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The FIFA Regulations on the Status and Transfer of Players: Transnational Law-Making in the Shadow of Bosman

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The Legacy of Bosman

Part of the book series: ASSER International Sports Law Series ((ASSER))

Abstract

This chapter retraces the emergence of a new FIFA transfer system in the wake of the Bosman ruling. It purposes to show the complexity and plurality of the legal game surrounding the regulation of global football. After the Bosman ruling many believed it was a comeback of the state in the self-regulatory sphere of sports regulation. Yet, the legal interaction between EU law and the private rules of FIFA regulating the transfers of football players across borders is more intricate. As we will show, the FIFA Regulations on the Status and Transfer of Players (FIFA RSTP) put in place after the Bosman ruling were negotiated under the shadow of an EU Competition law investigation triggered by the EU Commission. These negotiations involving a wide range of actors ended in 2001 with an agreement signed between the EU Commission and UEFA and FIFA. Thereafter, a reformed transnational system was put in place by FIFA to regulate international transfers of football players and enshrined in the FIFA RSTP. This legislative story illustrates the public-private nature of transnational law-making in the sporting world. Instead of perceiving these transnational rules as purely self-regulatory or purely subjected to national or European law, this case study demonstrates that we need to better grasp the fact that in reality both orientations are in tension and impossible to disentangle.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    For an overview on the concept, see Zumbansen 2012b, pp. 898–925. For a more programmatic approach to it, see Zumbansen 2012a, pp. 53–86. In the sporting context, see Latty 2007.

  2. 2.

    For a recent contribution, see Walker 2014. For an early use of the concept, see Teubner 1997b. In the sporting context, see Casini 2010.

  3. 3.

    For a general outline, see Kingsbury et al. 2005, pp. 15–62. In the sporting context, see Casini 2015.

  4. 4.

    Gunther Teubner mentions “the emergence of a lex sportiva internationalis”, see Teubner 1997a, p. 4. Similarly, François Rigaux had drawn previously on the example of sport (and more particularly football) to discuss the emergence of non-statal legal orders, see Rigaux 1989, pp. 283–291.

  5. 5.

    For a comprehensive overview of the question, see Latty 2007. See also, amongst a growing literature: Casini 2011; Foster 2010; Duval 2013.

  6. 6.

    Case C-415/93 Union Royale Belge des Sociétés de Football Association and others v. Bosman and others, ECLI:EU:C:1995:463.

  7. 7.

    For a sobering view on the impact of globalization on football, see Taylor 2006. But see contra Frick 2009; Eliasson 2009; Milanovic 2005; and Croci and Ammirante 1999.

  8. 8.

    Giulianotti and Robertson 2004.

  9. 9.

    In 2014, 13,090 international transfers were recorded by FIFA TMS, FIFA’s subsidiary company tasked with the supervision of the transfer market. See International transfers break $4bn mark - FIFA TMS Annual Report. FIFA.com, 28 January 2015. http://www.fifa.com/governance/news/y=2015/m=1/news=international-transfers-break-4bn-mark-fifa-tms-annual-report-2512285.html. Accessed 1 October 2015.

  10. 10.

    On the dialectic between dis-embedding and re-embedding of economic markets, see the classical work by Polanyi 2011.

  11. 11.

    In a nutshell, for Gunther Teubner ‘law, is ‘reflexive’ insofar as the legal system itself ‘stimulates’ processes of social self-regulation.’ Teubner 1983, p. 277.

  12. 12.

    On the notion of counter-democracy, see Rosanvallon 2008.

  13. 13.

    For a broader take on this entanglement, see Zumbansen and Callies 2010.

  14. 14.

    On the new complaint, see FIFPro legal action against FIFA transfer system. FIFPro.com, 18 September 2015. http://www.fifpro.org/en/news/fifpro-takes-legal-action-against-fifa-transfer-system. Accessed 1 October 2015.

  15. 15.

    As Stephen Weatherill puts it, the ruling ‘changed everything’. See Weatherill 2010, pp. 480–487.

  16. 16.

    See on this aspect the chapter by Simon Gardiner and Roger Welch in this volume. See also on the Europeanization of football: Niemann et al. 2011.

  17. 17.

    On the broader social context of the case see the chapter by Borja Garcia in this volume.

  18. 18.

    Case C-415/93 Union Royale Belge des Sociétés de Football Association and others v. Bosman and others, ECLI:EU:C:1995:463, para 100.

  19. 19.

    Ibid., para 101.

  20. 20.

    Ibid.

  21. 21.

    O’Keeffe and Osborne 1996.

  22. 22.

