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Bosman: A Legacy Beyond Sports

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The Legacy of Bosman

Part of the book series: ASSER International Sports Law Series ((ASSER))

Abstract

The 1995 Bosman case from the CJEU is one of the most famous judgments ever delivered by the Luxembourg court. It is well-known in sporting contexts, but this article takes the discussion beyond that area, demonstrating Bosman’s importance in other areas of law by using network analysis. This illustrates that Bosman is an exceptional case, both in its own right and as a source of further cases, citing Bosman directly or indirectly. We also demonstrate that Bosman is primarily cited for four reasons: the jurisdiction of the CJEU in matters of preliminary rulings, the use of the fundamental freedoms against private entities, non-discriminatory obstacles on the internal market and the temporal effects of CJEU judgments. However, when analyzed further it becomes clear that the Bosman case contains few truly original contributions to EU law and largely builds on existing case law to draw important conclusions. Thus, the Court must have other reasons for citing Bosman. Given the characteristics of the case many such reasons are plausible. Bosman is well-written, well-reasoned, well-known and well-connected, making it an excellent source to use in future cases.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Case C-415/93 Union Royale Belge des Sociétés de Football Association and others v. Bosman and others, ECLI:EU:C:1995:463.

  2. 2.

    Binder and Findlay 2011; Késenne 2006; Kranz 1998; Goddard et al. 2012.

  3. 3.

    Késenne 2006, p. 636; Forster and Pope 2004, pp. 129–131; Van den Bogaert 2013, p. 97.

  4. 4.

    ‘I must be Belgium’s most famous football player, but no one knows who I am.’ Jean-Marc Bosman quoted in ‘The Sad Saga of the Man Who Made Soccer Stars Rich’. Time Magazine, 16 February 2011.

  5. 5.

    When it comes to the empirical approach, this contribution builds upon our previous studies, including most obviously Derlén and Lindholm 2014.

  6. 6.

    Wasserman and Faust 1994.

  7. 7.

    Fowler et al. 2007.

  8. 8.

    Easley and Kleinberg 2010, pp. 1–7; Newman 2010, pp. 1–8.

  9. 9.

    The dataset and the method are explained in greater detail in Derlén et al. 2013; Derlén and Lindholm 2014; Derlén and Lindholm 2015.

  10. 10.

    Derlén and Lindholm 2016.

  11. 11.

    Fowler and Jeon 2008, p. 25.

  12. 12.

    This is significantly faster than the United States Supreme Court (circa twenty-seven years), see Fowler and Jeon 2008, p. 25.

  13. 13.

    Derlén and Lindholm 2014, pp. 675–676.

  14. 14.

    Derlén and Lindholm 2016.

  15. 15.

    Using network terminology, a vertex’s indegree centrality is equal to its inward directed edges.

  16. 16.

    Case 8/74 Procureur du Roi v Benoît and Gustave Dassonville, ECLI:EU:C:1974:82. According to the Eur-Lex database (eur-lex.europa.eu), the CJEU has at the time of writing cited Bosman in 143 other decisions and Dassonville in 119 other decisions. Derlén and Lindholm 2014.

  17. 17.

    For an overview of the free movement of goods and the importance of the Dassonville judgment, see Derlén and Lindholm 2010.

  18. 18.

    Brin and Page 1998; Page et al. 1998. http://ilpubs.stanford.edu:8090/422/1/1999-66.pdf. Accessed 13 October 2015.

  19. 19.

    PageRank is an example of a feedback centrality measurement. One of the crucial factors when using PageRank is how to set the so-called damping factor which, very simplified, affects how far back in a chain of citations weight will be given. For this and previous studies (see Derlén and Lindholm 2016) we use a damping factor of 0.5. This means that the Random Walker will on average take two steps backwards. The damping factor in the original PageRank algorithm is set higher (to 0.85, giving a 1-d=0.15 chance of a teleport, see Brin and Page 1998, p. 110). However, in a citation network it makes intuitive sense to use a lower damping factor, corresponding to an average path length of 2, see Chen et al. 2007, p. 8.

  20. 20.

    The volatility of the early development of Dassonville is likely attributable to the very limited data size during the early years of the network.

  21. 21.

    Jacob 2014, p. 52. While we tend to agree with Jacob’s unsupported claim that Bosman is ‘much better known as an authority in the sphere of economic mobility and competition in professional sports’, we are unconvinced that the public’s primary characterization of a decision is the touchstone of its relevance, particularly if it flies in the face of the practice of the highest legal institution.

  22. 22.

    Freeman 1977.

  23. 23.

    Derlén and Lindholm 2014, p. 683.

  24. 24.

    The issues are presented below in the order that they are addressed in the Bosman ruling.

  25. 25.

    Case C-415/93 Union Royale Belge des Sociétés de Football Association and others v. Bosman and others, ECLI:EU:C:1995:463, paras 56–67.

