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Year in Review 2013

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Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law 2013

Part of the book series: Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law ((YIHL,volume 16))

Abstract

2013 was marked with several noteworthy events with particular relevance to international humanitarian law, such as the continuation of the conflict in Syria and the incidents related to the use of chemical weapons in that conflict; several key decisions in international, hybrid and national courts related to the adjudication of war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide; the passage of an Arms Trade Treaty text; the 150th anniversary of the International Committee of the Red Cross; and the release of the second part of the Turkel Commission Report. This chapter addresses a number of these issues among other events of note.

Dr. Christophe Paulussen, LL.M., M.Phil., is a senior researcher international humanitarian law/international criminal law at the T.M.C. Asser Instituut. Jessica Dorsey, J.D., LL.M., is a researcher in international humanitarian, human rights and criminal law at the T.M.C. Asser Instituut and is a Ph.D. candidate at the University of Amsterdam. Sarah-Jane Koulen, LL.M. is a researcher in international human rights and criminal law at the T.M.C. Asser Instituut and a Ph.D. candidate at Leiden University. The Year in Review is not intended to be a comprehensive summary of all events that occurred in 2013, but rather a sampling of events of note with particular relevance to international humanitarian law. We would like to thank our colleagues from the Asser Public International Law Cluster, in particular Fréderique van Oijen, LL.M., and Alejo Martirosjan, LL.M., for their invaluable assistance in the preparation of this article and volume.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    See ‘Afghanistan Profile’, BBC News (31 March 2013), http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12024253 (accessed 26 May 2014).

  2. 2.

    See UN Security Council Resolution 2096 (19 March 2013), http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/s_res_2096.pdf (accessed 8 June 2014).

  3. 3.

    See UN Security Council Resolution 2120 (10 October 2013), http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/s_res_2120.pdf (accessed 8 June 2014).

  4. 4.

    Ibid., p. 3.

  5. 5.

    Ibid., p. 8.

  6. 6.

    See S. Posner, ‘US transfers full control of Bagram prison to Afghanistan’, Jurist (25 March 2013), http://jurist.org/paperchase/2013/03/us-transfers-full-control-of-bagram-prison-to-afghanistan.php (accessed 9 June 2014).

  7. 7.

    See North American Treaty Organization (NATO): ‘Inteqal: Transition to Afghan Lead’, http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_87183.htm (accessed 10 June 2014).

  8. 8.

    See Uppsala University UCDP Conflict Encyclopedia ‘Central African Republic’, http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=31&regionSelect=2-Southern_Africa# (accessed 10 June 2014).

  9. 9.

    See UN Security Council, Press Release, ‘Agreements Signed Today in Libreville to Halt Recent Rebellion in Central African Republic, Provide Map for Political Transition, Security Council Told’ (11 January 2013), http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2013/sc10879.doc.htm (accessed 9 June 2014).

  10. 10.

    See UN Security Council Resolution 2088 (24 January 2013), http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/s_res_2088.pdf (accessed 9 June 2014).

  11. 11.

    See UNICEF, Press Release, ‘UNICEF calls for cessation of child recruitment in Central African Republic’ (4 January 2013), http://www.unicef.org/media/media_67117.html (accessed 4 June 2014).

  12. 12.

    See UN Security Council, Press Release, ‘Security Council Press Statement on Central African Republic’ (20 March 2013), http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2013/sc10948.doc.htm (accessed 9 June 2014).

  13. 13.

    See UN Security Council, Press Release, ‘Security Council Press Statement on Central African Republic’ (22 March 2013), http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2013/sc10955.doc.htm (accessed 9 June 2014).

  14. 14.

    See ‘Central African Republic Profile’, BBC News (19 March 2014), http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13150040 (accessed 1 June 2014). See also, P. Snyder, ‘Central African Republic rebels dissolve constitution’, Jurist (26 March 2013), http://jurist.org/paperchase/2013/03/central-african-republic-rebels-dissolve-constitution.php (accessed 1 June 2014).

  15. 15.

    See D. Mullen, ‘UN rights chief condemns abuses in Central African Republic’, Jurist (18 April 2013), http://jurist.org/paperchase/2013/04/un-rights-chief-condemns-abuses-in-central-african-republic.php (accessed 2 June 2014); D. Mullen, ‘HRW: Central African Republic rebels have committed rights violations’, Jurist (10 May 2013), http://jurist.org/paperchase/2013/05/hrw-centrial-african-republic-rebels-have-committed-rights-violations.php (accessed 2 June 2014); C. Miley, ‘UN rights experts concerned over situation in Central African Republic’, Jurist (8 June 2013), http://jurist.org/paperchase/2013/08/un-rights-experts-concerned-over-situation-in-central-african-republic.php (accessed 2 June 2014); D. Mullen, ‘ICC prosecutor voices concern over situation in Central African Republic’, Jurist (8 August 2013), http://jurist.org/paperchase/2013/08/icc-prosecutor-voices-concern-over-situation-in-central-african-republic.php (accessed 2 June 2014); E. LaForgia, ‘UN rights experts urge Central African Republic authorities to protect population’, Jurist (2 October 2013), http://jurist.org/paperchase/2013/10/un-rights-experts-urge-central-african-republic-authorities-to-protect-population.php (accessed 2 June 2014); P. Snyder, ‘UN rights expert warns of escalating violence in Central African Republic’, Jurist (8 November 2013), http://jurist.org/paperchase/2013/11/un-rights-expert-warns-of-escalating-violence-in-the-central-african-republic.php (accessed 2 June 2014).

  16. 16.

    See UN Deputy Secretary General, Press Statement, ‘Deputy Secretary-General’s Briefing to the Security Council on the Situation in the Central African Republic’ (25 November 2013), http://www.un.org/sg/dsg/statements/index.asp?nid=471 (accessed 10 June 2014).

  17. 17.

    See UN Security Council Resolution 2127 (5 December 2013), http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/2127(2013) (accessed 8 June 2014).

  18. 18.

    See ‘Strife-torn Central African Republic faces looming food crisis, UN warns’, UN News Centre (16 December 2013), http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=46746#.U4Rk562Sy_J (accessed 2 June 2014).

  19. 19.

    See ‘Colombia: the challenges of a continuing armed conflict’, Interview with Christophe Beney, Head of the ICRC Delegation in Colombia (29 September 2011), http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/interview/2011/colombia-interview-2011-09-29.htm (accessed 28 May 2014). See also Sivakumaran 2012, p. 230: “Despite their very real cross-border elements, the non-international character of the Colombia/FARC armed conflict […] is not seriously challenged.”

  20. 20.

    See Human Rights Watch 2013, p. 214. Amnesty International said that figures were very difficult to verify, but at least tens of thousands of people per year are displaced due to the conflict, See Amnesty International 2013, p. 65.

  21. 21.

    See ‘Colombia’s FARC peace talks resume in Cuba’, BBC News (5 December 2012), http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-20618131 (accessed 28 May 2014).

  22. 22.

    See ‘Q and A: Colombia peace talks’, BBC News (2 September 2013), http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-19875363 (accessed 9 June 2014).

  23. 23.

    Ibid.

  24. 24.

    See ‘Colombian Rebels Kill 19 Soldiers’, New York Times (21 July 2013), http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/22/world/americas/colombian-rebels-kill-19-soldiers.html (accessed 3 June 2014).

  25. 25.

    See Amnesty International, Report 2013: Colombia, http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/colombia/report-2013 (accessed 22 May 2014).

  26. 26.

    Ibid.

  27. 27.

    See S. Romero, ‘Rebels Delay Peace Talks in Colombia’, New York Times (23 August 2013), http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/24/world/americas/colombian-rebels-put-talks-with-government-on-pause.html (accessed 22 May 2014).

  28. 28.

    See ‘Colombia, FARC agree on rebels’ future if peace signed’, Reuters (6 November 2013), http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/11/07/us-colombia-rebels-idUSBRE9A50JM20131107?feedType=RSS&feedName=worldNews&rpc=69 (accessed 22 May 2014).

  29. 29.

    See ‘Democratic Republic of Congo profile’, BBC News (11 March 2014), http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13286306 (accessed 24 May 2014).

  30. 30.

    See ‘DR Congo: War Crimes by M23, Congolese Army’, Human Rights Watch (5 February 2013), http://www.hrw.org/news/2013/02/05/dr-congo-war-crimes-m23-congolese-army (accessed 24 May 2014).

  31. 31.

    See ‘Report of the United Nations Joint Human Rights Office on human rights violations perpetrated by soldiers of the Congolese armed forces and combatants of the M23 in Goma and Sake, North Kivu Province, and in and around Minova, South Kivu Province, from 15 November to 2 December 2012’ (May 2013), http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/UNJHRO%20-%20HRVs%20Goma%20and%20Minova%20-%20May%202013.pdf (accessed 24 May 2014).

  32. 32.

