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Dealing with the Security Gap: The Netherlands Army’s Doctrinal Struggle

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NL ARMS Netherlands Annual Review of Military Studies 2016

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Abstract

Due to the absence or incapability of local police or lagging deployment of an international police force, to fill ensuing security gaps, military on international stability missions have been dealing with insecurity, criminality and insurgency. Although ensuring law and order exceeds the core tasks of the military, and meets with resistance, given the circumstances, (international) military acting as interim police-force has been considered the only option. This chapter explains how the Netherlands Royal Army has contributed to improving public security by providing some sort of interim policing during stability operations and concludes that it has not institutionalised these activities in its doctrines. It is argued that the NL Army must recognise the needs to engage in the restoring and maintaining of public security in case of a security gap. By clearly defining in the doctrines which policing tasks should be performed to establish public security, a better organizational fit for these tasks could be institutionalised and the necessary training, mind-set and culture developed.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Bayley, 2001, p. 53; Dobbins et al. 2007, p. 26; Dziedzic 1998, pp. 8–10; Hansen 2002a, p. 73; Hills 2009, p. 43; Hills 2014, p. 103; Jakobsen 2003, p. 139; Jones et al. 2005, p. 212; Holt and Durch 2006, p. 12; Kaspersen et al. 2004, p. 17; Cline 2003, p. 163; Oakley and Dziedzic 1998, p. 518; Schmidl 1998, p. 39; Voorhoeve 2007, p. 59.

  2. 2.

    Neuteboom 2014, p. 309.

  3. 3.

    Bittner 1970; Manning 1997; Midgal 1988; Ponsaers et al. 2006; Skolnick 1996.

  4. 4.

    Bayley 2005, pp. 141–148; Bittner 2005, pp. 159–162; Ericson 2005, p. 217; Goldstein 2005, pp. 398–399; Rosenthal and van der Torre 2007, p. 288.

  5. 5.

    Bittner 1970, p. 44.

  6. 6.

    Dziedzic 1998, pp. 8–16.

  7. 7.

    Call and Barnett 2000, pp. 50–51; Smith et al. 2006, p. 29.

  8. 8.

    Benner et al. 2011, p. 83; Durch 2006, p. 591.

  9. 9.

    Benner et al. 2011, pp. 90–91; Hills 2009, p. 79; United Nations, UNPOL, Standing Police Capacity www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/sites/police/capacity. Accessed October 21, 2015.

  10. 10.

    Durch and Berkman 2006, p. 45.

  11. 11.

    See for example: Call 2007, p. 11; Hansen 2002b, p. 49; Linden et al. 2007, p. 159.

  12. 12.

    Dziedzic 1998.

  13. 13.

    Perito 2004, pp. 156–157 and 187.

  14. 14.

    United Nations, UNPOL: Formed Police Units, www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/sites/police/units. Accessed October 21, 2015.

  15. 15.

    Benner et al. 2011, p. 68.

  16. 16.

    Treaty between the Kingdom of Spain, the French Republic, the Italian Republic, the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Portuguese Republic establishing the European Gendarmerie Force, October 18, 2007, Article 4. Retrieved from www.eurogendfor.org/eurogendfor-library/download-area/official-texts/establishing-the-eurogendfor-treaty. Accessed October 21, 2015.

  17. 17.

    European Gendarmerie Force, EUROGENDFOR Missions, www.eurogendfor.org/eurogendfor-missions. Accessed October 21, 2015.

  18. 18.

    Benner et al. 2011, p. 75.

  19. 19.

    Perito 2004, pp. 142 and 205.

  20. 20.

    Holt and Durch 2006, p. 40.

  21. 21.

    Hansen 2002a, p. 74.

  22. 22.

    Armitage and Moisan 2005, p. 5.

  23. 23.

    Benner et al. 2011, p. 75.

  24. 24.

    Oecd DAC 2007, p. 163.

  25. 25.

    See for example: Binnendijk and Johnson 2004, p. 7; Durch and Berkman 2006, p. 100; Jones et al. 2005, p. 22; Voorhoeve 2007, p. 174.

  26. 26.

    Dziedzic and Hawley 2005, p. 7.

  27. 27.

    Nagl 2005, p. 7.

  28. 28.

    Nagl 2005, p. 4.

  29. 29.

    Koninklijke Landmacht 2014, para 7324.

