01/09-01/11-460, 3 October 2012, para 61; ICC, Prosecutor v. Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta, Trial Chamber V, Decision on victims’ representation and participation, ICC-01/09-01/11-498, 3 October 2012, para 60.

  146. 146.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Trial Chamber II, Decision on common legal representation of victims for the purpose of trial, ICC-01/05-01/08-1005, 10 November 2010, para 12; ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto and Joshua Arap Sang, Trial Chamber V, Decision on victims’ representation and participation, ICC-01/09-01/11-460, 3 October 2012, para 61; ICC, Prosecutor v. Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta, Trial Chamber V, Decision on victims’ representation and participation, ICC-01/09-01/11-498, 3 October 2012, para 60.

  147. 147.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Trial Chamber I, Decision on Victims’ Participation, ICC-01/04-01/06-1119, 18 January 2008, para 124; ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Trial Chamber III, Decision on common legal representation of victims for the purpose of trial, ICC-01/05-01/08-1005, 10 November 2010, para 11.

  148. 148.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, Registry, Annex: Registry’s proposed general criteria for selection of common legal representatives under rule 90(3) of the rules of Procedure and Evidence, ICC-02/05-03/09-164-Anx, 21 June 2011, para 12; ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang, Pre-Trial Chamber II, Decision on Victims’ Participation at the confirmation of Charges Hearing and In the Related Proceedings, ICC-01/09-01/11-249, 5 August 2011, para 74; ICC, Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammad Hussein Ali, Pre-Trial Chamber II, Decision on Victims’ Participation at the Confirmation of Charges Hearing and in the Related Proceedings, ICC-01/09-02/11-267, 26 August 2011, para 88; ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto and Joshua Arap Sang, Trial Chamber V, Decision on victims’ representation and participation, ICC-01/09-01/11-460, 3 October 2012, para 61; ICC, Prosecutor v. Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta, Trial Chamber V, Decision on victims’ representation and participation, ICC-01/09-01/11-498, 3 October 2012, para 60.

  149. 149.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, Registry, Report on the implementation of the Chamber’s Order instructing the Registry to start consultations on the organisation of common legal representation, ICC-02/05-03/09-164-Red, 21 June 2011, paras 23–24.

  150. 150.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, Registry, Report on the implementation of the Chamber’s Order instructing the Registry to start consultations on the organisation of common legal representation, ICC-02/05-03/09-164-Red, 21 June 2011, para 21; ICC, Prosecutor v. Willliam Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang, Registry, Proposal for the common legal representation of victims, ICC-01/09-01/11-243, 1 August 2011, para 17; ICC, Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammad Hussein Ali, Registry, Proposal for the common legal representation of victims, ICC-01/09-02/11-214, 5 August 2011, para 17.

  151. 151.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, Trial Chamber IV, Decision on common legal representation, ICC-02/05-03/09-337, 25 May 2012, paras 2 and 24; ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang, Pre-Trial Chamber II, Decision on Victims’ Participation at the confirmation of Charges Hearing and In the Related Proceedings, ICC-01/09-01/11-249, 5 August 2011, paras 68–75; ICC, Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammad Hussein Ali, Pre-Trial Chamber II, Decision on Victims’ Participation at the Confirmation of Charges Hearing and in the Related Proceedings, ICC-01/09-02/11-267, 26 August 2011, paras 82–89; ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto and Joshua Arap Sang, Trial Chamber V, Decision on victims’ representation and participation, ICC-01/09-01/11-460, 3 October 2012, para 61; ICC, Prosecutor v. Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta, Trial Chamber V, Decision on victims’ representation and participation, ICC-01/09-01/11-498, 3 October 2012, para 60.

  152. 152.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang, Victims, Motion from Victims a/0041/10, a/0045/10, a/0051/10 and a/0056/10 requesting the Pre-Trial Chamber to Reconsider the Appointment of Common Legal Representative Sureta CHANA for All Victims, ICC-01/09-01/11-314, 31 August 2011; ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, Victims’ Legal Representatives, Request of Victims a/1646/10 and a/1647/10 for the Trial Chamber to review the Registry’s “Notification of appointment of common legal representatives of victims” in accordance with Regulation 79(3), ICC-02/05-03/09-288, 30 September 2011.

  153. 153.

