Skip to main content

Two Ways of Leaving: A Comparative Case Study on Exit Strategies of a UN and A NATO Led Mission

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Netherlands Annual Review of Military Studies 2015

Part of the book series: NL ARMS ((NLARMS))

Abstract

In crisis areas, military and civilian missions are often simultaneously active, but they have different mandates and are executed by different organisations. Also the way those organisations leave a country after an intervention differs. This chapter provides a comparison between the military (ISAF/NTM-A) and political (UNAMA) mission in Afghanistan. In 2009, both missions designed their exit strategy as transition-oriented. In practice, however, the military and political exit strategies were operationalised differently. Interviews with employees of both organisations reveal UNAMA being more process (Afghan led and Afghan owned) oriented and ISAF being more project-oriented

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 49.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 64.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Alford, JD, Zappa, D (2011) Afghan Advise and Assist Group: DTIC Document

    Google Scholar 

  • Allison, GT, Zelikow, P (1999) Essence of decision: explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis. New York: Longman

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, P (2009) Could Afghanistan become Obama’s Vietnam. New York Times

    Google Scholar 

  • Boeke, S (2014) Combining Exit with Strategy: Transitioning from Short-Term Military Interventions to a Long-Term Counter-Terrorism Policy. ICCT Research Paper, August 2014

    Google Scholar 

  • Born H, Metselaar M (2003) Politiek-militaire betrekkingen [Politica-military relations]. In: Moelker R and Soeters J (eds.) Krijgsmacht en Samenleving [Armed Forces and Society] Boom: Amsterdam 76-117

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryman A (2012) Social research methods: Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Caplan R (2006) International governance of war-torn territories: rule and reconstruction. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Co-chairs’ Summary of Conclusions. (2012) The International Conference on Reconstruction Assistance to Afghanistan January 21-22, 2002; Tokyo Conference on Afghanistan. The Tokyo Declaration Partnership for Self-Reliance in Afghanistan From Transition to Transformation July 8, 2012

    Google Scholar 

  • Coll S (2012). Can NATO Rethink its Exit Strategy from Afghanistan?. http://cips.uottawa.ca/publications/can-nato-rethink-its-exit-strategy-fromafghanistan/#sthash.a7pDkmGQ.dpuf: Ottowa University, Centre for International Policy Studies

  • De Coning, C, Friis, K (2011) Coherence and Coordination: the Limits of the Comprehensive Approach. Journal of international peacekeeping, 15(1-2), 243-272

    Google Scholar 

  • Diehl, PF, Druckman, D (2012) Peace Operation Success: The Evaluation Framework. Journal of International Peacekeeping, 16(3-4), 209-225

    Google Scholar 

  • Druzin, H (2014) Karzai backs call to have UN mediate Afghan election. Stars and Stripes. Retrieved from http://www.stripes.com/news/karzai-backs-callto-have-un-mediate-afghan-election-1.289911

  • Eckhard, S (2013) Bureaucratic Representation and Ethnic Bureaucratic Drift: A Case Study of United Nations Minority Policy Implementation in Kosovo. The American Review of Public Administration, 44(5), 600-621. doi: 10.1177/0275074013478151

    Google Scholar 

  • Grandia Mantas, M (2015) Deadly embrace? The decision paths to Uruzgan and Helmand. Mirjam Grandia Mantas, Breda. Available from http://worldcat.org/z-wcorg/ database

  • Holder C, Reidy D (2013) Human rights: the hard questions. Cambridge University Press

    Google Scholar 

  • Holt, VK, Berkman, TC (2006) The impossible mandate? military preparedness, the responsibility to protect and modern peace operations: Henry L. Stimson Center

    Google Scholar 

  • Iklé, FC (1971) Every war must end. New York, NY [etc.]: Columbia University Press

    Google Scholar 

  • Innocent, M, Carpenter, TG, Cato, I (2009) Escaping the “graveyard of empires”: a strategy to exit Afghanistan. Washington, D.C.: CATO Institute

    Google Scholar 

  • Jansen, MM, Kramer, FJ (2014) The Double Bind: An Analysis of the Comprehensive Approach on an Operational, Institutional and Conceptual Level. Paper presented at the Past, Present and Future of Peace Research, Groningen University

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnstone, I, Tortolani, B, Gowan, R (2005) The Evolution of UN Peacekeeping: Unfinished Business. Die Friedens-Warte: Blätter für internationale Verständigung und zwischenstaatliche Organisation Die Friedenswarte, 80(3-4):245-261

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaldor, M (2007) New & old wars. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press

    Google Scholar 

  • May L (2013) Conflicting responsibilities to protect human rights. In: Holder C, Reidy D (eds) Human rights: the hard questions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 347-360