  30. 30.

    Koninklijke Landmacht 2014, paras 7321–7331. For an explanation of activities on the tactical level the doctrine Land Operations refers to the NATO doctrines Allied Land Tactics (ATP 3.2.1) and Guidance for the Conduct of Tactical Stability Activities (ATP 3.2.1.1). The NATO doctrine Allied Land Tactics does not further discuss a military role in interim policing during a security gap of a crisis management operation. This must be found in NATO’s Guidance for the Conduct of Tactical Stability Activities, which explains various tactical stability activities including the provision of public security, North Atlantic Treaty Organization 2012, paras 0211, 0408, 04170 and 04172.

  31. 31.

    See for example: Koninklijke Landmacht 1998, pp. 130–132; Koninklijke Landmacht 1999, pp. 292–298; Koninklijke Landmacht 2003, pp. 455–456, 476, 546, 615–616 and 666.

  32. 32.

    Koninklijke Landmacht 2014, paras 7321 and 7807.

  33. 33.

    Neuteboom 2014, p. 298.

  34. 34.

    United States Department of the Army—Headquarters 2008, pp. 3–6 and 3–7.

  35. 35.

    Neuteboom 2014, p. 298.

  36. 36.

    Interview by author with doctrinal planner, August 12, 2011.

  37. 37.

    Interview by author with doctrinal planner, January 25, 2013.

  38. 38.

    Jakobsen 2003, p. 138.

  39. 39.

    Jakobsen 2003, p. 137.

  40. 40.

    Out of forty interviewees, twenty-eight can be categorized as vacuum-fillers, fourteen as conditionalists, and four as minimalists. Four interviewees took a neutral stand.

  41. 41.

    Interview by author with senior staff officer KFOR, June 16, 2011.

  42. 42.

    Interview by author with commander Task Force Uruzgan ISAF, June 27, 2011.

  43. 43.

    Interview by author with senior staff officer ISAF, October 13, 2011.

  44. 44.

    Hague Convention (IV) concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land, The Hague, October 18, 1907, Article 43.

  45. 45.

    Sassòli 2004, p. 18.

  46. 46.

    Interview by author with battalion commander IFOR/SFOR, October 5, 2011.

  47. 47.

    Interview by author with battle group commander ISAF, June 20, 2011.

  48. 48.

    Interview by author with senior staff officer KFOR, July 7, 2011.

  49. 49.

    Interview by author with battalion commander IFOR/SFOR, June 10, 2011.

  50. 50.

    Call and Barnett 2000, p. 49; Clark 2001, p. 462; Last 2000, p. 84; Smith 2005, pp. 9–10; West 2009, p. 8.

  51. 51.

    Interview by author with SFIR police liaison, August 29, 2011.

  52. 52.

    Hills 2009, p. 79.

  53. 53.

    Burns and Stalker 1961 note that organizations that operate in dynamic environments need to be open and adaptive to these environments in order to be effective.

  54. 54.

    Bayley 2001, p. 53; Hansen 2002a, p. 70; Oakley and Dziedzic 1998, p. 510; Smith et al. 2006, p. 12.

  55. 55.

    Weick and Sutcliffe 2001, p. 136.

  56. 56.

    Hills 1999, pp. 18–20; also Runia 2015, pp. 107–108.

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  1. Faculty of Military Sciences, Netherlands Defence Academy, Breda, The Netherlands

    Peter C. J. Neuteboom

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  1. Faculty of Military Sciences, Netherlands Defence Academy Faculty of Military Sciences, Breda, The Netherlands

    Robert Beeres

  2. Faculty of Military Sciences, Netherlands Defence Academy Faculty of Military Sciences, Breda, The Netherlands

    Gwendolyn Bakx

  3. Faculty of Military Sciences, Netherlands Defence Academy Faculty of Military Sciences, Breda, The Netherlands

    Erik de Waard

  4. Faculty of Military Sciences, Netherlands Defence Academy Faculty of Military Sciences, Breda, The Netherlands

    Sebastiaan Rietjens

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Neuteboom, P.C.J. (2016). Dealing with the Security Gap: The Netherlands Army’s Doctrinal Struggle. In: Beeres, R., Bakx, G., de Waard, E., Rietjens, S. (eds) NL ARMS Netherlands Annual Review of Military Studies 2016. NL ARMS. T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-135-7_5

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