    See ‘UN report slams rape rampage by DR Congo troops’, Star Africa (8 May 2013), http://en.starafrica.com/news/un-report-slams-rape-rampage-by-dr-congo-troops.html (accessed 24 May 2014).

  33. 33.

    See ‘Update 4-African leaders sign deal aimed at peace in eastern Congo’, Reuters (24 February 2013), http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/25/congo-democratic-un-idUSL6N0BO16X20130225 (accessed 24 May 2014).

  34. 34.

    See ‘DR Congo: War crimes by M23, Congolese army’, supra n 30.

  35. 35.

    See ‘Fugitive M23 leader Ntaganda surrenders’, Al Jazeera (19 March 2013), http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2013/03/2013318163159939611.html (accessed 24 May 2014).

  36. 36.

    See also Sect. 7.2.1.4.

  37. 37.

    See D. Taglioli, ‘Congo war crimes suspect surrenders at US embassy in Rwanda’, Jurist (19 March 2013), http://jurist.org/paperchase/2013/03/fugitive-congo-warlord-surrenders-at-us-embassy-in-rwanda.php (accessed 24 May 2014).

  38. 38.

    See K. Katombe, ‘U.N.'s peacekeepers in Congo ordered to protect civilians after city shelled’, Reuters (22 August 2013), http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/08/22/us-congo-democratic-fighting-idUSBRE97L0WB20130822 (accessed 24 May 2014).

  39. 39.

    See ‘Report of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights on the situation of human rights and the activities of her office in the Democratic Republic of the Congo’, A/HRC/24/33 (12 July 2013), http://monusco.unmissions.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=jCGZWLzQqR0%3d&tabid=11243&mid=14383&language=en-US (accessed 24 May 2014).

  40. 40.

    See ‘DRC government and M23 sign a peace deal’, Al Jazeera (12 December 2013), http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2013/12/drc-government-m23-sign-peace-deal-20131212172146798110.html (accessed 24 May 2014).

  41. 41.

    See ‘Exclusive: Congo’s army accused of abuse as rebels regroup in Rwanda—UN experts’, Reuters (16 December 2013), http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/16/us-congo-demomcratic-un-idUSBRE9BF1GJ20131216 (accessed 24 May 2014).

  42. 42.

    See R. DiLeonardo, ‘UN rights expert announces investigation into use of drone strikes’, Jurist (24 January 2013), http://jurist.org/paperchase/2013/01/un-rights-expert-announces-investigation-into-use-of-drone-strikes-by-us-and-other-nations.php (accessed 25 May 2014).

  43. 43.

    See ‘Statement by Ben Emmerson, UN Special Rapporteur on Counterterrorism and Human Rights concerning the launch of an inquiry into the civilian impact and human rights implications on the use of drones and other forms of targeted killing for the purpose of counterterrorism and counter-insurgency’ (24 January 2013), http://www.aclu.org/files/assets/emmerson_statement_on_un_tk_inquiry_24.01.12.pdf (accessed 25 May 2014). Disclosure: author Dorsey was involved in a legal research capacity for Special Rapporteur Emmerson’s investigation.

  44. 44.

    See Dorsey and Paulussen, 2012 Year in Review YIHL, pp. 197–198 for previous speeches by US government officials (e.g., ‘Attorney General Eric Holder Speaks at Northwestern University School of Law’, United States Department of Justice (5 March 2012), http://www.justice.gov/iso/opa/ag/speeches/2012/ag-speech-1203051.html (accessed 25 May 2014); J. Johnson, General Counsel of the US Department of Defense, ‘The Conflict Against Al Qaeda and its Affiliates: How Will It End?’, Oxford Union, Oxford University (30 November 2012), http://www.lawfareblog.com/2012/11/jeh-johnson-speech-at-the-oxford-union (accessed 25 May 2014); ‘Remarks of CIA General Counsel Stephen W. Preston at Harvard Law School’ (10 April 2012), http://www.cia.gov/news-information/speeches-testimony/2012-speeches-testimony/cia-general-counsel-harvard.html (accessed 25 May 2014); H. Koh, Legal Adviser, US Department of State, ‘The Obama Administration and International Law’ (25 March 2010), http://www.state.gov/s/l/releases/remarks/139119.htm (accessed 25 May 2014); ‘Remarks of J. Brennan, “Strengthening our Security by Adhering to our Values and Laws”’ (16 September 2011), http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2011/09/16/remarks-john-o-brennan-strengthening-our-security-adhering-our-values-an (accessed 25 May 2014)).

  45. 45.

    See D. Taglioli, ‘DOJ drone strike publicly released in NBC exclusive’, Jurist (5 February 2013), DOJ drone strike memo publicly released in NBC exclusive (accessed 25 May 2014).

  46. 46.

    See ‘Remarks by the President at the National Defense University’ (23 May 2013), http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/05/23/remarks-president-national-defense-university (accessed 25 May 2014).

  47. 47.

    See K. Herting, ‘Holder: drone strikes on US soil legal in “extraordinary circumstances”’, Jurist (6 March 2013), http://jurist.org/paperchase/2013/03/holder-drone-strikes-on-us-soil-legal-in-extraordinary-circumstances.php (accessed 25 May 2014).

  48. 48.

    See E. Vereen, ‘UN SG: US drone strikes must comply with international law’, Jurist (14 August 2013), http://jurist.org/paperchase/2013/08/un-sg-us-drone-strikes-must-comply-with-international-law.php (accessed 25 May 2014).

  49. 49.

    See UN General Assembly Report, ‘Promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism’, A/68/39 (18 September 2013), http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Emmerson-Report.pdf (accessed 25 May 2014).

  50. 50.

    See K. Hall, ‘UN report claims US drone strikes have killed more than publicly stated’, Jurist (18 October 2013), http://jurist.org/paperchase/2013/10/un-report-claims-us-drone-strikes-have-killed-more-than-publicly-stated.php (accessed 25 May 2014).

  51. 51.

    See UN General Assembly Report, ‘Extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions’ (13 September 2013), http://justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/UN-Special-Rapporteur-Extrajudicial-Christof-Heyns-Report-Drones.pdf (accessed 25 May 2014), p. 1.

  52. 52.

    See ‘Will I Be Next? UN Drone Strikes in Pakistan’, Amnesty International (October 2013), http://www.amnestyusa.org/sites/default/files/asa330132013en.pdf (accessed 25 May 2014).

  53. 53.

    See ‘Between a Drone and Al-Qaeda: The Civilian Cost of US Targeted Killings in Yemen’, Human Rights Watch (22 October 2013), http://www.hrw.org/reports/2013/10/22/between-drone-and-al-qaeda-0 (accessed 25 May 2014).

  54. 54.

    See ‘White House defends legality of drone attacks’, Al Jazeera (22 October 2013), http://www.aljazeera.com/news/americas/2013/10/white-house-defends-legality-drone-attacks-20131022173945304421.html (accessed 25 May 2014).

  55. 55.

    See UN General Assembly Resolution 68/178 (18 December 2013), http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/68/PV.70 (accessed 25 May 2014).

  56. 56.

    See ‘Press briefing notes on Cambodia and Yemen’, Spokesperson for the High Commissioner on Human Rights (7 January 2014), http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=14152&LangID=E (accessed 25 May 2014).

  57. 57.

    See S.U. Kim, ‘Israel to cease use of live ammunition against civilians’, Jurist (31 January 2013), http://jurist.org/paperchase/2013/01/israel-to-cease-use-of-live-ammunition-against-civilians-un.php (accessed 26 May 2014).

  58. 58.

    See J. Rawley, ‘Statement by the UN Humanitarian Coordinator James W. Rawley on the IDF use of live fire in the West Bank’ (30 January 2013), http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Statement%20by%20the%20UN%20Humanitarian%20Coordinator%20James%20W.%20Rawley.pdf (accessed 26 May 2014).

  59. 59.

    See M. Haggerson, ‘UN rights experts concerned over Israel prisoners on hunger strike’, Jurist (13 February 2013), http://jurist.org/paperchase/2013/02/un-rights-experts-concerned-over-israel-prisoners-on-hunger-strike.php (accessed 26 May 2014).

  60. 60.

    See UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Press Release, ‘Pillay concerned about health of Palestinian detainees’ (13 February 2013), http://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=12987&LangID=E (accessed 26 May 2014).

  61. 61.

    See UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Press Release, ‘The death of a Palestinian prisoner while undergoing interrogation in an Israeli facility must be investigated’ (27 February 2013), http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=13053&LangID=E (accessed 26 May 2014).

  62. 62.

    Ibid.

  63. 63.

    See M. Pomy, ‘Israel mistreating detained Palestinian children: report’, Jurist (6 March 2013), http://jurist.org/paperchase/2013/03/israel-mistreating-detained-palestinian-children-report.php (accessed 26 May 2014).

  64. 64.