    Case C-415/93 Union Royale Belge des Sociétés de Football Association and others v. Bosman and others, ECLI:EU:C:1995:463, para 106.

  23. 23.

    The role of legal formulas in the jurisprudence of the CJEU is highlighted for example by Azoulai 2011.

  24. 24.

    Case C-415/93 Union Royale Belge des Sociétés de Football Association and others v. Bosman and others, ECLI:EU:C:1995:463, para 107.

  25. 25.

    Ibid., para 108.

  26. 26.

    Ibid.

  27. 27.

    Opinion of Advocate General Lenz in Case C-415/93 Union Royale Belge des Sociétés de Football Association and others v. Bosman and others, ECLI:EU:C:1995:293, para 226.

  28. 28.

    Case C-415/93 Union Royale Belge des Sociétés de Football Association and others v. Bosman and others, ECLI:EU:C:1995:463, para 109.

  29. 29.

    For a comprehensive summary of the post-Bosman political and legal “battle” over the transfer system, see Irving 2002.

  30. 30.

    Weatherill 2003, p. 67.

  31. 31.

    Case C-415/93 Union Royale Belge des Sociétés de Football Association and others v. Bosman and others, ECLI:EU:C:1995:463, para 138.

  32. 32.

    The Bosman ruling crucially refers to the Opinion of the Advocate General Lenz at Bosman, para 99 and para 110 of the judgment.

  33. 33.

    Opinion of Advocate General Lenz in Case C-415/93 Union Royale Belge des Sociétés de Football Association and others v. Bosman and others, ECLI:EU:C:1995:293, para 255–256.

  34. 34.

    Ibid., para 258–259.

  35. 35.

    Ibid., para 260.

  36. 36.

    Ibid., para 262.

  37. 37.

    Ibid.

  38. 38.

    Ibid.

  39. 39.

    Ibid., para 263.

  40. 40.

    Ibid., para 265.

  41. 41.

    Ibid., para 269.

  42. 42.

    Ibid., paras 266–269. Coining the notion of ‘European Rule of Reason’, see Monti 2002, p. 1086.

  43. 43.

    Case C-309/99 J. C. J. Wouters, J. W. Savelbergh and Price Waterhouse Belastingadviseurs BV v Algemene Raad van de Nederlandse Orde van Advocaten, ECLI:EU:C:2002:98.

  44. 44.

    Case C-519/04 P David Meca-Medina and Igor Majcen v. Commission, ECLI:EU:C:2006:492.

  45. 45.

    Highlighting this ‘Pandora’s box’ effect of Bosman, see Stephen Weatherill’s chapter in this volume.

  46. 46.

    Commission Press Release, IP/95/1411 First reaction by Commissioners Padraig Flynn and Karel van Miert. http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-95-1411_en.htm. Accessed 25 August 2015. See also Van Miert 1996.

  47. 47.

    The then commission in charge of the competition investigation, Karel Van Miert, gave a vivid and bitter account of his encounter with the sporting world in his memoirs on his years at the European Commission. See Van Miert 2000, pp. 164–165.

  48. 48.

    For a succinct history of FIFA’s transfer regulations, see De Weger 2008, pp. 3–6. On the 1997 RSTP, see Zimmerman 2015, pp. 49–51.

  49. 49.

    European Commission, Preliminary guidelines on the application of the competition rules to sport, O/99/59. See also the summary of the statement of objections included in Commission Decision of 28 May 2002, Affaire IV/36 583-SETCA-FGTB/FIFA (the rejection decision of the complaint submitted by the Belgium unions SETCA and FGTB) paras 27–35. http://ec.europa.eu/competition/antitrust/cases/dec_docs/36583/36583_54_3.pdf. Accessed 25 August 2015.

  50. 50.

    European Commission, Preliminary guidelines on the application of the competition rules to sport, O/99/59, para 30.

  51. 51.

    Ibid.

  52. 52.

    Ibid.

  53. 53.

    Ibid.

  54. 54.

    Ibid.

  55. 55.

    Ibid.

  56. 56.

    Case C-264/98 Balog OJ C 278 [1998], p. 28. Removal from the register on 16 June 2001: OJ C 173, p. 32.

  57. 57.

    Agreement reached between FIFA and Tibor Balog on 28 March 2001. FIFA.com, 28 March 2001. http://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/news/y=2001/m=3/news=agreement-reached-between-fifa-and-tibor-balog-march-2001-77073.html. Accessed 24 August 2015.

  58. 58.

    For a theoretical account of this shift, see Ost and Van de Kerchove 2002. For his part, Antoine Garapon has coined this shift a move from the jurisdictional paradigm to a relational paradigm in law enforcement, see Garapon 2013, pp. 39–49.