  26. 26.

    This example is from Case C-194/08 Susanne Gassmayr v Bundesminister für Wissenschaft und Forschung, ECLI:EU:C:2010:386, paras 29–30 (regarding a Directive improving work conditions for pregnant women and new parents), but there are many others like it, see, e.g., Case C-379/98 PreussenElektra v. Schleswag AG, ECLI:EU:C:2001:160, para 39; Case C-112/00 Eugen Schmidberger, Internationale Transporte und Planzüge v Republik Österreich, ECLI:EU:C:2003:333, para 33.

  27. 27.

    Case C-379/98 PreussenElektra v. Schleswag AG, ECLI:EU:C:2001:160, para 38; Case C-261/95 Rosalba Palmisani v Istituto nazionale della previdenza sociale (INPS), ECLI:EU:C:1997:351, para 18; Case C-302/97 Klaus Konle v Republik Österreich, ECLI:EU:C:1999:271, para 33; Case C-438/05 International Transport Workers’ Federation, Finnish Seamen's Union v Viking Line ABP, OÜ Viking Line Eesti, ECLI:EU:C:2007:772, para 28; Case C-213/07 Michaniki Ae V. Ethniko Simvoulio Radiotileorasis, Ipourgos Epikratias, ECLI:EU:C:2008:731, paras 32–35; Case C-515/08 dos Santos Palhota and others, ECLI:EU:C:2010:589, para 20; Case C-62/14 Peter Gauweiler and Others v German Bundestag, EU:C:2015:400, para 28.

  28. 28.

    Case 43/75 Gabrielle Defrenne v Société anonyme belge de navigation aérienne Sabena, ECLI:EU:C:1976:56.

  29. 29.

    Some subsequent decisions have shown that individuals may under certain circumstances invoke the right to not be discriminated against private entities. This principle can sometimes be traced backed to Bosman, see Case C-281/98 Roman Angonese v Cassa di Risparmio di Bolzano SpA, ECLI:EU:C:2000:296, para 33, sometimes not, see, Case C-144/04 Werner Mangold v. Rüdiger Helm, ECLI:EU:C:2005:709.

  30. 30.

    Because the provision concerns the right to equal remuneration regardless of gender the two entities must of course also be engaged in an employment relationship, but this concerns the Article’s substantive scope, not its direct effect or invocability.

  31. 31.

    Case C-415/93 Union Royale Belge des Sociétés de Football Association and others v. Bosman and others, ECLI:EU:C:1995:463, paras 69–87, 82–87.

  32. 32.

    Schepel 2012, pp. 182–183.

  33. 33.

    Case C-94/07 Andrea Raccanelli v Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften eV, ECLI:EU:C:2008:425, para 44.

  34. 34.

    Case C-309/99 J. C. J. Wouters, J. W. Savelbergh and Price Waterhouse Belastingadviseurs BV v Algemene Raad van de Nederlandse Orde van Advocaten, ECLI:EU:C:2002:98, para 120; Case C-341/05 Laval un Partneri Ltd v Svenska Byggnadsarbetareförbundet, Svenska Byggnadsarbetareförbundets avdelning 1, Byggettan and Svenska Elektrikerförbundet, ECLI:EU:C:2007:809, para 98; Case C-438/05 International Transport Workers’ Federation, Finnish Seamen's Union v Viking Line ABP, OÜ Viking Line Eesti, ECLI:EU:C:2007:772, paras 33–34, 50.

  35. 35.

    Cases C-51/96 and C-191/97 Christelle Deliège v. Ligue Francophone de Judo et Disciplines Associées ASBL and others, ECLI:EU:C:2000:199, para 47.

  36. 36.

    Case C-309/99 J. C. J. Wouters, J. W. Savelbergh and Price Waterhouse Belastingadviseurs BV v Algemene Raad van de Nederlandse Orde van Advocaten, ECLI:EU:C:2002:98, para 120.

  37. 37.

    Case C-341/05 Laval un Partneri Ltd v Svenska Byggnadsarbetareförbundet, Svenska Byggnadsarbetareförbundets avdelning 1, Byggettan and Svenska Elektrikerförbundet, ECLI:EU:C:2007:809, para 98; Case C-438/05 International Transport Workers’ Federation, Finnish Seamen’s Union v Viking Line ABP, OÜ Viking Line Eesti, ECLI:EU:C:2007:772, paras 33–34, 50.

  38. 38.

    Case C-411/98 Angelo Ferlini v Centre hospitalier de Luxembourg, ECLI:EU:C:2000:530, para 50.

  39. 39.

    Case C-281/98 Roman Angonese v Cassa di Risparmio di Bolzano SpA, ECLI:EU:C:2000:296, paras 32–33.

  40. 40.