    The Registry went on to note that: ‘As most victims do not know of a lawyer who might represent them at the ICC, they will usually appoint a lawyer who makes him or herself known proactively to the victims (either directly or through the intermediary who assists the victim to apply for participation). Questions may be asked about whether the victims have had a real, informed choice about their representation. Furthermore, they are likely not aware of other options for legal representation and can be ill-equipped to assess the relative skill and professionalism of the lawyer contacting them as compared with others. While lawyers involved in this practice might sometimes have qualities which are desirable in a victims’ legal representative, this is not necessarily the case.’ ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, Registry, Legal framework and Registry’s approach on common legal representation, ICC-02/05-03/09-203-Anx1, 25 August 2011, para 8; ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang, Registry, Legal framework and experience to date on common legal representation, ICC-01/09-01/11-243-Anx1, 1 August 2011, paras 8–9; ICC, Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammad Hussein Ali, Registry, Legal framework and experience to date on common legal representation, ICC-01/09-02/11-214-Anx1, 5 August 2011, paras 8–9.

  154. 154.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang, Pre-Trial Chamber II, Decision on Victims’ Participation at the confirmation of Charges Hearing and In the Related Proceedings, ICC-01/09-01/11-249, 5 August 2011, para 67; ICC, Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammad Hussein Ali, Pre-Trial Chamber II, Decision on Victims’ Participation at the Confirmation of Charges Hearing and in the Related Proceedings, ICC-01/09-02/11-267, 26 August 2011, para 81.

  155. 155.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, Registry, Proposal for the common legal representation of victims, ICC-02/05-03/09-203, 25 August 2011, paras 3 and 13; ICC, Prosecutor v. Willliam Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang, Registry, Proposal for the common legal representation of victims, ICC-01/09-01/11-243, 1 August 2011, paras 21–23; ICC, Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammad Hussein Ali, Registry, Proposal for the common legal representation of victims, ICC-01/09-02/11-214, 5 August 2011, paras 21–23.

  156. 156.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, Registry, Legal framework and Registry’s approach on common legal representation, ICC-02/05-03/09-203-Anx1, 25 August 2011, paras 14–17; ICC, Prosecutor v. Willliam Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang, Registry, Proposal for the common legal representation of victims, ICC-01/09-01/11-243, 1 August 2011, paras 4 and 21; ICC, Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammad Hussein Ali, Registry, Proposal for the common legal representation of victims, ICC-01/09-02/11-214, 5 August 2011, paras 4 and 21.

  157. 157.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, Registry, Proposal for the common legal representation of victims, ICC-02/05-03/09-203, 25 August 2011, para 15.

  158. 158.

    STL Directive on Victims’ Legal Representation, Article 18(A).

  159. 159.

    Ibid., Articles 19–20.

  160. 160.

    Ibid., Article 19(B).

  161. 161.

    STL Legal Aid Policy for Victims’ Participation, Section 13.3.

  162. 162.

    STL, Prosecutor v. Ayyash et al., Registrar, Designation of Duty Legal Representative for Victim V027, Case No. STL-11-01/PT/PTJ, 19 July 2012; STL, Prosecutor v. Ayyash et al., Registrar, Designation of Duty Legal Representative for Victim V028, Case No. STL-11-01/PT/PTJ, 25 July 2012.

  163. 163.

    See for example: ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, Participating Victims, Request of Victims a/1646/10 and a/1647/10 for the Trial Chamber to review the Registry’s “Notification of appointment of common legal representatives of victims” in accordance with Regulation 79(3), ICC-02/05-03/09-228, 30 September 2011; ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang, Victims’ Legal Representative, Motion from Victims a/0041/10, a/0045/10, a/0051/10 and a/0056/10 requesting the Pre-Trial Chamber to Reconsider the Appointment of Common Legal Representative Sureta CHANA for All Victims, ICC-01/09-01/11-314, 31 August 2011.

  164. 164.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang, Pre-Trial Chamber II, Decision on the “Motion from Victims a/0041/10, a/0045/10, a/0051/10 and a/0056/10 requesting the Pre-Trial Chamber to Reconsider the Appointment of Common Legal Representative Sureta Chana for All Victims”, ICC-01/09-01/11-330, 9 September 2011, para 17.

  165. 165.

    ICC Regulations of the Court, Regulation 80.

  166. 166.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Order on the organisation of common legal representation of victims, ICC-01/04-01/07-1328, 22 July 2009, para 16.

  167. 167.

    STL Directive on Victims’ Legal Representation, Article 22(A).

  168. 168.

    Ibid., Article 23(B).

  169. 169.

    ICC Regulations of the Court, Regulation 79(3).

  170. 170.

    Ibid.

  171. 171.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang, Pre-Trial Chamber II, Decision on the “Motion from Victims a/0041/10, a/0045/10, a/0051/10 and a/0056/10 requesting the Pre-Trial Chamber to Reconsider the Appointment of Common Legal Representative Sureta Chana for All Victims”, ICC-01/09-01/11-330, 9 September 2011, para 15.