    Google Scholar 

  • Mazhar, MS, Khan, SO, Goraya, NS (2013) Post 2014-Afghanistan. South Asian Studies, 28(1):67

    Google Scholar 

  • Mertus J (2013) Is it ever reasonable for one state to invade another for humanitarian reasons? The “declaratory tradition” and the UN Charter. In: Holder C, Reidy D (eds) Human rights: the hard questions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 329-346

    Google Scholar 

  • Mockaitis, TR (2013) Avoiding the Slippery Slope. Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College, Carlisle, PA

    Google Scholar 

  • Müller, JM, Müller, JW (2001) Reforming the United Nations: the quiet revolution (Vol. 4): Martinus Nijhoff Publishers

    Google Scholar 

  • NATO (2011) Allied Joint Doctrine for the Conduct of Operations – 3 (B)

    Google Scholar 

  • NATO HQ Brussels (2009) Backgrounder, NATO Training Mission – Afghanistan (NTM-A) Brussels

    Google Scholar 

  • Ortiz, EF, & Tang, G (2006) Staff Mobility in the United Nations. Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  • Paris, R (2004). At war’s end: building peace after civil conflict. Cambridge, U.K.; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Peace, WLS (2012) End Game Strategies: Winning the Peace. Carlisle

    Google Scholar 

  • Peters, S (2009) Strategic Communication for Crisis Management Operations of International Organizations: ISAF Afghanistan and EULEX Kosovo. EU Diplomacy Papers, 10

    Google Scholar 

  • Press briefing with Major General Jim Ferron (2012) NATO Training Mission-Afghanistan (NTM-A) and Major General M. Zahir Azimi, Afghan lead for the NATO Training Mission, moderated by Chris Riley, NATO Press Officer.(Vol. 3 December 2012)

    Google Scholar 

  • Record, J (2001) Exit Strategy Delusions. Parameters, 31(4):21

    Google Scholar 

  • Report of the Secretary General (2015) The situation in Afghanistan and its implications for international peace and security. http://unama.unmissions.org/Portals/UNAMA/SG%20Reports/SG-report-March2015.pdf(A/69/801*–S/2015/151)

  • Resteigne, D, Soeters, J (2012) Inside Unifil’s Headquarters in Lebanon. In: Gerhard Kümmel G, Soeters J (eds) New Wars, New Militaries, New Soldiers?: Conflicts, the Armed Forces and the Soldierly Subject. Emerald Insight, Bristol, pp 93-108

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, C (2010) Afghanistan towards a handover of security responsibility SN/IA/5788

    Google Scholar 

  • Tschirgi, N (2004) Post-conflict peacebuilding revisited: achievements, limitations, challenges. from http://www.ipacademy.org/pdfs/POST_CONFLICT_PEACEBUILDING.pdf

  • Tuck, C (2013) Confrontation, strategy and war termination Britain’s conflict with Indonesia. from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=516815

  • UK MOD (2004) The Military Contribution to Peace Support Operations, 2nd edn. Joint Warfare Publication 3-50, UK Ministry of Defence

    Google Scholar 

  • UN News Centre (2009) Top UN official calls for transition, not exit, strategy for Afghanistan

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations, SC (2000) The Brahimi report on UN peacekeeping reform. from http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/55/305

  • UNSC (1990) UN Security Council Resolutions adopted in 1990

    Google Scholar 

  • UNSC (1996) UN Security Council Resolution 1076

    Google Scholar 

  • UNSC (2001a) Agreement on Provisional Arrangements in Afghanistan Pending the Re-establishment of Permanent Government Institutions (The Bonn Agreement)

    Google Scholar 

  • UNSC (2001b) UN Security Council Resolution 1386. United Nations

    Google Scholar 

  • UNSC (2001) #394 No Exit Without Strategy: Security Council Decisionmaking and the Closure or Transition of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations

    Google Scholar 

  • UNSC (2013) UN Security Council Resolution # 2096

    Google Scholar 

  • UNSC (2014) UN Security Council Resolution # 2145

    Google Scholar 

Websites

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sander Dalenberg .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 T.M.C. Asser Press and the authors

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Dalenberg, S., Jansen, M.M. (2016). Two Ways of Leaving: A Comparative Case Study on Exit Strategies of a UN and A NATO Led Mission. In: Noll, J., Wollenberg, D., Osinga, F., Frerks, G., Kemenade, I. (eds) Netherlands Annual Review of Military Studies 2015. NL ARMS. T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-078-7_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-078-7_9

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-6265-077-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-6265-078-7

  • eBook Packages: Law and CriminologyLaw and Criminology (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Societies and partnerships