Abstract
This chapter describes the policy processes that preceded the adoption of the PCP and the policy actions that were subsequently undertaken, in order to boost its implementation in practice. The Chapter focuses on the political support and the relevant policy measures adopted in this context by the different EU institutions which have a say in the innovation policy arena.
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Notes
- 1.
Gulbrandsen 1999, 230.
- 2.
Commission 2005, 8.
- 3.
The European Council is the organ which gives the political impetus to the Union’s economic, social and environmental action. It is formed of the heads of the Member States.
- 4.
Expert Group 2006.
- 5.
Council 2001, paras 19–21.
- 6.
Council 2002, paras 47–48.
- 7.
Council 2002, paras 12, 29.
- 8.
Council 2003, 14.
- 9.
Council 2003, 4.
- 10.
Council 2003, 25.
- 11.
Council 2004, 2.
- 12.
Commission 2005b.
- 13.
Council 2005, paras 13, 19.
- 14.
French, German, UK Governments 2004.
- 15.
Ibid., 6.
- 16.
Council 2006a, paras 22, 34.
- 17.
Council 2007, 11–2.
- 18.
Council 2008.
- 19.
Ibid., paras 7, 11.
- 20.
- 21.
Council 2008.
- 22.
Council 2010, 11.
- 23.
Council 2011, 8.
- 24.
Council 2012, para 18.
- 25.
Council 2013a, para 16.
- 26.
Council 2013b, 8.
- 27.
Council 2013b, 9.
- 28.
Council 2015a.
- 29.
Council 2015b, para 12.
- 30.
Commission 2013.
- 31.
- 32.
Commission 2002, 14.
- 33.
Commission 2003.
- 34.
Arts 23 and 29 Directive 2004/18/EC.
- 35.
Wilkinson et al. 2005.
- 36.
- 37.
Gallup Organization 2009, 59.
- 38.
Kok et al. 2004.
- 39.
Wilkinson et al. 2005.
- 40.
Aho et al. 2006.
- 41.
The 2006 innovation strategy is the predecessor to the current EU innovation policy (Innovation Union Flagship).
- 42.
Edler and Georghiou 2007, 958.
- 43.
Council 2006b, 2.
- 44.
Commission 2006, 11.
- 45.
Commission 2007c.
- 46.
Commission 2007a.
- 47.
Technopolis 2011.
- 48.
Ernst & Young and CEP 2011, 14.
- 49.
Ernst & Young and CEP 2011, 17.
- 50.
- 51.
Commission 2005c, 8.
- 52.
PCP Expert Group 2006.
- 53.
- 54.
- 55.
The ICT sector generates more than a fifth of all patents in Europe. See Joint Research Center 2008.
- 56.
In 2009, the ICT sector and ICT products were considered responsible for about 2 % of global GHG emissions and this harmful contribution was expected to grow quickly. See also OECD 2009.
- 57.
For example, by making significant savings in energy possible, in sectors such as transport, buildings and in manufacturing, ICT technologies are expected to help reduce 20 % of the CO2 emissions in Europe by 2020. See Commission, ‘A European Economic Recovery Plan’ COM 2008 800 final. See also COM 2009, 116.
- 58.
PCP Expert Group 4.
- 59.
These reasons could also be valid for the deployment of PCP in other sectors.
- 60.
PCP Expert Group 9.
- 61.
PCP Expert Group 10.
- 62.
PCP Expert Group 5.
- 63.
According to the PCP Expert Group 24, before deciding to invest in R&D projects, companies calculate the value of the different investment options as a function of time of the upside commercialisation potential and the downside risk that the project will not be well received in the market. Products destined to the public market have a limited upside commercialisation potential due to the smaller size of the public market and to the risk aversion of public procurers.
- 64.
PCP Expert Group 24.
- 65.
PCP Expert Group18.
- 66.
PCP Expert Group 11.
- 67.
PCP Expert Group 6.
- 68.
Only recently, there has been increased attention for more measurement methodologies of the impact of demand-side policies. These may provide solid proof on the impact of PCP in the EU and may offer suggestions for improvements in its implementation. See Edler et al. 2012, 21.
- 69.
Commission 2007b, 3.
- 70.
PCP Expert Group.
- 71.
Commission 2007b.
- 72.
Commission 2009, 6, 11.
- 73.
RFEC is the Regions for Economic Change programme is a European Commission initiative for the 2007–2013 period aiming at funding good regional practices with a particular focus on innovation. FP7 (Framework Programme 7) is EU’s programme aimed at funding research and covering the period 2007–2013. CIP (Competitiveness and Innovation Framework Programme) is EU’s funding framework for innovation activities, with a focus on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). CIP runs from 2007 to 2013 as well.
- 74.
UNU-MERIT 2011, 20 http://ec.europa.eu/research/innovation-union/pdf/iu-scoreboard-2010_en.pdf Accessed 26 March 2013.
- 75.
Ibid.
- 76.
Commission 2010a.
- 77.
COM 2010b, 14.
- 78.
COM 2010a, commitment no. 17.
- 79.
Commission 2010a, 25.
- 80.
Commission 2010a.
- 81.
- 82.
Council 2011.
- 83.
Rigby et al. 2012.
- 84.
Bertrand Wert 2015.
- 85.
- 86.
- 87.
Bedin et al. 2015.
- 88.
- 89.
European Parliament 2007.
- 90.
European Parliament 2008, paras 6, 29.
- 91.
European Parliament 2008, paras 33–36.
- 92.
European Parliament 2008, para 21.
- 93.
The Parliament stressed the importance of the EU Technology Platforms and of continuous knowledge transfer between technologically innovative universities, institutes and contracting authorities for finding suitable technology areas for PCP. European Parliament 2008, p. 7.
- 94.
European Parliament 2010.
- 95.
European Parliament 2010, para 140.
- 96.
European Parliament 2011.
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Apostol, R. (2017). Political Background to PCP Adoption—An Institutional Approach. In: Trials and Tribulations in the Implementation of Pre-Commercial Procurement in Europe. T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-156-2_2
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