  172. 172.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang, Victims’ Legal Representative, Motion from Victims a/0041/10, a/0045/10, a/0051/10 and a/0056/10 requesting the Pre-Trial Chamber to Reconsider the Appointment of Common Legal Representative Sureta CHANA for All Victims, ICC-01/09-01/11-314, 31 August 2011; ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang, Pre-Trial Chamber II, Decision on the “Motion from Victims a/0041/10, a/0045/10, a/0051/10 and a/0056/10 requesting the Pre-Trial Chamber to Reconsider the Appointment of Common Legal Representative Sureta Chana for All Victims”, ICC-01/09-01/11-330, 9 September 2011.

  173. 173.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang, Pre-Trial Chamber II, Decision on the “Motion from Victims a/0041/10, a/0045/10, a/0051/10 and a/0056/10 requesting the Pre-Trial Chamber to Reconsider the Appointment of Common Legal Representative Sureta Chana for All Victims”, ICC-01/09-01/11-330, 9 September 2011, para 11.

  174. 174.

    STL, Prosecutor v. Ayyash et al, Pre-Trial Judge, Decision on the Duty Legal Representative’s Motion for Review of the Registrar’s Designation of the Lead Legal Representative for Victims, Case No. STL-011-01/PT/PTJ, 27 September 2012, para 32.

  175. 175.

    The Chamber indicated that it would consider ‘whether the interests of the [victims seeking review] are significantly distinct from the ones [of the other victims] to the extent that this would warrant a separate legal representation.’ ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, Trial Chamber IV, Decision on common legal representation, ICC-02/05-03/09-337, 25 May 2012, para 26.

  176. 176.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, Trial Chamber IV, Decision on common legal representation, ICC-02/05-03/09-337, 25 May 2012, para 33.

  177. 177.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, Trial Chamber IV, Decision on common legal representation, ICC-02/05-03/09-337, 25 May 2012, paras 40, 46, 49.

  178. 178.

    STL Directive on Victim’ Legal Representation, Article 22(B).

  179. 179.

    STL, Prosecutor v. Ayyash et al., Pre-Trial Judge, Order Inviting the Registrar to Respond to the Duty Legal Representative’s Motion for Review of Designation, Case No. STL-11-01/PT/PTJ, 15 August 2012.

  180. 180.

    For example: ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang, Registry, Submission of information relating to the former Legal Representatives’ Motion, ICC-01/09-01/11-320, 2 September 2011.

  181. 181.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, Common legal representatives, Observations in response to the request for review of the proposed appointment of common legal representatives, ICC-02/05-03/09-230, 12 October 2011 (reclassified as public on 25 May 2012); ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, Trial Chamber IV, Decision on common legal representation, ICC-02/05-03/09-337, 25 May 2012, paras 20–22.

  182. 182.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang, Pre-Trial Chamber II, Decision on the “Motion from Victims a/0041/10, a/0045/10, a/0051/10 and a/0056/10 requesting the Pre-Trial Chamber to Reconsider the Appointment of Common Legal Representative Sureta CHANA for All Victims”, ICC-01/09-01/11-330, 9 September 2011, para 17.

  183. 183.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang, Pre-Trial Chamber II, Decision on the “Motion from Victims a/0041/10, a/0045/10, a/0051/10 and a/0056/10 requesting the Pre-Trial Chamber to Reconsider the Appointment of Common Legal Representative Sureta CHANA for All Victims”, ICC-01/09-01/11-330, 9 September 2011, para 17.

  184. 184.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, Participating Victims, Request of Victims a/1646/10 and a/1647/10 for the Trial Chamber to review the Registry’s “Notification of appointment of common legal representatives of victims” in accordance with Regulation 79(3), ICC-02/05-03/09-228, 30 September 2011, para 2 and Annex 1 (ICC- ICC-02/05-03/09-228-Anx1-Red).

  185. 185.

    See ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, Victim’s Legal Representatives, Request of Victims a/1646/10 and a/1647/10 for the Trial Chamber to review the Registry’s “Notification of appointment of common legal representatives of victims” in accordance with Regulation 79(3), ICC-02/05-03/09-288, 30 September 2011; ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, Trial Chamber IV, Decision on common legal representation, ICC-02/05-03/09-337, 25 May 2012.

  186. 186.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Bosco Ntaganda, Trial Chamber VI, Decision on victims’ participation in trial proceedings, ICC-01/04-02/06-449, 6 February 2015, para 54.

  187. 187.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, Trial Chamber IV, Order instructing the Registry to start consultations on the organisation of common legal representation, ICC-02/05-03/09-138, 21 April 2011, para 7.