    Case C-415/93 Union Royale Belge des Sociétés de Football Association and others v. Bosman and others, ECLI:EU:C:1995:463, paras 92–104, 116–120, citing Case 81/87 The Queen v H. M. Treasury and Commissioners of Inland Revenue, ex parte Daily Mail and General Trust plc, ECLI:EU:C:1988:456; Case 143/87 Christopher Stanton and SA belge d’assurances “L’Étoile 1905” v Institut national d'assurances sociales pour travailleurs indépendants (Inasti), ECLI:EU:C:1988:378; Joined Cases C-267/91 & 268/91 Criminal proceedings against Bernard Keck and Daniel Mithouard, ECLI:EU:C:1993:905; Case C-384/93 Alpine Investments BV v Minister van Financiën, ECLI:EU:C:1995:126; Case C-55/94 Reinhard Gebhard v Consiglio dell'Ordine degli Avvocati e Procuratori di Milano, ECLI:EU:C:1995:411.

  41. 41.

    Case C-415/93 Union Royale Belge des Sociétés de Football Association and others v. Bosman and others, ECLI:EU:C:1995:463, para 86. The CJEU later changed direction, deciding that non-State actors cannot avail themselves of the public policy derogations. Case C-341/05 Laval un Partneri Ltd v Svenska Byggnadsarbetareförbundet, Svenska Byggnadsarbetareförbundets avdelning 1, Byggettan and Svenska Elektrikerförbundet, ECLI:EU:C:2007:809, para 84. For further discussion, see Odudu 2010.

  42. 42.

    This example is from Case C-190/98 Volker Graf v Filzmoser Maschinenbau GmbH, ECLI:EU:C:2000:49, para 18.

  43. 43.

    See Case C-212/06 Government of Communauté française and Gouvernement wallon, ECLI:EU:C:2008:178, para 44 (concerning benefits provided under a care insurance scheme); Case C-103/13 Snezhana Somova v Glaven direktor na Stolichno upravlenie ‘Sotsialno osiguryavane’, EU:C:2014:2334, paras 36–37 (concerning old age pensions).

  44. 44.

    Case C-438/05 International Transport Workers’ Federation, Finnish Seamen’s Union v Viking Line ABP, OÜ Viking Line Eesti, ECLI:EU:C:2007:772; Case C-97/09 Ingrid Schmelz v Finanzamt Waldviertel, ECLI:EU:C:2010:632, para 46.

  45. 45.

    Case C-415/93 Union Royale Belge des Sociétés de Football Association and others v. Bosman and others, ECLI:EU:C:1995:463, paras 139–146, para 144 quoted.

  46. 46.

    Case C-292/04 Wienand Meilicke, Heidi Christa Weyde and Marina Stöffler v Finanzamt Bonn-Innenstadt, ECLI:EU:C:2007:132, para 36; Case C-313/05 Maciej Brzeziński v Dyrektor Izby Celnej w Warszawie, ECLI:EU:C:2007:33, para 55; Joined cases C-401/13 and C-432/13 Vasiliki Balazs v Casa Judeţeană de Pensii Cluj (C-401/13) and Casa Judeţeană de Pensii Cluj v Attila Balazs (C-432/13), EU:C:2015:26, para 52; Case C-242/09 Albron Catering BV v FNV Bondgenoten and John Roest, ECLI:EU:C:2010:625, para 35; Case C-73/08 Nicolas Bressol e.a. and Céline Chaverot e.a. v Gouvernement de la Communauté française, ECLI:EU:C:2010:181, para 90. The impact of Bosman in this context is even greater when later generations of the case are taken into account. For example, in Joined Cases C‑359/11 and C‑400/11 Alexandra Schulz v Technische Werke Schussental GmbH und Co. KG and Josef Egbringhoff v Stadtwerke Ahaus GmbH, EU:C:2014:2317, para 57, the CJEU does not refer to Bosman. It does however refer to Case C-92/11 RWE Vertrieb AG v Verbraucherzentrale Nordrhein-Westfalen eV, EU:C:2013:180, in which the discussion about temporal effects (paras 58–59) is, inter alia, based on Case C-402/03 Skov Æg v Bilka Lavprisvarehus A/S and Bilka Lavprisvarehus A/S v Jette Mikkelsen and Michael Due Nielsen, ECLI:EU:C:2006:6, and Case C-313/05 Maciej Brzeziński v Dyrektor Izby Celnej w Warszawie, ECLI:EU:C:2007:33, which in turn (para 50 and para 55, respectively) rely on Bosman.

  47. 47.