    See UNICEF, ‘Children in Israeli Military Detention: Observations and Recommendations’ (6 March 2013), http://www.unicef.org/oPt/UNICEF_oPt_Children_in_Israeli_Military_Detention_Observations_and_Recommendations_-_6_March_2013.pdf (accessed 26 May 2014).

  65. 65.

    See P. Snyder, ‘UN rights expert calls on Israel to withdraw settlers from Palestinian territories’, Jurist (18 March 2013), http://jurist.org/paperchase/2013/03/un-rights-expert-calls-on-israel-to-withdraw-settlers-from-palestinian-territories.php (accessed 26 May 2014).

  66. 66.

    See UN Human Rights Council, ‘Report of the international fact finding mission to investigate the implications of the Israeli settlements on the civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights of the Palestinian people throughout the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem’, A/HRC/22/63 (7 February 2013), http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSession/Session22/A-HRC-22-63_en.pdf (accessed 26 May 2014), p. 12, para 112.

  67. 67.

    Ibid., para 113.

  68. 68.

    See L. Laing, ‘Israel settlement plans criticized as unlawful’, Jurist (31 October 2013), http://jurist.org/paperchase/2013/10/israel-settlement-plans-criticized-as-unlawful.php (accessed 26 May 2014).

  69. 69.

    See ‘European Union Statement by High Representative Catherine Ashton on the latest Israeli announcement of settlement plans’ (31 October 2013), http://www.eeas.europa.eu/statements/docs/2013/131031_01_en.pdf (accessed 26 May 2014).

  70. 70.

    See UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Press Release, ‘Collective punishment in Gaza must end: Israel’s blockade enters its 7th year—UN Special Rapporteur’ (14 June 2013), http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=13455&LangID=E (accessed 26 May 2014).

  71. 71.

    Ibid.

  72. 72.

    See E. McClam, ‘A Guide to the 2013 Israeli-Palestinian Peace Talks’, NBC News (30 July 2013), http://www.nbcnews.com/news/other/guide-2013-israeli-palestinian-peace-talks-f6C10791311 (accessed 26 May 2014).

  73. 73.

    See M. Landler, ‘Mideast Peace Effort Pauses to Let Failure Sink In’, New York Times (15 May 2013), http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/16/world/mideast-peace-effort-pauses-to-let-failure-sink-in.html (accessed 26 May 2014).

  74. 74.

    See ICC, Office of the Prosecutor, Report on Preliminary Examination Activities 2012 (November 2012), http://www.icc-cpi.int/NR/rdonlyres/C433C462-7C4E-4358-8A72-8D99FD00E8CD/285209/OTP2012ReportonPreliminaryExaminations22Nov2012.pdf (accessed 27 May 2014), para 168: “Since 17 January 2012, there is an ongoing non-international armed conflict in the territory of Mali between the government forces and different organized armed groups particularly Mouvement National de Libération de l’Azawad (MNLA), Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), Ansar Dine and Mouvement pour l’Unicité et le Jihad en Afrique de l’Ouest (MUJAO) and ‘Arab militias,’ as well as between these armed groups without the involvement of government forces”.

  75. 75.

    See ‘Mali Islamist group says ends ceasefire with government’, Reuters (4 January 2013), http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/01/04/us-mali-crisis-ansardine-idUSBRE9030CY20130104 (accessed 27 May 2014).

  76. 76.

    See ‘Security Council Press Statement on Mali’ (10 January 2013), http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2013/sc10878.doc.htm (accessed 27 May 2014).

  77. 77.

    See A. Hirsch, ‘French troops arrive in Mali to stem rebel advance’, The Guardian (11 January 2013), http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jan/11/france-intervene-mali-conflict (accessed 27 May 2014); on British involvement, see P. Beaumont et al., ‘Britain to send aircraft to Mali to assist French fight against rebels’, The Guardian (13 January 2013), http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jan/12/mali-somalia-france-rebels-islamist-francois-hollande (accessed 27 May 2014).

  78. 78.

    See ICC, Press Statement, ‘ICC Prosecutor opens investigation into war crimes in Mali: “The legal requirements have been met—we will investigate”’ (16 January 2013), http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/press%20and%20media/press%20releases/news%20and%20highlights/Pages/pr869.aspx (accessed 27 May 2014).

  79. 79.

    See ‘Mali and Tuareg rebels sign peace deal’, BBC News (18 June 2013), http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-22961519 (accessed 27 May 2014).

  80. 80.

    See ‘Mali Tuareg separatists suspend participation in peace process’, Reuters (26 September 2013), http://www.trust.org/item/20130927071806-0qx16/?source=dpagehead (accessed 27 May 2014).

  81. 81.

    See Walker 2012.

  82. 82.

    Human Rights Watch 2014, p. 148.

  83. 83.

    Ibid.

  84. 84.

    ICC, Office of the Prosecutor, ‘Situation in Nigeria’ (5 August 2013), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/PIDS/docs/SAS%20-%20NGA%20-%20Public%20version%20Article%205%20Report%20-%2005%20August%202013.PDF (para 128). The text of the following paragraphs: At the time of writing, the situation in the context of which the alleged crimes are committed by Boko Haram does not seem to qualify as an armed conflict; hence the contextual elements of war crimes are not met. The Office will seek additional information in order to fine-tune its assessment (para 130). Accordingly, the Prosecutor has decided to move the situation in Nigeria to phase 3 of the preliminary examination with a view to assessing whether the Nigerian authorities are conducting genuine proceedings in relation to the crimes committed by Boko Haram (para 131).

  85. 85.

    Human Rights Watch 2014, pp. 150–151.

  86. 86.

    See ‘Nigeria: Deaths of hundreds of Boko Haram suspects in custody requires investigation’, Amnesty International (15 October 2013), http://www.amnesty.org/en/news/nigeria-deaths-hundreds-boko-haram-suspects-custody-requires-investigation-2013-10-15 (accessed 28 May 2014).

  87. 87.

    UN Security Council Resolution 2093 (6 March 2013), http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/s_res_2093.pdf (accessed 2 June 2014).

  88. 88.

    UN Security Council Resolution 2102 (2 May 2013), http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/s_res_2102.pdf (accessed 2 June 2014).

  89. 89.

    UN Security Council Resolution 2124 (12 November 2013), http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/s_res_2124.pdf (accessed 2 June 2014).

  90. 90.

    See A. Guled, ‘Death toll rises to 35 in Somalia court attack’, Yahoo! News (15 April 2013), http://news.yahoo.com/death-toll-rises-35-somalia-court-attack-091204255.html (accessed 2 June 2014).

  91. 91.

    See ‘Security Council Press Statement on Somalia’ (19 June 2013), http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2013/sc11039.doc.htm (accessed 2 June 2014).

  92. 92.

    See F. Omar and A. Sheikh, ‘Al Shabaab claim attack on Turkish mission in Somalia, three dead’, Reuters (27 July 2013), http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/07/27/us-somalia-conflict-idUSBRE96Q0A420130727 (accessed 2 June 2014).

  93. 93.

    See ‘UN envoy strongly condemns terrorist attack in Somali capital’, UN News Centre (7 September 2013), http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=45793&Cr=Somalia&Cr1=#.U4xe462Sy_J (accessed 2 June 2014).

  94. 94.

    See D. Howden, ‘Terror in Nairobi: the full story behind Al-Shabaab’s mall attack’, The Guardian (4 October 2013), http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/04/westgate-mall-attacks-kenya (accessed 2 June 2014).

  95. 95.

    See ‘Somalia: New Al-Shabaab Attacks are War Crimes’, Human Rights Watch (16 April 2013), http://www.hrw.org/news/2013/04/16/somalia-new-al-shabaab-attacks-are-war-crimes (accessed 2 June 2014).

  96. 96.

    See Armed Conflict Location and Event Dataset, ‘Conflict Trends No. 23: Real-Time Analysis of African Violence’ (February 2014), http://www.acleddata.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/ACLED-Conflict-Trends-Report-No-23-February-2014.pdf (accessed 2 June 2014), p. 3.

  97. 97.

    See ‘Sudan and South Sudan in fierce border clashes’, BBC News (27 March 2012), http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17515209 (accessed 6 May 2014).

  98. 98.

    See ‘Human rights situation in Sudan: Amnesty International’s joint written statement to the 24th session of the UN Human Rights Council’, Amnesty International (29 August 2013), http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/AFR54/015/2013/en (accessed 2 June 2014).

  99. 99.

    See Human Rights Watch, World Report 2013: Sudan, http://www.hrw.org/world-report/2014/country-chapters/sudan (accessed 2 June 2014).

  100. 100.

    See ‘Architects of Atrocity: The Sudanese Government’s War Crimes, Crimes against Humanity, and Torture in South Kordofan and Blue Nile States’, The Enough Project and the Satellite Sentinel Project Teams (3 April 2013), http://www.enoughproject.org/reports/architects-atrocity-sudanese-governments-war-crimes-crimes-against-humanity-and-torture (accessed 5 June 2014).