  188. 188.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Decision on the organisation of common legal representation of victims, ICC-01/04-01/07-1328, 22 July 2009, para 13.

  189. 189.

    The substance of the victims’ concerns was reported as being a lack of contact from the OPCV during the preceding years, during which the OPCV counsel were on record as representing victims but proceedings in the case remained dormant pending the surrender of an accused person: ICC, Prosecutor v. Dominic Ongwen, Application by the Uganda Victims Foundation to Submit Amicus Curiae Observations pursuant to Rule 103 of the Rules of Procedure and Evidence, ICC-02/04/01/15-211, 19 March 2015, pp. 5–6.

  190. 190.

    Written correspondence with Christoph Sperfeldt, PhD Scholar, Australian National University, 2 October 2016 (notes on file with the editors).

  191. 191.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Laurent Gbagbo, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Decision on Victims’ Participation and Victims’ Common Legal Representation at the Confirmation of Charges Hearing and in the Related Proceedings, ICC-02/11-01/11-138, 4 June 2012, para 44; ICC, Prosecutor v. Charles Blé Goude, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Decision on victims’ participation in the pre-trial proceedings and related issues, ICC-02/11-02/11-83, 11 June 2014, paras 24–25; ICC, Prosecutor v. Bosco Ntaganda, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Decision Concerning the Organisation of Common Legal Representation of Victims, ICC-01/04-02/06-160, 2 December 2013, para 26; ICC, Prosecutor v. Dominic Ongwen, Pre-Trial Chamber II, Decision on contested victims’ applications for participation, legal representation of victims and their procedural rights, ICC-02/04-01/15-350, 27 November 2015, paras 23–24.

  192. 192.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto and Joshua Arap Sang, Trial Chamber V, Decision on victims’ representation and participation, ICC-01/09-01/11-460, 3 October 2012, paras 41–45, 60; ICC, Prosecutor v. Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta, Trial Chamber V, Decision on victims’ representation and participation, ICC-01/09-01/11-498, 3 October 2012, paras 40–44, 59; ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto and Joshua Arap Sang, Trial Chamber V, Decision appointing a common legal representative of victims, ICC-01/09-01/11-479, 23 November 2012, para 8; ICC, Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura and Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta, Trial Chamber V, Decision appointing a common legal representative of victims, ICC-01/09-02/11-537, 20 November 2012, para 7.

  193. 193.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Order on the organisation of common legal representation of victims, ICC-01/04-01/07-1328, 22 July 2009, para 18; ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Trial Chamber III, Decision on common legal representation of victims for the purpose of trial, ICC-01/05-01/08-1005, 10 November 2010, para 27.

  194. 194.

    Supplementary report of the Registry on four aspects of the Court’s legal aid system, ICC-ASP/11/43 (2012), para 54.

  195. 195.

    ICC Registry, ReVision Project: Basic Outline of Proposals to Establish Defence and Victims Offices,

    http://www.uianet.org/sites/default/files/Registry_ReVision_BasicOutline_Defence_Victims_Offices_0.pdf. Accessed 6 Sept 2016, p. 5.

  196. 196.

    Regulations of the Court, Regulation 81.

  197. 197.

    ICC, Comprehensive Report on the Reorganisation of the Registry of the International Criminal Court, August 2016. https://www.icc-cpi.int/itemsDocuments/ICC-Registry-CR.pdf. Accessed 4 Nov 2016, p. 12.

  198. 198.

    STL RPE, Rule 51(C)(ii).

  199. 199.

    STL Legal Aid Policy for Victims’ Participation, preamble.

  200. 200.

    ICC RPE, Rule 21(1). See also Rule 20(3) and the definition of “Regulations” in Rule 1.

  201. 201.

    ICC Regulations of the Court, Regulations 83–85.

  202. 202.

    Registry’s single policy document on the Court’s legal aid system, ICC-ASP/12/3, 4 June 2013.

  203. 203.

    See for example Registry report on ways to improve the legal aid procedures, ICC-ASP/13/6, 22 May 2014.

  204. 204.

    See for example: ICC Statute, Articles 9(1) and (2); 49; and 51(1) and (2).

  205. 205.

    ICC RPE, Rules 20(3) and 21(1).

  206. 206.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Callixte Mbarushimana, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Decision on the “Defence Request for the Review of the Scope of Legal Assistance”, ICC-01/04-01/10-142, 11 May 2011, para 11; ICC, Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Trial Chamber I, Decision reviewing the Registry’s decision on legal assistance for Mr. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo pursuant to Regulation 135 of the Regulations of the Registry, ICC-01/04-01/-06-2800, 30 August 2011, paras 53–54; ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Transcript of oral order, ICC-01/04-01/07-T-341-ENG, 18 June 2012, p. 9.

