Abstract
This chapter analyses the EU’s obligation to uphold and promote its values and interests in its external polies, in particular as regards some of the values generally underpinning the EU’s internal market, and the rules and principles concerning services of general interest in particular. The first part of the chapter offers a mapping exercise of the relevant Treaty provisions—seeking to establish connections and ways of reading them so that they may “inform” each other. The second part puts them in the context of the debate about Normative Power Europe (NPE) —a much used, but not undisputed international relations concept coined to express the nature of the EU’s external policies and projection. The third inquires further into the “normative” nature and effect of the EU’s constitutional values and objectives. It will be argued that the Treaty normative basis for the EU’s external relations is meaningful and is to be taken seriously.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsNotes
- 1.
De Burca 2013, pp. 39, 43.
- 2.
Or perhaps EUtopian, cf Nicolaïdis and Howse 2002, p. 767.
- 3.
See the seminal article by Manners 2002, p. 235.
- 4.
Article 52(5) EU Charter. See, for an excellent attempt to make sense of that distinction, the Opinion of AG P Cruz Villalón of 18 July 2013 in CJEU, Case C-176/12 Association de Médiation Sociale [2013] EU:C:2013:491, paras 43–80.
- 5.
Cf Anderson and Murphy 2012, pp. 155, 160.
- 6.
See Articles 34, 35 and 38 EU Charter.
- 7.
See e.g. Krajewski 2012, pp. 292, 300.
- 8.
Larik 2013, pp. 7, 18.
- 9.
De Witte 2008, p. 3.
- 10.
See also Leino 2008, pp. 259, 265.
- 11.
J. Larik, Shaping the international order as a Union objective and the dynamic internationalization of constitutional law. CLEER Working Papers 2011/5, pp. 1–41, at pp. 9 ff.
- 12.
Larik 2013, pp. 12–14.
- 13.
Manners 2002, p. 235. On the nomination, see the journal’s website at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/%28ISSN%291468-5965.
- 14.
Ibid at p. 238.
- 15.
Ibid at p. 239.
- 16.
Ibid at p. 240.
- 17.
Ibid at p. 241.
- 18.
Ibid at p. 242.
- 19.
Ibid at pp. 242–243.
- 20.
Cf Forsberg 2011, pp. 1183, 1186, where he refers to the adoption of NPE in policy papers and public diplomacy.
- 21.
For an overview of the criticism, see ibid at pp. 1187–1189.
- 22.
Manners 2002, p. 252.
- 23.
Forsberg 2011.
- 24.
Aggestam 2008, p. 7.
- 25.
Ibid, p. 3.
- 26.
De Zutter 2010, p. 1107.
- 27.
Manners 2008, p. 45.
- 28.
T. De Wekker and A. Niemann, EU relations with Moldova: normative power Europe in action? European Foreign Policy Unit Working Paper No 2009/3, p. 13.
- 29.
For a recent example, see CJEU, Case C-414/11 Daiichi Sankyo [2013] ECLI:EU:C:2013:520, regarding the scope of the extension of the common commercial policy to intellectual property.
- 30.
See eg CJEU, Case C-130/10 EP v Council [2012] EU:C:2012:472, regarding the EP’s involvement in counter-terrorist asset freezing measures.
- 31.
See eg CJEU, Case C-246/07 Commission v Sweden (PFOS) [2010] ECR I-3317.
- 32.
See eg CJEU, Joined Cases C-584/10 P, C-593/10 P and C-595/10 P Commission, UK and Council v Kadi (Kadi II) [2013] EU:C:2013:518.
- 33.
De Witte 2008.
- 34.
- 35.
CJEU, Case C-162/96 Racke v Hauptzollamt Mainz [1998] ECR I-3655.
- 36.
Fierro 2003, pp. 287–302.
- 37.
CJEU, Joined Cases C-402/05 P and C-415/05 P Kadi and Al Barakaat (Kadi I) [2008] EU:C:2008:461; for an overview of some of the relevant literature on this judgment see Poli and Tzanou 2009, p. 533; Kadi II (n 32 above).