    Cases citing Bosman include well-known judgments like Case C-62/14 Peter Gauweiler and Others v German Bundestag, EU:C:2015:400; Case C-341/05 Laval un Partneri Ltd v Svenska Byggnadsarbetareförbundet, Svenska Byggnadsarbetareförbundets avdelning 1, Byggettan and Svenska Elektrikerförbundet, ECLI:EU:C:2007:809; Case C-438/05 International Transport Workers’ Federation, Finnish Seamen’s Union v Viking Line ABP, OÜ Viking Line Eesti, ECLI:EU:C:2007:772; Case C-224/01 Gerhard Köbler v Republik Österreich, ECLI:EU:C:2003:513; Case C-112/00 Eugen Schmidberger, Internationale Transporte und Planzüge v Republik Österreich, ECLI:EU:C:2003:333; Case C-379/98 PreussenElektra v. Schleswag AG, ECLI:EU:C:2001:160; Case C-281/98 Roman Angonese v Cassa di Risparmio di Bolzano SpA, ECLI:EU:C:2000:296.

  48. 48.

    See generally Fortunato 2010; Girvan and Newman 2002; Leicht and Newman 2008.

  49. 49.

    See further Derlén et al. 2013.

  50. 50.

    See generally Rosvall et al. 2009.

  51. 51.

    Shannon 1948.

  52. 52.

    Derlén et al. 2013.

  53. 53.

    The module, referred to as Professional Qualifications in our map, is one of the top 50 largest modules in the entire network, containing 24 nodes.

  54. 54.

    Case C-415/93 Union Royale Belge des Sociétés de Football Association and others v. Bosman and others, ECLI:EU:C:1995:463, para 59.

  55. 55.

    Case C-125/94 Aprile Srl, in liquidation v Amministrazione delle Finanze dello Stato, ECLI:EU:C:1995:309.

  56. 56.

    Case C-292/04 Wienand Meilicke, Heidi Christa Weyde and Marina Stöffler v Finanzamt Bonn-Innenstadt, ECLI:EU:C:2007:132; See also Case C-143/94 Furlanis costruzioni generali SpA v Azienda nazionale autonoma strade (ANAS), ECLI:EU:C:1995:354.

  57. 57.

    Case C-415/93 Union Royale Belge des Sociétés de Football Association and others v. Bosman and others, ECLI:EU:C:1995:463, paras 82–84, citing Case 36/74 Walrave and Koch v. Union Cycliste Internationale, ECLI:EU:C:1974:140, paras 17–19; See also Van den Bogaert 2002, p. 124.

  58. 58.

    Van den Bogaert 2002, pp. 144–145; Schepel 2012, p. 182.

  59. 59.

    See Sect. 3.4.2 above.

  60. 60.

    Case C-10/90 Maria Masgio v Bundesknappschaft, ECLI:EU:C:1991:107; Case 81/87 The Queen v H. M. Treasury and Commissioners of Inland Revenue, ex parte Daily Mail and General Trust plc, ECLI:EU:C:1988:456.

  61. 61.

    Case 24/86 Vincent Blaizot v University of Liège and others, ECLI:EU:C:1988:43, paras 25–34.

  62. 62.

    Case 61/79 Amministrazione delle finanze dello Stato v Denkavit italiana Srl, ECLI:EU:C:1980:100, paras 14–21.

  63. 63.

    See Sect. 3.2 above.

  64. 64.

    See also Derlén 2014, pp. 296–299.


  65. 65.

    See Sect. 3.4.3 above for some examples of important cases cited by Bosman.

  66. 66.

    Derlén and Lindholm 2014, pp. 683–686. We use Hub score, as developed by Kleinberg 1999, to measure the embeddedness of judgments in CJEU case law.

  67. 67.

    Case 8/81 Ursula Becker v Finanzamt Münster-Innenstadt, ECLI:EU:C:1982:7.

  68. 68.

    Derlén and Lindholm 2014, p. 678.

  69. 69.

    See, among many other, Case C-425/12 Portgás - Sociedade de Produção e Distribuição de Gás SA v Ministério da Agricultura, do Mar, do Ambiente e do Ordenamento do Território, EU:C:2013:829, para 18; Case C-226/07 Flughafen Köln/Bonn GmbH v Hauptzollamt Köln, ECLI:EU:C:2008:429, para 31; Case C-363/05 JP Morgan Fleming Claverhouse Investment Trust plc and The Association of Investment Trust Companies v The Commissioners of HM Revenue and Customs, ECLI:EU:C:2007:391, para 58.

  70. 70.

    Case 41/74 Yvonne van Duyn v Home Office, ECLI:EU:C:1974:133.

  71. 71.

    Becker is the fourth most embedded case in the network, as measured by Hub score, see Derlén and Lindholm 2014, p. 685.

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  1. Department of Law, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden

    Mattias Derlén & Johan Lindholm

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    Antoine Duval

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Derlén, M., Lindholm, J. (2016). Bosman: A Legacy Beyond Sports. In: Duval, A., Van Rompuy, B. (eds) The Legacy of Bosman. ASSER International Sports Law Series. T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-120-3_3

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