  207. 207.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Transcript of oral order, ICC-01/04-01/07-T-341-ENG, 18 June 2012, p. 9.

  208. 208.

    ICC Regulations of the Court, Regulation 84(1).

  209. 209.

    ICC Regulations of the Registry, Regulation 132.

  210. 210.

    Report of the Court on legal aid: Legal and financial aspects of funding of victims’ legal representation before the Court, ICC-ASP/8/25, 5 October 2009, paras 17–19; ICC, Situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Registrar, Registrar’s Observations under regulation 24bis and 34(b) of the Regulations of the Court in respect of the Request for Review of the Registrar’s Decision on the Application for Legal Assistance Paid by the Court Filed by Mr. Keta in behalf of Victims a/0016/06, a/0018/06, a/0021/06, a/0025/06, a/0028/06, a/0031/06, a/0032/06, a/0034/06, a/0042/06, a/0044/06, a/0045/06, a/0142/06, a/0148/06, a/0150/06, a/0188/06, a/0199/06, a/0228/06, dated 28 March 2008, ICC-01/04-497-tENG, 6 May 2008, paras 9–15.

  211. 211.

    ICC, Situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Registrar, Registrar’s Observations under regulation 24bis and 34(b) of the Regulations of the Court in respect of the Request for Review of the Registrar’s Decision on the Application for Legal Assistance Paid by the Court Filed by Mr. Keta in behalf of Victims a/0016/06, a/0018/06, a/0021/06, a/0025/06, a/0028/06, a/0031/06, a/0032/06, a/0034/06, a/0042/06, a/0044/06, a/0045/06, a/0142/06, a/0148/06, a/0150/06, a/0188/06, a/0199/06, a/0228/06, dated 28 March 2008, ICC-01/04-497-tENG, 6 May 2008.

  212. 212.

    ICC, Situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Presidency, Reasons for the Decision on the “Request for Review of the Registrar’s Decision of 28 March 2008 on the Application for Legal Assistance Paid by the Court Filed by Mr. Keta on behalf of Victims a/0016/06, a/0018/06, a/0021/06, a/0025/06, a/0028/06, a/0031/06, a/0032/06, a/0034/06, a/0042/06, a/0044/06, a/0045/06, a/0142/06, a/0148/06, a/0150/06, a/0188/06, a/0199/06, a/0228/06 under Regulation 85(3) of the Regulations of the Court”, ICC-01/04-559, 18 February 2009, paras 21–24.

  213. 213.

    ICC, Situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Presidency, Reasons for the Decision on the “Request for Review of the Registrar’s Decision of 28 March 2008 on the Application for Legal Assistance Paid by the Court Filed by Mr. Keta on behalf of Victims a/0016/06, a/0018/06, a/0021/06, a/0025/06, a/0028/06, a/0031/06, a/0032/06, a/0034/06, a/0042/06, a/0044/06, a/0045/06, a/0142/06, a/0148/06, a/0150/06, a/0188/06, a/0199/06, a/0228/06 under Regulation 85(3) of the Regulations of the Court”, ICC-01/04-559, 18 February 2009, para 25.

  214. 214.

    ICC, Situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Presidency, Reasons for the Decision on the “Request for Review of the Registrar’s Decision of 28 March 2008 on the Application for Legal Assistance Paid by the Court Filed by Mr. Keta on behalf of Victims a/0016/06, a/0018/06, a/0021/06, a/0025/06, a/0028/06, a/0031/06, a/0032/06, a/0034/06, a/0042/06, a/0044/06, a/0045/06, a/0142/06, a/0148/06, a/0150/06, a/0188/06, a/0199/06, a/0228/06 under Regulation 85(3) of the Regulations of the Court”, ICC-01/04-559, 18 February 2009, para 27.

  215. 215.

    Report of the Court on legal aid: Legal and financial aspects of funding of victims’ legal representation before the Court, ICC-ASP/8/25, 5 October 2009, paras 17–19.

  216. 216.

    ICC, Situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Registrar, Registrar’s Observations under regulation 24bis and 34(b) of the Regulations of the Court in respect of the Request for Review of the Registrar’s Decision on the Application for Legal Assistance Paid by the Court Filed by Mr. Keta in behalf of Victims a/0016/06, a/0018/06, a/0021/06, a/0025/06, a/0028/06, a/0031/06, a/0032/06, a/0034/06, a/0042/06, a/0044/06, a/0045/06, a/0142/06, a/0148/06, a/0150/06, a/0188/06, a/0199/06, a/0228/06, dated 28 March 2008, ICC-01/04-497-tENG, 6 May 2008, para 15.