- 38.
See Matthews and Zikovská 2013, p. 626.
- 39.
Request for an opinion submitted by the European Commission pursuant to Article 218(11) TFEU (Opinion 1/12) of 27 April 2013, OJ 2013 C 123, p. 14.
- 40.
Kadi II (n 32 above), para 131.
- 41.
CJEU, Case C-366/10 Air Transport Association of America [2011] ECR I-13755.
- 42.
See also CJEU, Case C-162/96 Racke v Hauptzollamt Mainz [1998] ECR I-3655.
References
Aggestam L (2008) Introduction: ethical power Europe? Int Aff 84(1):1–11
Anderson D, Murphy C (2012) The Charter of Fundamental Rights. In: Biondi A, Eeckhout P, Ripley S (eds) EU law after Lisbon. OUP, Oxford, pp 155–179
Arts K (2000) Integrating human rights into development cooperation: the case of the Lomé Convention. Kluwer Law International, The Hague
Bartels L (2005) Human rights conditionality in the EU’s international agreements. OUP, Oxford
De Burca G (2013) EU external relations: the governance mode of foreign policy. In: Van Vooren B, Blockmans S, Wouters J (eds) The EU’s role in global governance—the legal dimension. OUP, Oxford, pp 39–58
De Witte B (2008) Too much constitutional law in the European union’s foreign relations? In: Cremona M, De Witte B (eds) EU foreign relations law—constitutional fundamentals. Hart Publishing, Oxford, pp 3–15
De Zutter E (2010) Normative power spotting: an ontological and methodological appraisal. J Eur Public Policy 17(8):1106–1127
Fierro E (2003) The EU’s approach to human rights conditionality in practice. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Leiden
Forsberg T (2011) Normative power Europe, once again: a conceptual analysis of an ideal type. J Common Mark Stud 49:1183–1204
Hoffmeister F (1998) Menschenrechts- und Demokratieklauseln in den vertraglichen Außenbeziehungen der Europäischen Gemeinschaft. Springer, Berlin
Krajewski M (2012) The reform of the common commercial policy. In: Biondi A, Eeckhout P, Ripley S (eds) EU law after Lisbon. OUP, Oxford, pp 292–311
Larik J (2013) Entrenching global governance: the EU’s constitutional objectives caught between a sanguine world view and a daunting reality. In: Van Vooren B, Blockmans S, Wouters J (eds) The EU’s role in global governance—the legal dimension. OUP, Oxford, pp 7–22
Leino P (2008) The journey towards all that is good and beautiful: human rights and common values as guiding principles of EU foreign relations law. In: Cremona M, De Witte B (eds) EU foreign relations law—constitutional fundamentals. Hart Publishing, Oxford, pp 259–289
Manners I (2002) Normative power Europe: a contradiction in terms? J Common Mark Stud 40(2):235–258
Manners I (2008) The normative ethics of the European Union. Int Aff 84(1):45–60
Matthews D, Zikovská P (2013) The rise and fall of the anti-counterfeiting trade agreement (ACTA): lessons for the European Union. Int Rev Intellect Property Competition Law 44(6):626–655
Nicolaïdis K, Howse R (2002) ‘This is my EUtopia …’: narrative as power. J Common Mark Stud 40(4):767–792
Poli S, Tzanou M (2009) The Kadi rulings: a survey of the literature. Yearb Eur Law 28(1):533–558
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 T.M.C. Asser Press and the authors
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Eeckhout, P. (2015). A Normative Basis for EU External Relations? Protecting Internal Values Beyond the Single Market. In: Krajewski, M. (eds) Services of General Interest Beyond the Single Market. Legal Issues of Services of General Interest. T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-063-3_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-063-3_8
Published:
Publisher Name: T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague
Print ISBN: 978-94-6265-062-6
Online ISBN: 978-94-6265-063-3
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawLaw and Criminology (R0)