  59. 59.

    On the (exponential) use of settlements in EU competition law enforcement see (amongst a fastly growing literature): Wills 2006; Mehta and Tierno Centella 2008; Vallery 2008; Ibañez Colomo 2013; Dunne 2014.

  60. 60.

    This view resonates, not only linguistically, with the political science framework advanced by Arnout Geeraert in his chapter included in this book.

  61. 61.

    In his words: “In the absence of any structured and clear proposals from FIFA for new regulations bringing the transfer rules into line with Article [101], a negative decision will be prepared”. Speech by Mario Monti of 17 April 2000, SPEECH/00/152 on Sport and Competition. http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-00-152_en.htm. Accessed 24 August 2015.

  62. 62.

    “Après une période raisonnable d’attente et en l’absence de propositions concrètes de la FIFA, les services de la Commission ont continué d’instruire l’affaire en vue de faire adopter par la Commission une décision d’interdiction des dispositions réglementaires de la FIFA contestées. Cependant, cette voie était vue comme l’arme ultime de la Commission pour amener la FIFA à amender son règlement de 1997 et ses circulaires interprétatives de façon à les rendre compatibles avec le droit communautaire.” See the summary of the statement of objections included in Commission Decision of 28 May 2002, Affaire IV/36 583-SETCA-FGTB/FIFA (the rejection decision of the complaint submitted by the Belgium unions SETCA and FGTB) para 38.

  63. 63.

    Speech by Mario Monti of 17 April 2000, SPEECH/00/152 on Sport and Competition. http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-00-152_en.htm. Accessed 24 August 2015.

  64. 64.

    Ibid.

  65. 65.

    “La Commission européenne veut le partenariat entre la Communauté européenne et le mouvement sportif. Mais pour qu'un dialogue fructueux soit possible, il faut que les deux parties y soient ouverts. Le cas des règles de transfert de la FIFA actuellement sous instruction en est un bon exemple. Comme vous le savez, la Commission européenne est prête à homologuer un nouveau système de transferts respectueux tant de la spécificité du sport (et notamment de l'équilibre compétitif entre les clubs) que du respect du droit communautaire. Il me semble évident que le système existant ne satisfait ni l'un ni l'autre. Dans ces circonstances, c'est à vous de faire le prochain pas dans la voie de la coopération que je souhaite suivre: c'est à vous d'être les innovateurs. Je peux vous assurer que la Commission européenne est prête à prendre en compte toute proposition constructive. Personne, à la Commission européenne, ne souhaite recourir à des décisions d'interdiction. Mais celles-ci deviendraient inévitables en l'absence d'alternatives acceptables et viables.” Speech by Viviane Reding of 30 June 2000 at the UEFA Congress, SPEECH/00/250 Renforcer le dialogue entre la Commission européenne et le monde du sport pour renforcer la fonction sociale du sport. http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-00-250_fr.htm. Accessed 24 August 2015.

  66. 66.

    Statement by Viviane Reding to the European Parliament of 7 September 2000, SPEECH/00/290 Commission’s investigation into FIFA's transfer rules. http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-00-290_en.htm. Accessed 24 August 2015.

  67. 67.

    Ibid., ‘Both Mario Monti and myself have engaged ourselves in dialogue with the world of football’.

  68. 68.

    See Parrish 2003, pp. 142–143.

  69. 69.

    Commission Press Release of 6 December 2000, IP/00/1417 Football transfers: Commission underlines the prospect of further progress. http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-00-1417_en.htm. Accessed 25 August 2015.

  70. 70.

    Commission Press Release of 24 January 2001, MEMO/01/19 Spokesperson's statement on football transfers discussions. http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-01-19_en.htm. Accessed 25 August 2015.

  71. 71.

    Ibid.

  72. 72.

    Meier and García 2013.

  73. 73.

    Commission Press Release of 14 February 2001, IP/01/209 Joint statement by Commissioners Monti, Reding and Diamantopoulou and Presidents of FIFA Blatter and of UEFA Johansson. http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-01-209_en.htm. Accessed 25 August 2015.

  74. 74.

    Commission Press Release of 16 February 2001, IP/01/225 Outcome of technical discussion with FIFA/UEFA on Transfer systems. http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-01-225_en.htm. Accessed 25 August 2015.

  75. 75.

    Commission Press Release of 5 March 2001, IP/01/314 Outcome of discussions between the Commission and FIFA/UEFA on FIFA Regulations on international football transfers. http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-01-314_en.htm. Accessed 25 August 2015.

  76. 76.