  217. 217.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Registrar, Décision du Greffier sur la demande d’aide judiciaire aux frais de la Cour déposée par la victim a/0105/06, ICC-01/04-01/06-650, 3 November 2006; ICC, Situation in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Registrar’s Decision on the Indigence of Victims a/0016/06, a/0018/06, a/0021/06, a/0025/06, a/0028/06, a/0031/06, a/0032/06, a/0034/06, a/0042/06, a/0044/06, a/0045/06, a/0142/06, a/0148/06, a/0150/06, a/0188/06, a/0199/06, a/0228/06, ICC-01/04-490-tENG, 26 March 2008; ICC, Situation in Darfur, Sudan, Decision on the Indigence of Victims a/0015/06, a/0029/07, a/0036/07, a/0037/07 and a/0038/07, ICC-02/05-156-tENG, 8 September 2008; ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Registrar, Registrar’s Decision on the Indigence of Victims a/0271/08, a/0272/08, a/0273/08, a/0275/08, a/0277/08, a/0283/08, a/0284/08, a/0285/08, a/0286/08, a/0287/08, a/0288/08, a/0289/08, a/0290/08, a/0294/08, a/0390/08, a/0391/08, a/0393/08, a/0394/08, a/0395/08, a/0396/08, a/0468/08, a/0469/08, a/0470/08, a/0471/08, a/0472/08, a/0473/08, a/0474/08, a/0475/08, a/0476/08, a/0477/08, a/0478/08, a/0479/08, a/0480/08 and a/0481/08, ICC-01/05-01/08-348-tENG, 7 January 2009.

  218. 218.

    Report of the Court on legal aid: Legal and financial aspects of funding of victims’ legal representation before the Court, ICC-ASP/8/25, 5 October 2009, para 20.

  219. 219.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Registrar, Registrar’s Decision on the Indigence of Victims a/0271/08, a/0272/08, a/0273/08, a/0275/08, a/0277/08, a/0283/08, a/0284/08, a/0285/08, a/0286/08, a/0287/08, a/0288/08, a/0289/08, a/0290/08, a/0294/08, a/0390/08, a/0391/08, a/0393/08, a/0394/08, a/0395/08, a/0396/08, a/0468/08, a/0469/08, a/0470/08, a/0471/08, a/0472/08, a/0473/08, a/0474/08, a/0475/08, a/0476/08, a/0477/08, a/0478/08, a/0479/08, a/0480/08 and a/0481/08, ICC-01/05-01/08-348-tENG, 7 January 2009.

  220. 220.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Bosco Ntaganda, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Decision Concerning the Organisation of Common Legal Representation of Victims, ICC-01/04-02/06-160, 2 December 2013, para 23.

  221. 221.

    STL Legal Aid Policy for Victims’ Participation, Sections 2, 3 and 6.1–6.3.

  222. 222.

    Ibid., Section 2.2.

  223. 223.

    Ibid., Section 3.1.

  224. 224.

    Ibid., Section 3.1.

  225. 225.

    Ibid., Section 3.4.

  226. 226.

    Ibid., Sections 3.6–3.9.

  227. 227.

    Ibid., Sections 3.10–3.14.

  228. 228.

    Ibid., Section 3.2.

  229. 229.

    Ibid., Section 6.2.

  230. 230.

    STL Code of Professional Conduct for Defence Counsel and Legal Representatives of Victims appearing before the Special Tribunal for Lebanon, Article 16(A).

  231. 231.

    STL Legal Aid Policy for Victims’ Participation, Sections 6.1 and 6.3.

  232. 232.

    Ibid., Sections 4.1–4.9, 6.3.

  233. 233.

    See for example: ICC, Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, Registry, Report recommending a decision concerning the common legal representation of victims participating in the case, ICC-02/05-03/09-134, 15 April 2011, para 7; Report on the operation of the Court’s legal aid system and proposals for its amendment, ICC-ASP/6/4, 31 May 2007, para 7 (regarding the Lubanga case); Interim report of the Court on legal aid: legal and financial aspects for funding victims’ legal representation before the Court, ICC-ASP-8/3, 6 May 2009, para 21 (regarding the Lubanga and Katanga cases).

  234. 234.

    Although note earlier comments in a similar vein by Trial Chamber III: ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Trial Chamber III, Decision on common legal representation of victims for the purpose of trial, ICC-01/05-01/08-1005, 10 November 2010, para 16.

  235. 235.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Dominic Ongwen, Pre-Trial Chamber II, Decision on contested victims’ applications for participation, legal representation of victims and their procedural rights, ICC-02/04-01/15-350, 27 November 2015, para 18.

  236. 236.