  101. 101.

    See ‘Security Council Press Statement on Jonglei, South Sudan’ (23 August 2013), http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2013/sc11103.doc.htm (accessed 5 June 2014).

  102. 102.

    See ‘South Sudan: Army Unlawfully Killed Civilians,’ Human Rights Watch (13 September 2013), http://www.hrw.org/news/2013/09/12/south-sudan-army-unlawfully-killed-civilians (accessed 5 June 2014).

  103. 103.

    See ‘South Sudan quashes coup attempt, says President Kiir’, BBC News (16 December 2013), http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-25396853 (accessed 5 June 2014).

  104. 104.

    See ‘South Sudan: Ethnic Targeting, Widespread Killings’, Human Rights Watch (16 January 2014), http://www.hrw.org/news/2014/01/16/south-sudan-ethnic-targeting-widespread-killings (accessed 5 June 2014).

  105. 105.

    See ‘African Union Strongly Condemns Killing of United Nations Personnel in South Sudan’, African Union (10 April 2013), http://www.au.int/en/content/african-union-strongly-condemns-killing-united-nations-personnel-south-sudan (accessed 5 June 2014).

  106. 106.

    See ‘United Nations Literally Gives Up Trying to Count Syrian War Casualties’, The Tower (8 January 2013), http://www.thetower.org/united-nations-literally-gives-trying-count-syrian-war-casualties (accessed 5 June 2014).

  107. 107.

    See Letter from Permanent Mission of Switzerland to United Nations (14 January 2014), http://www.news.admin.ch/NSBSubscriber/message/attachments/29293.pdf (accessed 5 June 2014).

  108. 108.

    See UN General Assembly, ‘Report of the independent international commission of inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic’ (5 February 2013), http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/CoISyria/A.HRC.22.59_en.pdf (accessed 5 June 2014).

  109. 109.

    Ibid at p 1.

  110. 110.

    See ‘Syria: Mounting Casualties from Cluster Munitions’, Human Rights Watch (16 March 2013), http://www.hrw.org/news/2013/03/16/syria-mounting-casualties-cluster-munitions (accessed 5 June 2014).

  111. 111.

    See ‘Off-the-Cuff: Secretary-General's Press Encounter on Syrian Government Request’ (21 March 2013), http://www.un.org/sg/offthecuff/index.asp?nid=2745 (accessed 5 June 2014).

  112. 112.

    See ‘Death from The Skies’, Human Rights Watch (11 April 2013), http://www.hrw.org/reports/2013/04/11/death-skies (accessed 5 June 2014).

  113. 113.

    See UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Press Release, ‘Pillay urges greater attention to atrocities in Syria, warns of threat to Qusayr’ (10 May 2013), http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=13314&LangID=E (accessed 5 June 2014).

  114. 114.

    See UN Human Rights Council, ‘Report of the independent international commission of inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic’ (4 June 2013), http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/CoISyria/A-HRC-23-58_en.pdf (accessed 6 June 2014).

  115. 115.

    See S. Franklin, ‘UN rights council condemns foreign military involvement in Syria’, Jurist (15 June 2013), http://jurist.org/paperchase/2013/06/un-rights-council-condemns-foreign-military-involvement-in-syria.php (accessed 6 June 2014).

  116. 116.

    See UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Press Release, ‘Pillay says Syrian chemical weapons allegations “exceptionally grave,” investigation essential’ (22 August 2013), http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=13652&LangID=E (accessed 6 June 2014).

  117. 117.

    See UN Security Council Resolution 2118 (27 September 2013), http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/s_res_2118.pdf (accessed 6 June 2014).

  118. 118.

    See D. Martin and H. Williams, ‘U.S. preps for possible cruise missile attack on Syrian gov’t forces’, CBS News (23 August 2013), http://www.cbsnews.com/news/us-preps-for-possible-cruise-missile-attack-on-syrian-govt-forces/ (accessed 6 June 2014).

  119. 119.

    See ‘France says would be hard to bypass U.N. in action against Syria’, Reuters (26 August 2013), http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/08/26/us-syria-crisis-france-idUSBRE97P04B20130826 (accessed 6 June 2014).

  120. 120.

    See S. Franklin, ‘UK government outlines legal justification for possible strike on Syria’, Jurist (29 August 2013), http://jurist.org/paperchase/2013/08/uk-government-outlines-legal-justification-for-possible-strike-on-syria.php (accessed 6 June 2014).

  121. 121.

    For more academic discussion on the lead up to potential strikes in August and September, see, ‘Syria Insta-Symposium’, Opinio Juris (31 August 2013), http://opiniojuris.org/2013/08/31/syria-insta-symposium/ (accessed 6 June 2014).

  122. 122.

    See L. Charbonneau, ‘U.N.’s Ban casts doubt on legality of U.S. plans to punish Syria’, Reuters (3 September 2013), http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/09/03/us-syria-crisis-un-idUSBRE9820VX20130903 (accessed 6 June 2014).

  123. 123.

    See ‘UN estimates 9.3 million Syrians need aid’, Al Jazeera (5 November 2013), http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/11/un-estimates-40-percent-syrians-need-aid-201311543349947959.html (accessed 6 June 2014).

  124. 124.

    See ‘UN Security Council Press Release on Lebanon’ (14 March 2013), http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2013/sc10941.doc.htm (accessed 6 June 2014).

  125. 125.

    See UN Security Council, ‘Statement by the President of the Security Council’(10 July 2013), http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/s_prst_2013_9.pdf (accessed 6 July 2014).

  126. 126.

    See ‘Israel says returns fire into Syria on occupied Golan Heights’, Reuters (2 December 2013), http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/02/us-israel-syria-idUSBRE9B108P20131202?feedType=RSS&feedName=worldNews&rpc=69 (accessed 6 June 2014).

  127. 127.

    See C. Woods, J. Serle and A. Ross, ‘Emerging from the shadows: US covert drone strikes in 2012’, The Bureau of Investigative Journalism (3 January 2013), http://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/2013/01/03/emerging-from-the-shadows-us-covert-drone-strikes-in-2012-2 (accessed 6 June 2014).

  128. 128.

    See T. Whittle, ‘Pakistani FM says world shows concerns on U.S. drone strikes’, NZ Week (23 January 2013), http://www.nzweek.com/world/pakistani-fm-says-world-shows-concerns-on-u-s-drone-strikes-44145/ (accessed 6 June 2014).

  129. 129.

    See D. Mullen, ‘Pakistan court declares US drone strikes illegal’, Jurist (9 May 2013), http://jurist.org/paperchase/2013/05/pakistan-court-declares-drone-strikes-illegal-directs-foreign-ministry-to-introduce-resolution-in-un.php (accessed 6 June 2014).

  130. 130.

    See ‘Yemeni parliament bans US terror drone strikes’, Press TV (15 December 2013), http://www.presstv.com/detail/2013/12/15/340201/yemen-votes-motion-on-us-drone-strikes/ (accessed 6 June 2014).

  131. 131.

    See R. Nordland and S. Masood, ‘Recent Drone Strikes Strain U.S. Ties With Afghanistan and Pakistan’, New York Times (29 November 2013), http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/30/world/asia/drone-strike-pakistan.html?_r=1& (accessed 7 June 2014).

  132. 132.

    See ECtHR, Zayn Al-Abidin Muhammad Husayn (Abu Zubaydah) against Poland, App. No. 7511/13, lodged on 28 January 2013, http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/eng/pages/search.aspx?i=001-123768 (accessed 7 June 2014).

  133. 133.

    See G. Redd, ‘Europe rights court to hear case against Poland over secret CIA prisons’, Jurist (30 July 2013), http://jurist.org/paperchase/2013/07/poland-under-scrutiny-for-us-detainment-camps.php (accessed 7 June 2014).

  134. 134.

    See ‘Two Gitmo detainees accuse Poland of human rights abuses’, Al Jazeera America (3 December 2013), http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2013/12/3/europe-rights-courthearingonsecretciaprisons.html (accessed 7 June 2014).

  135. 135.

    See ‘Lithuania: Reopen Investigation into Secret CIA Prisons’, Human Rights Watch (25 June 2013), http://www.hrw.org/news/2013/06/25/lithuania-reopen-investigation-secret-cia-prisons (accessed 7 June 2014).

  136. 136.

    See ‘US-led CIA rendition and secret detention programmes: impunity must end’, European Parliament/News (10 October 2013), http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/news-room/content/20131004IPR21520/html/US-led-CIA-rendition-and-secret-detention-programmes-impunity-must-end (accessed 7 June 2014).

  137. 137.