    FIFA also pushed strongly for a political involvement of the Member States, see ‘FIFA reiterates call for special status for sport. FIFA.com, 6 December 2000. http://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/news/y=2000/m=12/news=fifa-reiterates-call-for-special-status-for-sport-75581.html. Accessed 24 August 2015. This pressure resulted in the so-called ‘Nice Declaration’: Conclusions of the Presidency of the European Council of 7–9 December 2000 (Nice), Annex IV – Declaration on the specific characteristics of sport and its social function in Europe, of which account should be taken in implementing common policies.

  77. 77.

    Franck Latty was the first to my knowledge to make use of the concept of lex FIFA, see Latty 2011.

  78. 78.

    Commission Press Release of 5 March 2001, IP/01/314 Outcome of discussions between the Commission and FIFA/UEFA on FIFA Regulations on international football transfers. http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-01-314_en.htm. Accessed 25 August 2015.

  79. 79.

    On this question, see Egger and Stix-Hackl 2002, pp. 90–91.

  80. 80.

    Ibid., p. 91.

  81. 81.

    Van den Bogaert 2015.

  82. 82.

    FIFPro which is currently actively looking for a player willing to challenge the current FIFA RSTP has not found anyone ready to take this risk. See Duff, FIFA’s New Headache: Plot to End 125-Year-Old Transfer Rules. Bloomberg, 21 August 2015. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-08-21/fifa-s-new-headache-plot-to-end-125-year-old-transfer-rules. Accessed 23 August 2015.

  83. 83.

    The summary of the statement of objections included in Commission Decision of 28 May 2002, Affaire IV/36 583-SETCA-FGTB/FIFA (the rejection decision of the complaint submitted by the Belgium unions SETCA and FGTB), para 51: ‘Les nouvelles règles adoptées par le Comité exécutif de la FIFA, le 5 juillet 2001, semblent être en mesure de donner une réponse satisfaisante au grief que vous avez formulé portant sur le point 2 de la circulaire n° 616 de la FIFA du 4 juin 1997’.

  84. 84.

    Commission Press Release of 5 March 2001, IP/01/314 Outcome of discussions between the Commission and FIFA/UEFA on FIFA Regulations on international football transfers. http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-01-314_en.htm. Accessed 25 August 2015.

  85. 85.

    Commission Press Release of 6 March 2001, IP/01/320 Commission President Prodi welcomes outcome of football transfers talks. http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-01-320_en.htm. Accessed 25 August 2015.

  86. 86.

    On FIFPro’s position and internal dissensions during (and after) the negotiations, see Dabscheck 2004 and Dabscheck 2006.

  87. 87.

    This is also recognized by political scientists, see for example the contribution by Arnout Geeraert in this book.

  88. 88.

    Idot 1999.

  89. 89.

    See Council Regulation (EC) of 16 December 2002, No 1/2003 on the implementation of the rules on competition laid down in Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty [2003] OJ L 1/1, Article 9.

  90. 90.

    See Ibáñez Colomo 2010 and Dunne 2014.

  91. 91.

    In other words: ‘In the sports sector, the Commission has been busier than the Court since Bosman and there is here a discernible feel that the Commission intends to draw a line under its adventures, and, moreover, with a sigh of relief. Neither Mr Monti nor Ms Reding, Commissioners for Competition and Culture respectively, have gathered much popular approval for their engagement with the sports sector and, at times of potentially radical institutional change within the Union’s architecture, it would be unrealistic to suppose that such perceptions do not colour choice of priorities.’ See Weatherill 2003, p. 60.

  92. 92.

    In favour of such a revival, see Van Rompuy 2015.

  93. 93.

    In this section, if not otherwise indicated we refer to the 2015 version of the FIFA RSTP.

  94. 94.

    De Weger 2008, p. 3.

  95. 95.

    The FIFA Annual Reports recorded more than 1600 claims lodged in front of the PSC and DRC in 2013, 2014 and 2015.

  96. 96.

    This is has been confirmed to us by FIFPro’s legal counsel Will Van Megen (email on file with the author). However, Will Van Megen also pointed out that in certain countries, where trustworthy national dispute resolution bodies are in place, litigants prioritize them (citing Germany, France, England, Denmark, Italy and the Netherlands).

  97. 97.

    The current composition of the PSC. http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/bodies/standingcommittees/committee=1882032.html. Accessed 23 August 2015.

  98. 98.

    The current composition of the DRC. http://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/committees/committee=1889876/index.html. Accessed 23 August 2015.

  99. 99.

    The scope of jurisdiction of the FIFA PSC is provided in Article 23.1. FIFA RSTP read in conjunction with Articles 22 and 24 FIFA RSTP.

  100. 100.

    The scope of jurisdiction of the FIFA DRC is provided in Article 24.1. FIFA RSTP read in conjunction with Articles 22 FIFA RSTP.