    See for example, Mariana Pena, International Justice Monitor, Giving Victims their Voice: Ongwen Case Highlights the ICC’s Policy Challenge (5 January 2016), http://www.ijmonitor.org/2016/01/giving-victims-their-voice-ongwen-case-highlights-the-iccs-policy-challenge/. Accessed 27 July 2016.

  237. 237.

    ICC Regulations of the Court, Regulations 83–85.

  238. 238.

    ICC RPE, Rule 21(1).

  239. 239.

    Hague Working Group of the ASP Bureau, Report of the Bureau on legal aid for victims’ legal representation, ICC-ASP/8/38, 28 October 2009, para 12.

  240. 240.

    Registry’s single policy document on the Court’s legal aid system, ICC-ASP/12/3, 4 June 2013, para 55.

  241. 241.

    Ibid., para 59 et seq.

  242. 242.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Order on the organisation of common legal representation of victims, ICC-01/04-01/07-1328, 22 July 2009, para 17.

  243. 243.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang, Pre-Trial Chamber II, Decision on Victims’ Participation at the confirmation of Charges Hearing and In the Related Proceedings, ICC-01/09-01/11-249, 5 August 2011, para 78; ICC, Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammad Hussein Ali, Pre-Trial Chamber II, Decision on Victims’ Participation at the Confirmation of Charges Hearing and in the Related Proceedings, ICC-01/09-02/11-267, 26 August 2011, para 92.

  244. 244.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Trial Chamber III, Decision on common legal representation of victims for the purpose of trial, ICC-01/05-01/08-1005, 10 November 2010, para 26.

  245. 245.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Trial Chamber III, Order on the legal representation of victims previously represented by Me Assingambi Zarambaud, ICC-01/05-01/08-2964, 7 February 2014, para 7.

  246. 246.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang, Pre-Trial Chamber II, Decision on Victims’ Participation at the confirmation of Charges Hearing and In the Related Proceedings, ICC-01/09-01/11-249, 5 August 2011, paras 79–80; Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammad Hussein Ali, Pre-Trial Chamber II, Decision on Victims’ Participation at the Confirmation of Charges Hearing and in the Related Proceedings, Pre-Trial Chamber II, ICC-01/09-02/11-267, 26 August 2011, paras 93–94.

  247. 247.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Laurent Gbagbo, Registry, Proposal for the common legal representation of victims, ICC-02/11-01/11-120, 16 May 2012, para 21.

  248. 248.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Laurent Gbagbo, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Decision on Victims’ Participation and Victims’ Common Legal Representation at the Confirmation of Charges Hearing and in the Related Proceedings, ICC-02/11-01/11-138, 4 June 2012, para 40.

  249. 249.

    Ibid., paras 42–44.

  250. 250.

    Ibid., para 44.

  251. 251.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Charles Blé Goude, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Decision on victims’ participation in the pre-trial proceedings and related issues, ICC-02/11-02/11-83, 11 June 2014, para 15.

  252. 252.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Bosco Ntaganda, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Decision Concerning the Organisation of Common Legal Representation of Victims, ICC-01/04-02/06-160, 2 December 2013, para 26.

  253. 253.

    See for example ICC, Prosecutor v. Willliam Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang, Registry, Proposal for the common legal representation of victims, ICC-01/09-01/11-243, 1 August 2011, paras 32–33; ICC, Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammad Hussein Ali, Registry, Proposal for the common legal representation of victims, ICC-01/09-02/11-214, 5 August 2011; paras 32–33.

  254. 254.

    STL Legal Aid Policy for Victims’ Participation, Section 5.4.

  255. 255.

    Ibid., Section 5.5.

  256. 256.

    See for example, ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto and Joshua Arap Sang, Pre-Trial Chamber II, Decision on the “Urgent Request by the Victims’ Representative for an order from the Chamber requiring the Registrar to provide appropriate resources for the current mission in Kenya”, ICC-01/09-01/11-398, 9 March 2012; ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto and Joshua Arap Sang, Appeals Chamber, Decision on the “Application of the Victims’ Representative pursuant to Article 83 of the Regulations”, ICC-01/09-01/11-409, 23 April 2012.

  257. 257.

    STL Legal Aid Policy for Victims’ Participation, Section 3.16; ICC Regulations of the Court, Regulation 85(3).

  258. 258.

    ICC Code of Professional Conduct for counsel, ICC-ASP/4/Res.1; STL Code of Professional Conduct for Counsel Appearing before the Tribunal, and STL, Code of Professional conduct for Defence Counsel and Legal Representatives of Victims appearing before the Special Tribunal for Lebanon.

  259. 259.

    Code of Ethics for Lawyers Licensed with the Bar Association of the Kingdom of Cambodia; See also the Cambodian Law on the Bar.