    See Council of Europe, Commissioner for Human Rights, ‘Time for accountability in CIA torture cases’ (9 November 2013), http://hub.coe.int/en/web/coe-portal/press/newsroom?p_p_id=newsroom&_newsroom_articleId=1584627&_newsroom_groupId=10226&_newsroom_tabs=newsroom-topnews&pager.offset=90 (accessed 7 June 2014).

  138. 138.

    See S. Wilson and Z. Goldfarb, ‘Obama vows a new effort to close Guantanamo Bay prison’, Washington Post (30 April 2013), ‘http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2013/04/30/60eca3a6-b1a0-11e2-9a98-4be1688d7d84_story.html (accessed 7 June 2014).

  139. 139.

    See White House, Office of the Press Secretary, ‘Fact Sheet: The President’s May 23 Speech on Counterterrorism’ (23 May 2013), http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/05/23/fact-sheet-president-s-may-23-speech-counterterrorism (accessed 8 June 2014).

  140. 140.

    See M. Slater, ‘Guantanamo inmates pursuing claims under global torture treaty’, Jurist (23 October 2013), http://jurist.org/paperchase/2013/10/guantanamo-inmates-pursuing-claims-under-global-torture-treaty.php (accessed 8 June 2014).

  141. 141.

    See S. Normil, ‘Dutch judge blocks extradition of terror suspect to US’, Jurist (24 July 2014), http://jurist.org/paperchase/2013/07/dutch-judge-blocks-extradition-of-terror-suspect-to-us.php (accessed 8 June 2014); and See Press Release Hague District Court (23 July 2013): http://www.rechtspraak.nl/Organisatie/Gerechtshoven/Den-Haag/Nieuws/Pages/GerechtshofDenHaagSabirKmagnietwordenuitgeleverd.aspx(inDutch) (accessed 8 June 2014).

  142. 142.

    See M. Pomy, ‘Nigeria court orders extradition of Al Qaeda suspect to U.S.’, Jurist (28 August 2013), http://jurist.org/paperchase/2013/08/nigeria-court-orders-extradition-of-al-qaeda-suspect-to-us.php (accessed 8 June 2014).

  143. 143.

    See ICTY, Trial Chamber I, Prosecutor v. Momčilo Perišić, ‘Judgement’, Case No. IT-04-81-T (6 September 2011), http://www.icty.org/x/cases/perisic/tjug/en/110906_judgement.pdf (accessed 7 March 2014).

  144. 144.

    See ICTY, Appeals Chamber, Prosecutor v. Momčilo Perišić, ‘Judgement’, Case No. IT-04-81-A (28 February 2013), http://www.icty.org/x/cases/perisic/acjug/en/130228_judgement.pdf (accessed 7 March 2014).

  145. 145.

    Ibid., para 73.

  146. 146.

    Ibid., para 119.

  147. 147.

    See ICTY, Trial Chamber II, Prosecutor v. Mićo Stanišić and Stojan Župljanin, ‘Judgement’, Case No. IT-08-91-T (27 March 2013), http://www.icty.org/x/cases/zupljanin_stanisicm/tjug/en/130327-1.pdf, (Volume 1 of 3) http://www.icty.org/x/cases/zupljanin_stanisicm/tjug/en/130327-2.pdf , (Volume 2 of 3) http://www.icty.org/x/cases/zupljanin_stanisicm/tjug/en/130327-3.pdf (Volume 3 of 3) (accessed 7 March 2014).

  148. 148.

    Prosecutor v. Mićo Stanišić and Stojan Župljanin, supra n 147, (Volume 2 of 3), paras 929 (Stanišić) and 948 (Župljanin).

  149. 149.

    For the six volumes (in French), See http://www.icty.org/case/prlic/4 (accessed 2 May 2014).

  150. 150.

    See ICTY, Press Release, ‘Six Senior Herceg-Bosna Officials Convicted’ (29 May 2013), http://icty.org/sid/11324 (accessed 2 May 2014).

  151. 151.

    Ibid.

  152. 152.

    See ICTY, Trial Chamber, ‘Judgement Summary for Jadranko Prlić and others’ (29 May 2013), http://www.icty.org/x/cases/prlic/tjug/en/130529_summary_en.pdf (accessed 2 May 2014), p. 3.

  153. 153.

    See ICTY, Press Release, ‘Jovica Stanišić and Franko Simatović acquitted of all charges’ (30 May 2013), http://icty.org/sid/11329 (accessed 4 May 2014). For the judgment itself, see http://icty.org/x/cases/stanisic_simatovic/tjug/en/130530_judgement_p1.pdf (Volume 1) and http://icty.org/x/cases/stanisic_simatovic/tjug/en/130530_judgement_p2.pdf (Volume 2).

  154. 154.

    Ibid.

  155. 155.

    Ibid.

  156. 156.

    Ibid.

  157. 157.

    See ICTY, Press Release, ‘Appeals Chamber reverses Radovan Karadžić’s acquittal for genocide in municipalities of Bosnia and Herzegovina’ (11 July 2013), http://icty.org/sid/11345 (accessed 4 May 2014).

  158. 158.

    Ibid.

  159. 159.

    Ibid.

  160. 160.

    See ICTY, Appeals Chamber, Prosecutor v. Radovan Karadžić, ‘Judgement’, Case No. IT-95-5/18-AR98bis.1 (11 July 2013), http://www.icty.org/x/cases/karadzic/acjug/en/130711_judgement_rule98bis.pdf (accessed 4 May 2014), paras 37–38.

  161. 161.

    Ibid., paras 49–50.

  162. 162.

    Ibid., paras 97–102.

  163. 163.

    Ibid., para 98.

  164. 164.

    Ibid.

  165. 165.

    See http://www.bt.dk/sites/default/files-dk/node-files/511/6/6511917-letter-english.pdf (accessed 4 May 2014).

  166. 166.

    Ibid.

  167. 167.

    Ibid.

  168. 168.

    See ICTY, Press Release, ‘Judge Harhoff disqualified from Šešelj case’ (29 August 2013) http://icty.org/sid/11357 (accessed 4 May 2014).

  169. 169.

    See ICTY, Chamber Convened by Order of the Vice-President, Prosecutor v. Vojislav Šešelj, ‘Decision on Defence Motion for Disqualification of Judge Frederik Harhoff and Report to the Vice-President’, Case No. IT-03-67-T (28 August 2013), http://www.icty.org/x/cases/seselj/tdec/en/130828.pdf (accessed 4 May 2014), para 13.

  170. 170.

    See ICTR, Appeals Chamber, Justin Mugenzi and Prosper Mugiraneza v. The Prosecutor, ‘Judgement’, Case No. ICTR-99-50-A (4 February 2013), http://www.unictr.org/Portals/0/Case%5CEnglish%5CMugenzi%5CJudgment%5C130204-Appeal%20Judgment.pdf (accessed 4 May 2014).

  171. 171.

    Ibid., paras 2–3.

  172. 172.

    Ibid., para 4.

  173. 173.

    Ibid.

  174. 174.

    Ibid.

  175. 175.

    See ICTR, Press Release, ‘Appeals Chamber Acquits and Releases Justin Mugenzi and Prosper Mugiraneza’, ICTR/INFO-9-2-738.EN (4 February 2013), http://www.unictr.org/tabid/155/Default.aspx?id=1344 (accessed 4 May 2014).

  176. 176.

    See ICTR, Appeals Chamber, Justin Mugenzi and Prosper Mugiraneza v. The Prosecutor, ‘Judgement’, Case No. ICTR-99-50-A (4 February 2013), http://www.unictr.org/Portals/0/Case%5CEnglish%5CMugenzi%5CJudgment%5C130204-Appeal%20Judgment.pdf (accessed 4 May 2014), para 138.

  177. 177.

    See UNMICT, Press Release, ‘Mechanism for International Criminal Tribunals (MICT) begins work in The Hague’ (1 July 2013), http://unmict.org/news/2013/130701_PR10.html (accessed 5 May 2014).

  178. 178.

    See ICTR, Press Release, ‘ICTR Prosecutor Hands Over Last Case File to Rwanda’, ICTR/INFO-9-2-743.EN (24 July 2013), http://www.unictr.org/tabid/155/Default.aspx?id=1356 (accessed 5 May 2014).

  179. 179.

    The report can be found here: http://unmict.org/files/documents/annual_reports/130801-annual-report_en.pdf (accessed 5 May 2014).

  180. 180.

    See UNMICT, Press Release, ‘President Meron presents first Annual Report to the United Nations General Assembly’ (14 October 2013), http://unmict.org/news/2013/131014_PR15.html (accessed 5 May 2014).

  181. 181.