  101. 101.

    The competence of the single judge is set out in details at Article 23.4. FIFA RSTP for the PSC and Article 24.2 FIFA RSTP for the DRC.

  102. 102.

    See Articles 23.4 and 24.2 FIFA RSTP in conjunction with Article 67 FIFA Statutes.

  103. 103.

    Zimmerman 2015, p. 77.

  104. 104.

    Article 25.1 FIFA RSTP: ‘As a rule, the single judge and the DRC judge shall adjudicate within 30 days of receipt of a valid request and the Players’ Status Committee or the Dispute Resolution Chamber shall adjudicate within 60 days.’ This rule is, however, not truly respected in practice. DRC cases have in recent years taken up to two or three years to be resolved. Thus, this advantage on paper should be relativized.

  105. 105.

    Article 25.2 FIFA RSTP: ‘The maximum cost of proceedings before the Players’ Status Committee, including the single judge, as well as before the DRC, including the DRC judge, in relation to disputes regarding training compensation and the solidarity mechanism shall be set at CHF 25,000 and shall normally be paid by the unsuccessful party. The allocation of costs shall be explained in the decision. Proceedings before the DRC and the DRC judge relating to disputes between clubs and players in relation to the maintenance of contractual stability as well as employment-related disputes between a club and a player of an international dimension are free of charge.’

  106. 106.

    Zimmerman 2015, pp. 89–94.

  107. 107.

    Article 9.1 FIFA RSTP: ‘Players registered at one association may only be registered at a new association once the latter has received an International Transfer Certificate (hereinafter: ITC) from the former association. The ITC shall be issued free of charge without any conditions or time limit. Any provisions to the contrary shall be null and void. The association issuing the ITC shall lodge a copy with FIFA. The administrative procedures for issuing the ITC are contained in Annexe 3, Article 8, and Annexe 3a of these regulations.’

  108. 108.

    Article 8.2.7 Annex 3 of FIFA RSTP: ‘The former association shall not deliver an ITC if a contractual dispute on grounds of the circumstances stipulated in Annexe 3, Article 8.2 para 4 b) has arisen between the former club and the professional player. In such a case, upon request of the new association, FIFA may take provisional measures in exceptional circumstances. If the competent body authorises the provisional registration (cf. Article 23 para 3), the new association shall complete
the relevant player registration information in TMS (cf. Annexe 3, Article 5.2 para 6). Furthermore, the professional player, the former club and/or the new club are entitled to lodge a claim with FIFA in accordance with Article 22. FIFA shall then decide on the issue of the ITC and on sporting sanctions within 60 days. In any case, the decision on sporting sanctions shall be taken before the delivery of the ITC. The delivery of the ITC shall be without prejudice to compensation for breach of contract.’

  109. 109.

    ‘FIFA is competent to hear:

    a) disputes between clubs and players in relation to the maintenance of contractual stability (Articles 13–18) where there has been an ITC request and a claim from an interested party in relation to said ITC request, in particular regarding the issue of the ITC, sporting sanctions or compensation for breach of contract’. Article 22.a) FIFA RSTP. See also De Weger 2008, pp. 16–17.

  110. 110.

    On this question of the concurrent jurisdiction of a national court and the DRC, see Zimmerman 2015, pp. 77–81.

  111. 111.

    Ibid., pp. 108–110.

  112. 112.

    For a famous example, see Case C-325/08, Olympique Lyonnais v Olivier Bernard and Newcastle United FC, ECLI:EU:C:2010:143.

  113. 113.

    Bernstein 1992.

  114. 114.

    Ibid., p. 115.

  115. 115.

    See Revised FIFA Regulations for the Status and Transfer of Players. FIFA.com, 24 August 2001, pp. 18–19. http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/administration/ps_769_en_68.pdf. Accessed 25 August 2015. See also Zimmerman 2015, pp. 132–133.

  116. 116.

    See Arbitration Tribunal for Football (TAF) – Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS). FIFA.com, 10 December 2002. http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/administration/tas_827_en_63.pdf. Accessed 25 August 2015.

  117. 117.

    See ATF, 4A_548/2009 X. v. Y. & Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) [2010]. Translation by Charles Poncet. http://www.swissarbitrationdecisions.com/sites/default/files/20%20janvier%202010%204A%20548%202009.pdf. Accessed 25 August 2015.

  118. 118.

    Ibid., para 4.2.2.

  119. 119.

    Ibid.

  120. 120.