  260. 260.

    STL Code of Professional Conduct for Defence Counsel and Legal Representatives of Victims appearing before the Special Tribunal for Lebanon, Article 33(B).

  261. 261.

    Ibid., Article 33(A).

  262. 262.

    Ibid., Article 33(B)(vi).

  263. 263.

    Ibid., Article 33(B)(xi).

  264. 264.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Order on the organisation of common legal representation of victims, ICC-01/04-01/07-1328, 22 July 2009, para 17(f).

  265. 265.

    Ibid.

  266. 266.

    Ibid., para 17(b).

  267. 267.

    Ibid., para 16.

  268. 268.

    Ibid., para 16.

  269. 269.

    ICC Code of Professional Conduct for Counsel, Article 16(2).

  270. 270.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Trial Chamber II, Order on the organisation of common legal representation of victims, ICC-01/04-01/07-1328, 22 July 2009, para 13.

  271. 271.

    STL, Code of Professional Conduct for Defence Counsel and Legal Representatives of Victims appearing before the Special Tribunal for Lebanon, Article 32.

  272. 272.

    For a discussion of these issues see: Redress, Representing Victims before the IC: Recommendations on the Legal Representation System, April 2015, http://www.redress.org/downloads/publications/1504reprentingvictims.pdf. Accessed 29 August 2016, pp. 19–27.

  273. 273.

    See especially Article 7(E).

  274. 274.

    See especially Article 29.

  275. 275.

    STL, Directive on Victims’ Legal Representation, Article 29(A)(ii); STL, Code of Professional Conduct for Defence Counsel and Legal Representatives of Victims appearing before the Special Tribunal for Lebanon, Article 7(E)(ii).

  276. 276.

    STL, Directive on Victims’ Legal Representation, Article 29(A)(iii).

  277. 277.

    STL, Code of Professional Conduct for Defence Counsel and Legal Representatives of Victims appearing before the Special Tribunal for Lebanon, Article 7(E)(iii) and 7(G).

  278. 278.

    STL, Directive on Victims’ Legal Representation, Article 40.

  279. 279.

    Ibid., Article 39.

  280. 280.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto and Joshua Arap Sang, Appeals Chamber, Decision on the “Application of the Victims’ Representative pursuant to Article 83 of the Regulations”, ICC-01/09-01/11-409, 23 April 2012, paras 19–20.

  281. 281.

    Ibid., para 20.

  282. 282.

    Ibid., para 21.

  283. 283.

    See for example the Chamber’s comment that a relevant consideration in the design of the scheme was the ‘limited scope of the confirmation of charges hearing’: ICC, Prosecutor v. Bosco Ntaganda, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Decision Concerning the Organisation of Common Legal Representation of Victims, ICC-01/04-02/06-160, 2 December 2013, para 24.

  284. 284.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Bosco Ntaganda, Trial Chamber VI, Decision on victims’ participation in trial proceedings, ICC-01/04-02/06-449, 6 February 2015, para 54.

  285. 285.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Bosco Ntaganda, Trial Chamber VI, Second decision on victims’ participation in trial proceedings, ICC-01/04-02/06-650, 16 June 2015, paras 28–32.

  286. 286.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto and Joshua Arap Sang, Trial Chamber V, Decision on victims’ representation and participation, ICC-01/09-01/11-460, 3 October 2012, para 61; ICC, Prosecutor v. Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta, Trial Chamber V, Decision on victims’ representation and participation, ICC-01/09-01/11-498, 3 October 2012, para 60.

  287. 287.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto and Joshua Arap Sang, Trial Chamber V, Decision on victims’ representation and participation, ICC-01/09-01/11-460, 3 October 2012, para 60; ICC, Prosecutor v. Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta, Trial Chamber V, Decision on victims’ representation and participation, ICC-01/09-01/11-498, 3 October 2012, para 59.

  288. 288.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto and Joshua Arap Sang, Trial Chamber V, Decision appointing a common legal representative of victims, ICC-01/09-01/11-479, 23 November 2012; ICC, Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura and Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta, Trial Chamber V, Decision appointing a common legal representative of victims, ICC-01/09-02/11-537, 20 November 2012.

  289. 289.

    ICC, Prosecutor v. Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta, Trial Chamber V(B), Decision on the Withdrawal of Charges against Mr. Kenyatta, ICC-01/09-02/11-1005, 13 March 2015, para 12.

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Hirst, M. (2017). Legal Representation of Participating Victims. In: Tibori-Szabó, K., Hirst, M. (eds) Victim Participation in International Criminal Justice. International Criminal Justice Series, vol 11. T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-177-7_5

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