    See ICC, Trial Chamber V, Situation in the Republic of Kenya, In the case of the Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura and Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta, ‘Defence Application to the Trial Chamber Pursuant to Article 64(4) of the Rome Statute to Refer the Preliminary Issue of the Confirmation Decision to the Pre-Trial Chamber for Reconsideration’, Case No. ICC-01/09-02/11 (5 February 2013), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1548545.pdf (accessed 4 June 2014); and ICC, Trial Chamber V, Situation in the Republic of Kenya, In the case of the Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura and Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta (hereinafter: Prosecutor v. Muthaura and Kenyatta), ‘Defence Application pursuant to Article 64(4) for an order to refer back to Pre-Trial Chamber II or a Judge of the Pre-Trial Division the Preliminary issue of the Validity of the Decision on the Confirmation of Charges for an order striking out new facts alleged in the Prosecution’s Pre-Trial Brief and Request for an extension of the page limit pursuant to Regulation 37(2)’, Case No. ICC-01/09-02/11 (7 February 2013), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1549410.pdf (accessed 4 June 2014), para 2.

  182. 182.

    See ICC, Trial Chamber V, Prosecutor v. Muthaura and Kenyatta, ‘Public redacted version of the 25 February 2013 Consolidated Prosecution response to the Defence applications under Article 64 of the Statute to refer the confirmation decision back to the Pre-Trial Chamber’, Case No. ICC-01/09-02/11 (25 February 2013), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1557330.pdf (accessed 4 June 2014), para 9.

  183. 183.

    Ibid., para 44.

  184. 184.

    See ICC, Trial Chamber V, Prosecutor v. Muthaura and Kenyatta, ‘Prosecution Notification of withdrawal of the charges against Francis Kirimi Muthaura’, Case No. ICC-01/09-02/11 (11 March 2013), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/ICC-01-09-02-11-687.pdf (accessed 4 June 2014), para 11.

  185. 185.

    See ICC, Press Release, ‘Statement by ICC Prosecutor on the notice to withdraw charges against Mr Muthaura’ (11 March 2013), http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/press%20and%20media/press%20releases/Pages/OTP-statement-11-03-2013.aspx (accessed 4 June 2014).

  186. 186.

    See ICC, Trial Chamber V, Prosecutor v. Muthaura and Kenyatta, ‘Joint Defence submissions on Legal Basis for the Accused’s Presence at Trial via Video Link’, Case No. ICC-01/09-02/11 (28 February 2013), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1560298.pdf (accessed 4 April 2014).

  187. 187.

    See ICC, Trial Chamber V, Prosecutor v. Muthaura and Kenyatta, ‘Defence Request Pursuant to Article 63(1) of the Rome Statute’, Case No. ICC-01/09-02/11 (17 April 2013), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1580797.pdf (accessed 4 April 2014).

  188. 188.

    See ICC, Trial Chamber V, Prosecutor v. Muthaura and Kenyatta, ‘Decision on Mr Ruto’s Request for Excusal from Continuous Presence at Trial’, Case No. ICC-01/09-02/11 (18 June 2013), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1605793.pdf (accessed 4 April 2014), para 3a.

  189. 189.

    See ICC, Trial Chamber V, Prosecutor v. Muthaura and Kenyatta, ‘Judgment on the appeal of the Prosecutor against the decision of Trial Chamber V(a) of 18 June 2013 entitled Decision on Mr Ruto’s Request for Excusal from Continuous Presence at Trial’, Case No. ICC-01/09-02/11 (25 October 2013), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1669852.pdf (accessed 4 April 2014), paras 46 and 63.

  190. 190.

    See ICC, Trial Chamber V(B), Prosecutor v. Muthaura and Kenyatta, ‘Decision on Defence Request for Conditional Excusal from Continuous Presence at Trial’, Case No. ICC-01/09-02/11 (18 October 2013), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1667182.pdf (accessed 4 April 2014), para 4.

  191. 191.

    Ibid., para 5.

  192. 192.

    See ICC, Press Release, ‘Kenyatta case: ICC Trial Chamber V(b) reviews decision on presence of accused at trial’ (26 November 2013), http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/press%20and%20media/press%20releases/Pages/PR965.aspx (accessed 4 April 2014).

  193. 193.

    See ICC, The Presidency, Situation in the Republic of Kenya, In the case of the Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto and Joshua Arap Sang (hereinafter: Prosecutor v. Ruto and Sang), ‘Joint Defence Application for a Change of Place where the Court Shall Sit for Trial’, Case No. ICC-01/09-01/11 (24 January 2013), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1544498.pdf (accessed 5 April 2014), paras 23 and 25.

  194. 194.

    See ICC, Trial Chamber V(A), Prosecutor v. Ruto and Sang, ‘Recommendation to the Presidency on where the Court shall sit for trial’, Case No. ICC-01/09-01/11 (3 June 2013), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1599761.pdf (accessed 5 April 2014), paras 10 and 11.

  195. 195.

    See ICC, Press Release, ‘Ruto and Sang case: Trial to open in The Hague’ (15 July 2013), http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/press%20and%20media/press%20releases/Pages/pr931.aspx (accessed 5 April 2014).

  196. 196.

    See ICC, Pre-Trial Chamber II, ‘Decision on the “Prosecution’s Request to Amend the Updated Document Containing the Charges Pursuant to Article 61(9) of the Statute”’, Case No. ICC-01/09-01/11 (16 August 2013), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1634046.pdf (accessed 5 April 2014), para 42.

  197. 197.

    See ICC, Trial Chamber V(B), Prosecutor v. Muthaura and Kenyatta, ‘Notification of the removal of a witness from the Prosecution’s witness list and application of an adjournment of the provisional trial date’, Case No. ICC-01/09-02/11 (19 December 2013), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1703998.pdf (accessed 5 April 2014).

  198. 198.

    See M. Nichols, ‘Africa fails to get Kenya ICC trials deferred at the United Nations’, Reuters (15 November 2013), http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/11/15/us-kenya-icc-un-idUSBRE9AE0S420131115 (accessed 4 June 2014).

  199. 199.

    See ICC, Press Release, ‘ICC Prosecutor opens investigation into war crimes in Mali: “The legal requirements have been met. We will investigate.”’(16 January 2013), http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/press%20and%20media/press%20releases/news%20and%20highlights/Pages/pr869.aspx (accessed 4 April 2014).

  200. 200.

    See ICC, Press Release, ‘2010 events on Comorian, Greek and Cambodian vessels: Situation assigned to ICC Pre-Trial Chamber I’ (5 July 2013), http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/press%20and%20media/press%20releases/Pages/pr926.aspx (accessed 4 April 2014).

  201. 201.

    See ‘Dissenting Opinion of Judge Silvia Fernández de Gurmendi’ (3 June 2013), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1599832.pdf (accessed 4 April 2014).

  202. 202.

    See ICC, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Situation in the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire, in the case of the Prosecutor v. Laurent Gbagbo (hereinafter: Prosecutor v. Gbagbo), ‘Decision adjourning the hearing on the confirmation of charges pursuant to Article 61(7)(c)(i) of the Rome Statute’, Case No. ICC-02/11-01/11 (3 June 2013), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1599831.pdf (accessed 5 April 2014), p. 16.

  203. 203.

    Ibid., p 24.

  204. 204.

    See ICC, Appeals Chamber, Prosecutor v. Gbagbo, ‘Judgment on the appeal of the Prosecutor against the decision of Pre-Trial Chamber I of 3 June 2013 entitled “Decision adjourning the hearing on the confirmation of charges pursuant to Article 61(7(c)(i) of the Rome Statute”’, Case No. ICC-02/11-01/11 (OA5) (16 December 2013), http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/situations%20and%20cases/situations/icc0211/related%20cases/icc02110111/court%20records/chambers/appeals-chamber/Pages/572.aspx (accessed 5 April 2014).

  205. 205.

    See ICC, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Prosecutor v. Gbagbo, ‘Decision on the “Requête relative à la recevabilité de l’affaire en vertu des Articles 19 et 17 du Statut”’, Case No. ICC-02/11-01/11 (11 June 2013), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1602934.pdf (accessed 5 April 2014), para 9.

  206. 206.

    Ibid., para 14.

  207. 207.

    Ibid.

  208. 208.

    Ibid., para 21.

  209. 209.

    See ICC, Press Release, ‘ICC Pre-Trial Chamber I rejects challenge to the admissibility of the case against Laurent Gbagbo’ (11 June 2013), http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/press%20and%20media/press%20releases/Pages/pr917.aspx (accessed April 4 2014).

  210. 210.

    See ICC, Pre-Trial Chamber III, Situation in the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire, In the case of The Prosecutor v. Charles Blé Goudé, ‘Warrant Of Arrest For Charles Blé Goudé’, Case No. ICC-02/11-02/11 (21 December 2013), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/PIDS/press/ICC-02-11-02-11-1-Reclass.pdf (accessed 5 April 2014), para 9.

  211. 211.

    See ‘Congo war crimes suspect surrenders at US embassy in Rwanda’, supra n 37.

  212. 212.

    See ‘Bosco Ntaganda denies Congo atrocities at international criminal court’, The Guardian (26 March 2013), http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/26/bosco-ntaganda-denies-congo-atrocities (accessed 4 April 2014).