    In other words: ‘Es zeigt sich, dass Fussballspieler bei internationalen Klubwechseln, die stets ein Gesuch um Austellung eines internationalen Freigabescheins zur Folge haben, sich der im Regelwerk der FIFA vorgesehenen Gerichtsbarkeit der FIFA und des CAS nicht entziehen können’. See Zimmerman 2015, p. 159.

  121. 121.

    This is vividly clear from the importance of the CAS jurisprudence in interpreting the scope of Article 17 on the termination of a contract without just cause. See Zimmerman 2015 and Czernota 2013.

  122. 122.

    Rigozzi 2010.

  123. 123.

    Duval and Van Rompuy 2016.

  124. 124.

    Famously, Legrand 1997, pp. 44–63.

  125. 125.

    For a comprehensive assessment of the question of the law applicable in front of the DRC and CAS, see Zimmerman 2015, pp. 111–129 and 162–184.

  126. 126.

    FIFA Commentary on the Regulations for the Status and Transfer of Players 2006, p. 77.

  127. 127.

    See, for example, TAS 2005/A/983 & 984 Club Atlético Peñarol c. Carlos Heber Bueno Suarez, Cristian Gabriel Rodriguez Barrotti & Paris Saint-Germain [2006].

  128. 128.

    Zimmerman 2015, p. 127: ‘Es ist anzustreben, dass für alle Teilnehmer des verbandsrechtlich organisierten Fussballs dieselben Voraussetzungen gelten. Dies führt bei Streitigkeiten zu einer besseren Vorhersehbarkeit und schliesslich auch zu grösserer Rechtssicherheit.’

  129. 129.

    On this strategy and its limits under EU law, see Duval 2015a, b.

  130. 130.

    It states: ‘The arbitral tribunal shall decide the case according to the rules of law chosen by the parties or, in the absence thereof, according to the rules of law with which the case has the closest connection.’ See also Zimmerman 2015, pp. 165–166.

  131. 131.

    CAS 2007/A/1298 Wigan Athletic FC v/Heart of Midlothian and CAS 2007/A/1299 Heart of Midlothian v/Webster & Wigan Athletic FC & CAS 2007/A/1300 Webster v/Heart of Midlothian [2008], para 78.

  132. 132.

    Ibid., para 79.

  133. 133.

    Ibid., para 85.

  134. 134.

    Ibid., para 86.

  135. 135.

    CAS 2006/A/1180 Galatasaray SK v. Ribéry & OM [2007], para 7.6.

  136. 136.

    Ibid, para 7.8.

  137. 137.

    See CAS 2007/A/1274 M. v. Ittihad Club [2007], para 11 and CAS 2009/A/1880 FC Sion v. FIFA & Al-Ahly Sporting Club and CAS 2009/A/1881 E. v. FIFA & Al-Ahly Sporting Club [2010], para 10.

  138. 138.

    Zimmerman 2015, p. 181: ‘Damit kann sichergestellt werden, dass für alle Teilnehmer im internationalen Fussball weltweit die gleichen Voraussetzungen gelten und dass sämtliche sich daraus ergebenden Streitigkeiten nach den gleichen Rechtsregeln beurteilt werden.’ Similarly, in TAS 2005/A/983 and 984 Club Atlético Peñarol c. Carlos Heber Bueno Suarez, Cristian Gabriel Rodriguez Barrotti & Paris Saint-Germain [2006], para 24: ‘La Formation arbitrale considère à cet égard que le sport est par nature un phénomène transcendant les frontières. Il est non seulement souhaitable, mais indispensable que les règles régissant le sport au niveau international aient un caractère uniforme et largement cohérent dans le monde entier. Pour en assurer un respect au niveau mondial, une telle réglementation ne doit pas être appliquée différemment d'un pays à l’autre, notamment en raison d’interférences entre droit étatique et réglementation sportive. Le principe de l’application universelle des règles de la FIFA—ou de toute autre fédération internationale—répond à des exigences de rationalité, de sécurité et de prévisibilité juridique. Tous les membres de la famille mondiale du football sont ainsi soumis aux mêmes règles, qui sont publiées. L’uniformité qui en résulte tend à assurer l’égalité de traitement entre tous les destinataires de ces normes, quel que soit le pays où ils se trouvent.’

  139. 139.

    Zimmerman 2015, p. 182: ‘Dafür spricht auch der Umstand, dass die Parteien sich bewusst an die FIFA und an den CAS gewandt haben, obwohl sie auch berechtigt gewesen wären, ihre Streitsach vor ein Zivilgericht zu bringen.’

  140. 140.

    Steingruber 2010.

  141. 141.

    On the development of arbitral precedents (referring specifically to the CAS), see Kaufmann-Kohler 2007, pp. 365–366. See also more comprehensively, Maisonneuve 2011, pp. 441–533.