  213. 213.

    See ICC, Pre-Trial Chamber II, Situation in the Democratic Republic of the Coungo, In the case of The Prosecutor v. Bosco Ntaganda, ‘Decision on the “Prosecution’s Urgent Request to Postpone the Date of the Confirmation Hearing” and setting a New Calendar for the Disclosure of Evidence Between the Parties’, Case No. ICC-01/04-02/06 (17 June 2013), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1605646.pdf (accessed 4 April 2014).

  214. 214.

    See ICC, Trial Chamber II, Situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, in the case of The Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, ‘Decision on the implementation of regulation 55 of the Regulations of the Court and severing the charges against the accused persons’, Case No. ICC-01/04-01/07 (21 November 2012), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1529337.pdf (accessed 4 April 2014).

  215. 215.

    See ICC, Appeals Chamber, Situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, in the case of The Prosecutor v. Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, ‘Urgent application by Mathieu Ngudjolo’s Defence seeking the Appeals Chamber’s instructions on the modalities of preparation for the appeals procedure in view of Mathieu Ngudjolo’s current situation (Article 67 of the Rome Statute)’, Case No. ICC-01/04-02/12 (20 March 2013), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1573711.pdf (accessed 4 April 2014), paras 4–5.

  216. 216.

    See ICC, Appeals Chamber, Situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, in the case of The Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga, ‘Defence’s Document in Support of Appeal Against the Decision on the implementation of regulation 55 of the Regulations of the Court and severing the charges against accused persons’, Case No. ICC-01/04-01/07 (10 January 2013), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1539247.pdf (accessed 5 April 2014), para 12.

  217. 217.

    See ICC, Press Release, ‘Katanga case: Appeals Chamber confirms Trial Chamber II decision on potential modification of the form of responsibility’ (27 March 2013), http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/press%20and%20media/press%20releases/Pages/pr892.aspx (accessed 4 June 2014).

  218. 218.

    See ICC, Press Release, ‘Katanga case: Judgment to be delivered on 7 February 2014’ (19 November 2013), http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/press%20and%20media/press%20releases/Pages/ma146.aspx (accessed 5 April 2014).

  219. 219.

    See ICC, Press Release, ‘Banda and Jerbo Trial to Start on 5 May 2014’ (6 March 2013), http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/press%20and%20media/press%20releases/Pages/pr877.aspx (accessed 1 June 2014).

  220. 220.

    See ICC, Press Release, ‘Darfur Situation: Trial Chamber IV terminates proceedings against Saleh Jerbo’ (4 October 2014), http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/press%20and%20media/press%20releases/Pages/pr950.aspx (accessed 1 June 2014).

  221. 221.

    See ICC, Pre-Trial Chamber II, Situation in Darfur, Sudan, In the case of The Prosecutor v. Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir, ‘Decision Regarding Omar Al-Bashir’s Visit to the Federal Republic of Nigeria’, ICC-02/05-01/09 (15 July 2013), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1619414.pdf (accessed 4 April 2014).

  222. 222.

    See ICC, Press Release, ‘Al Bashir case: ICC Judges invite the US to arrest the suspect and transfer him to the Court’ (18 September 2013) http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/press%20and%20media/press%20releases/Pages/pr942.aspx (accessed 1 June 2014).

  223. 223.

    See ICC, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Situation in Libya, In the case of The Prosecutor v. Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi and Abdullah Al-Senussi, ‘Decision on the “Urgent Application on behalf of Abdullah Al-Senussi for Pre-Trial Chamber to order the Libyan Authorities to comply with their obligations and the orders of the ICC”’, Case No. ICC-01/11-01/11 (6 February 2013), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1549214.pdf (accessed 5 April 2014).

  224. 224.

    See ICC, Pre-Trial Chamber I, Situation in Libya, In the case of The Prosecutor v. Abdullah Al-Senussi, ‘Summary of the Decision on the admissibility of the case against Mr Abdullah Al-Senussi’, http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/press%20and%20media/press%20releases/Documents/pr953/Summary%20AL-Senussi%20English.pdf (accessed 4 April 2014).

  225. 225.

    See ICC, Press Release, ‘ICC Pre-Trial Chamber I rejects Libyan challenge to the admissibility of the case against Saif Al Islam Gaddafi’ (31 May 2013), http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/press%20and%20media/press%20releases/Pages/pr911.aspx (accessed 4 June 2014).

  226. 226.

    See ICC, Press Release, ‘ICC Appeals Chamber rejects the Libyan authorities’ request to suspend the surrender of Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi to the Court’ (18 July 2013), http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/press%20and%20media/press%20releases/Pages/pr934.aspx (accessed 4 June 2014).

  227. 227.

    See ICC, Press Release, ‘ICC Pre-Trial Chamber I decides that the Al-Senussi case is to proceed in Libya and is inadmissible before the ICC’ (11 October 2013), http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/press%20and%20media/press%20releases/Pages/pr953.aspx (accessed 5 April 2014).

  228. 228.

    See ICC, Appeals Chamber, Situation in Libya In the case of The Prosecutor v. Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi and Abdullah Al-Senussi, ‘Appeal on behalf of Abdullah Al-Senussi against Pre-Trial Chamber I’s ‘Decision on the admissibility of the case against Abdullah Al-Senussi’, and Request for

    Suspensive Effect’, Case No. ICC-01/11-01/11 (17 October 2013), http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1666694.pdf (accessed 1 June 2014).

  229. 229.

    See ICC, Press Release, ‘Luxembourg ratifies amendments on the crime of aggression and Article 8’ (17 January 2013), http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/press%20and%20media/press%20releases/Pages/PR870.aspx (accessed 4 April 2014).

  230. 230.

    See ICC, Press Release, ‘Estonia ratifies amendments to the Rome Statute on the crime of aggression and Article 8’ (28 March 2013), http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/press%20and%20media/press%20releases/Pages/pr893.aspx (accessed 4 April 2014). See also ICC, Press Release, ‘Botswana and Germany ratify amendments on the crime of aggression and Article 8’ (10 June 2013), http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/press%20and%20media/press%20releases/Pages/pr916.aspx (accessed 4 April 2014).

  231. 231.

    See ICC, Press Release, ‘Andorra, Cyprus, Slovenia, and Uruguay ratify amendments to the Rome Statute on the crime of aggression and Article 8’ (1 October 2013), http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/press%20and%20media/press%20releases/Pages/pr946.aspx (accessed 4 April 2014). See also ICC, Press Release, ‘Belgium ratifies amendments to the Rome Statute on the crime of aggression and Article 8’ (29 November 2013), http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/press%20and%20media/press%20releases/Pages/PR968.aspx (accessed 4 April 2014).

  232. 232.

    See ICC, Press Release, ‘ICC welcomes Cote d’Ivoire as new State Party’ (19 March 2013), http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/press%20and%20media/press%20releases/Pages/PR968.aspx (accessed 4 April 2014); ICC, Situation in the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire, ‘Declaration under Articles 12–3 of the Rome Statute’ (18 April 2003), http://www.icc-cpi.int/NR/rdonlyres/CBE1F16B-5712-4452-87E7-4FDDE5DD70D9/279779/ICDE.pdf (accessed 4 April 2014); and ICC, Situation in the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire, ‘Letter reconfirming the acceptance of the ICC jurisdiction’ (14 December 2010), http://www.icc-cpi.int/NR/rdonlyres/498E8FEB-7A72-4005-A209-C14BA374804F/0/ReconCPI.pdf (accessed 4 April 2014).

  233. 233.

    See ICC, Press Release, ‘ICC’s new Deputy Prosecutor James Stewart sworn in’ (8 March 2013), http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/press%20and%20media/press%20releases/Pages/pr879.aspx (accessed 4 April 2014).

  234. 234.

    See ‘Report on the 12th Session of the Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute’, Coalition for the International Criminal Court, http://www.iccnow.org/documents/asp12_report.pdf (accessed 1 June 2014).

  235. 235.

    See S.U. Kim, ‘Retrial begins against Kosovo politician accused of war crimes’, Jurist (19 April 2013), http://jurist.org/paperchase/2013/04/retrial-begins-against-kosovo-politician-accused-of-war-crimes.php#.U2edGCiFH5N (accessed 5 May 2014).

  236. 236.

    See L. Klein Mullen, ‘Kosovo politician again acquitted of war crimes charges’, Jurist (18 September 2013), http://jurist.org/paperchase/2013/09/kosovo-politician-again-acquitted-of-war-crimes-charges.php#.U2eliCiFH5M (accessed 5 May 2014).

  237. 237.

    See G. Redd, ‘Allies of Kosovo PM probed over war crimes allegations’, Jurist (24 May 2013), http://jurist.org/paperchase/2013/05/allies-of-kosovo-pm-probed-over-war-crimes.php#.U2eaFyiFH5M (accessed 5 May 2014).