  142. 142.

    There are eight different versions of the Regulations in total (2001, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2015).

  143. 143.

    A spiritual connection highlighted by the latest CAS award in the Mutu saga, CAS 2013/A/3365 and 3366 Juventus FC & A.S. Livorno Calcio S.p.A. v. Chelsea FC [2015]. See my blog on this decision, Duval, Interpreting the FIFA Transfer Regulations with a little help from EU Law. Asser.nl, 27 March 2015. http://www.asser.nl/SportsLaw/Blog/post/the-cas-and-mutu-episode-4-interpreting-the-fifa-rstp-with-a-little-help-from-eu-law. Accessed 26 August 2015.

  144. 144.

    Teubner 1997b.

  145. 145.

    I share the view that ‘[a]s the sites and trajectories of transnational governance continue to span more and more regulatory areas, the combined question of ‘who’s in charge and to whose benefit?’ has to move into the center of an interdisciplinary engagement.’ See Zumbansen 2014, p. 2.

  146. 146.

    Bernstein 1992, p. 138.

  147. 147.

    Ibid., p. 149.

  148. 148.

    This is clearly hinted at by De Weger 2008, p. 39, and Zimmerman 2015, p. 202.

  149. 149.

    See Haas 2014, p. 13.

  150. 150.

    Ibid.

  151. 151.

    CAS 2005/A/957 Clube Atlético Mineiro v. Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) [2006], para 26: ‘At the same time, the Panel remarks that, pursuant to Article 61.1 of the FIFA Statutes, “the Confederations, Members and Leagues shall agree… to ensure that members, affiliated Players and officials comply with the decisions passed by the CAS”. In other words, all subjects affiliated to FIFA, including clubs and players, are bound to comply with awards issued by CAS. Therefore, although CAS is assuredly not “a body of FIFA”, its awards are to be considered, under the FIFA Statutes and from its perspective, to have the same effect as a decision issued by a body of FIFA. As a result, the failure to comply with a CAS award, in addition to the possible enforcement proceedings available at State level, exposes a party affiliated with FIFA also to a possible disciplinary proceeding, in accordance with Article 70 FDC. Any different interpretation would seriously impair the efficiency and effectiveness of the FIFA disciplinary system: appeal to the CAS is intended to secure an external review of the FIFA decisions, and cannot be construed as a way to obtain per se, even on the basis of frivolous appeals, an immunity from the disciplinary sanctions for non-compliance with obligations imposed by FIFA rules.’

  152. 152.

    Article 64.2 FIFA Disciplinary Code: ‘If a club disregards the final time limit, the relevant association shall be requested to implement the sanctions threatened.” See also Zimmerman 2015, p. 193.

  153. 153.

    See Articles 64.1, 3 and 4 FIFA Disciplinary Code.

  154. 154.

    ATF, 4P.240/2006, 5 January 2007. See also FIFA Circular 1080, 13 February 2007.

  155. 155.

    Ibid., para 4.2: ‘Der angefochtene Schiedsspruch betrifft keine Zwangsvollstreckung, sondern Sanktionen auf vereinsrechtlicher Grundlage. Es ist im schweizerischen Vereinsrecht anerkannt, dass die Verletzung von Mitgliedschaftspflichten Sanktionen wie Vereins- oder Verbandsstrafen zur Folge haben kann (RIEMER, Berner Kommentar, N. 205 ff. zu Article 70 ZGB; vgl. auch DERSELBE, Sportrechts-Weltmacht Schweiz, Causa Sport 2004, S. 106 f.). Wenn ein privater Verein (wie vorliegend die Beschwerdegegnerin) zur Erreichung seines Zwecks Regeln und Be- stimmungen aufstellt, denen sich seine Mitglieder unterwerfen, ist es grundsätzlich zulässig, dass er Sanktionen vorsieht, um die Verpflichtungen der Mitglieder abzusichern. Das ist auch in privatrechtlichen Verträgen denkbar; zu erwähnen ist etwa die Vereinbarung einer Konventionalstrafe. Die Mitglieder unterwerfen sich solchen Sanktionsmöglichkeiten freiwillig, auch wenn wie die Beschwerdeführerin mit einer gewissen Berechtigung geltend macht bei der dominanten Stellung, wie sie die Beschwerdegegnerin im Fussball einnimmt, die Möglichkeit des Austritts für einen Fussballclub, der an Meisterschaften mitspielen möchte, kaum in Frage kommt. Dass die innerhalb einer Vereinsstruktur vorgesehene Sanktionierungsmöglichkeit vollstreckungsähnliche Wirkung zeitigen kann, weil das betroffene Mitglied angehalten wird, seinen Verpflichtungen nachzukommen, ist bei genügender statutarischer Grundlage nicht zu beanstanden und bringt die vereinsrechtlichen Sanktionen nicht in Konflikt mit dem Zwangsmonopol des Staates.’

  156. 156.

    ATF 4A_558/2011, 2 March 2012. See Levy 2012; Steingruber 2012; Burger 2012.

  157. 157.

    ATF 4A_558/2011, 2 March 2012, para 4.3.5.

  158. 158.

    ATF 4A_558/2011, 2 March 2012, para 4.3.3. Translation by Charles Poncet. http://www.swissarbitrationdecisions.com/sites/default/files/27%20mars%202012%204A%20558%202011.pdf. Accessed 26 August 2015.

  159. 159.

    Ibid., para 4.3.5.

  160. 160.

    Ibid.

  161. 161.

    On this power, see Meier and García 2015.

  162. 162.

    OLG Bremen, 2 U 67/14, 30 December 2014. See Duval, SV Wilhelmshaven: a Rebel with a cause! Challenging the compatibility of FIFA’s training compensation system with EU law. Asser.nl, 24 February 2015. http://www.asser.nl/SportsLaw/Blog/post/sv-wilhelmshaven-a-rebel-with-a-cause-challenging-the-compatibility-of-fifa-s-training-compensation-system-with-eu-law. Accessed 26 August 2015. Orth 2015.

  163. 163.

    DRC Decision 128921a and 128921b of 5 December 2008.

  164. 164.

    CAS 2009/A/1810 and 1811 SV Wilhelmshaven v. Club Atlético Excursionistas & Club Atlético River Plate, [2009].

  165. 165.

    LG Bremen, 12 O 129/13, 25 April 2014.

  166. 166.

    On this double movement, see Polanyi 2011. For another use of Polanyi’s double movement in a transnational legal context, see Teubner 2010a, b, p. 2.

  167. 167.

    Then UEFA President Lennard Johansson went on record claiming that the EU was trying “to kill club football in Europe”, quoted by García 2007, p. 202.

  168. 168.

    Rosanvallon 2008, p. 8: ‘By “counter-democracy” I mean not the opposite of democracy but rather a form of democracy that reinforces the usual electoral democracy as a kind of buttress, a democracy of indirect powers disseminated throughout society—in other words, a durable democracy of distrust, which complements the episodic democracy of the usual electoral-representative system.’ A (very) long version of this argument can be found in my Phd thesis, see Duval 2015a, b. http://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/36997/2015_Duval.pdf?sequence=1. Accessed 25 August 2015.

  169. 169.

    See FIFPro legal action against FIFA transfer system. FIFPro.org, 18 September 2015. http://www.fifpro.org/en/news/fifpro-takes-legal-action-against-fifa-transfer-system. Accessed 25 August 2015.

  170. 170.

    Weatherill 2003; Egger and Stix-Hackl 2002; Blanpain 2003; Drolet 2006; Coppo 2011; Pearson 2015; Parrish 2015.

  171. 171.

    On the (limited) output of the social dialogue committee since its introduction, see the chapter by Richard Parrish in this volume.

  172. 172.

    Thus participating in the societal constitutionalization of the field by enhancing its internal democratization and reflexivity. On the need to push for the constitutionalization of the functional legal fields, regimes, systems arising under the pressure of globalization, see Teubner 2012.

  173. 173.

    See Commission Press Release of 7 February 2013, IP/13/95 Commission blows the whistle over inflated football transfer fees and lack of level playing field. http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-13-95_en.htm Accessed 26 August 2015.

  174. 174.

    Parrish 2015, pp. 256–282.

  175. 175.

    On the need to rethink our concept of law in a transnational age, see Von Daniels 2010.

  176. 176.

    In this regard in Zumbansen 2010, p. 187: ‘Transnational law is another name for transnational legal pluralism for an (inherently interdisciplinary) inquiry into the nature of legal regulation of problems, which have long been extending beyond the confines of jurisdiction.’

  177. 177.

    Ost and Van de Kerchove 2002.

  178. 178.

    In Saskia Sassen’s words, it is to some extent ‘losing control’, see Sassen 1996.

  179. 179.

    See Sassen 2006.

  180. 180.

    This is the key lesson one can draw from the scholarship of the late Ulrich Beck, see Beck 2005.

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    Antoine Duval

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Duval, A. (2016). The FIFA Regulations on the Status and Transfer of Players: Transnational Law-Making in the Shadow of Bosman. In: Duval, A., Van Rompuy, B. (eds) The Legacy of Bosman. ASSER International Sports Law Series. T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-120-3_5

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