  238. 238.

    Ibid.

  239. 239.

    See S. Adelgren, ‘EULEX Kosovo prosecutor indicts 15 people for war crimes’, Jurist (8 November 2013), http://jurist.org/paperchase/2013/11/sprk-indicts-15-for-war-crimes-at-kla-detention-center-in-1998.php#.U2epviiFH5N (accessed 5 May 2014).

  240. 240.

    See ECCC, Office of Administration, Press Release, ‘Accused Person Ieng Sary Dies’ (14 March 2013), http://www.eccc.gov.kh/sites/default/files/media/ECCC%20PR%20DIC%20Ieng%20Sary%2014%20March%202013.pdf (accessed 5 May 2014).

  241. 241.

    See ECCC, ‘Supreme Court Chamber renders decision on appeal against scope of Case 002/01’ (12 February 2013), http://www.eccc.gov.kh/en/articles/supreme-court-chamber-renders-decision-appeal-against-scope-case-00201 (accessed 5 May 2014).

  242. 242.

    See ECCC, ‘Trial Chamber issues reasoned decision on Case 002 severance’ (26 April 2013), http://www.eccc.gov.kh/en/articles/trial-chamber-issues-reasoned-decision-case-002-severance (accessed 5 May 2014).

  243. 243.

    See ‘Supreme Court Chamber renders decision on appeal against scope of Case 002/01’, supra n 241.

  244. 244.

    Ibid.

  245. 245.

    See ECCC, ‘Case 002 severed and Nuon Chea found fit to stand trial’ (29 March 2013), http://www.eccc.gov.kh/en/articles/case-002-severed-and-nuon-chea-found-fit-stand-trial (accessed 5 May 2014).

  246. 246.

    For the decision, see http://www.eccc.gov.kh/sites/default/files/documents/courtdoc/2013-04-26%2016:43/E284_EN.PDF (accessed 5 May 2014).

  247. 247.

    See ‘Trial Chamber issues reasoned decision on Case 002 severance’, supra n 242.

  248. 248.

    See ECCC, Supreme Court Chamber, ‘Decision on Immediate Appeals against Trial Chamber’s Second Decision on Severance of Case 002. Summary of Reasons’, Case File 002/19-09-2007-ECCC-TC/SC(28) (23 July 2013), http://www.eccc.gov.kh/sites/default/files/documents/courtdoc/2013-07-23%2016:57/E284_4_7_EN.PDF (accessed 5 May 2014), para 5.

  249. 249.

    Ibid., paras 6–7.

  250. 250.

    Ibid., paras 8–9.

  251. 251.

    Ibid., para 9.

  252. 252.

    Ibid., para 11.

  253. 253.

    Ibid., para 12.

  254. 254.

    See ECCC, Supreme Court Chamber, ‘Order Regarding the Establishment of a Second Trial Panel’, File No. 002/19-09-2007-ECCC-TC/SC(28) (23 July 2013), http://www.eccc.gov.kh/sites/default/files/documents/courtdoc/2013-07-23%2017:14/E284_4_7_1_EN.PDF (accessed 5 May 2014), p. 2.

  255. 255.

    Ibid.

  256. 256.

    See http://www.sc-sl.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=R5js%2fPiBejc%3d&tabid=107 (accessed 6 May 2014).

  257. 257.

    See http://www.sc-sl.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=RKV2Z8dIRLI%3d&tabid=107 (accessed 6 May 2014).

  258. 258.

    See SCSL, Appeals Chamber, Prosecutor against Charles Ghankay Taylor, ‘Judgment’, Case No. SCSL-03-01-A (26 September 2013), http://www.sc-sl.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=t14fjFP4jJ8%3d&tabid=53 (accessed 6 May 2014), para 17.

  259. 259.

    Ibid., para 18.

  260. 260.

    Ibid., para 19.

  261. 261.

    Ibid., para 20.

  262. 262.

    Ibid., para 21.

  263. 263.

    Ibid., para 22.

  264. 264.

    Ibid., para 23.

  265. 265.

    Ibid.

  266. 266.

    Ibid., para 594.

  267. 267.

    Ibid., XI. Disposition (p. 305).

  268. 268.

    Ibid.

  269. 269.

    See SCSL, Outreach and Public Affairs Office, Press Release, ‘Charles Taylor Transferred to the UK for the Enforcement of his Sentence’ (15 October 2013), http://www.sc-sl.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=rHbdqmtDjKg%3d&tabid=53 (accessed 6 May 2014).

  270. 270.

    See SCSL, Outreach and Public Affairs Office, Press Release, ‘Government of Sierra Leone Hosts Formal Closing Ceremony for the Special Court’ (3 December 2013), http://www.rscsl.org/Documents/Press/2013/pressrelease-120313b.pdf (accessed 6 May 2014).

  271. 271.

    Ibid.

  272. 272.

    See http://www.rscsl.org (accessed 6 May 2014).

  273. 273.

    See STL, Press Release, ‘STL condemns media reports on alleged witness identities’ (22 January 2013), http://www.stl-tsl.org/en/media/press-releases/22-01-2013-stl-condemns-media-reports-on-alleged-witness-identities (accessed 25 May 2014).

  274. 274.

    See STL, Press Release, ‘Tribunal condemns attempts to interfere with judicial process’ (11 April 2013), http://www.stl-tsl.org/en/media/press-releases/tribunal-condemns-attempts-to-interfere-with-judicial-process (accessed 25 May 2014).

  275. 275.

    See M. Simons, ‘Hackers Post Witness List in Trial on Ex-Premier’s Death’, The New York Times (13 April 2013), http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/14/world/middleeast/hackers-reveal-witness-names-in-hariri-murder-trial.html?_r=0 (accessed 25 May 2014).

  276. 276.

    See ‘STL condemns media reports on alleged witness identities’, supra n 273.

  277. 277.

    Ibid.

  278. 278.

    See STL, Press Release, ‘Tribunal to launch investigation in alleged witness intimidation’ (29 April 2013), http://www.stl-tsl.org/en/media/press-releases/29-04-2013-tribunal-to-launch-investigation-in-alleged-witness-intimidation (accessed 25 May 2014).

  279. 279.

    See STL, Pre-Trial Judge, The Prosecutor v. Hassan Habib Merhi, ‘Order on Partially Lifting the Confidentiality of the Indictment Against Mr. Hassan Habib Merhi’, Case No. STL-13-04/I/PTJ (10 October 2013), http://www.stl-tsl.org/index.php?option=com_k2&Itemid=760&id=2906_97ff8ed01cba5f60a4e4dd9109c4f8bd&lang=en&task=download&view=item (accessed 25 May 2014).

  280. 280.

    See STL, Pre-Trial Judge, The Prosecutor v. Hassan Habib Merhi, ‘Public Redacted Indictment’, Case No. STL-13-04/I/PTJ (5 June 2013), http://www.stl-tsl.org/index.php?option=com_k2&Itemid=760&id=2907_e7e1d4e4756a3bf6c966c14c165507ce&lang=en&task=download&view=item (accessed 25 May 2014).

  281. 281.

    See STL, Press Release, ‘STL Indicts Hassan Habib Merhi in 14 February 2005 Beirut attack’ (10 October 2013), http://www.stl-tsl.org/en/media/press-releases/10-10-2013-stl-indicts-hassan-habib-merhi-in-14-february-2005-beirut-attack (accessed 25 May 2014).

  282. 282.

    See STL, Trial Chamber, Prosecutor v. Hassan Habib Merhi, ‘Decision to Hold Trial In Absentia’, Case No. STL-13-04/I/TC (20 December 2013), http://www.stl-tsl.org/index.php?option=com_k2&Itemid=760&id=3165_d03aa7736e4045e952eec3bb897f9ba9&lang=en&task=download&view=item (accessed 25 May 2014), para 4.

  283. 283.

    See STL, Press Release, ‘Pre-Trial Judge postpones trial date’ (21 February 2013), http://www.stl-tsl.org/en/media/press-releases/pre-trial-judge-postpones-trial-date (accessed 25 May 2014).

  284. 284.

    See STL, Press Release, ‘Pre Trial Judge transfers the complete Ayyash et al. case file to Trial Chamber’ (28 October 2013), http://www.stl-tsl.org/en/media/press-releases/28-10-2013-pre-trial-judge-transfers-the-complete-ayyash-et-al-case-file-to-trial-chamber (accessed 25 May 2014).

  285. 285.

    See STL, Trial Chamber, Prosecutor v. Salim Jamil Ayyash, Mustafa Amine Badreddine, Hussein Hassan Oneissi and Assad Hassan Sabra, ‘Scheduling Order’, Case No. STL-11-01/PT/TC (10 December 2013), http://www.stl-tsl.org/index.php?option=com_k2&Itemid=633&id=3098_747019f209906001b1452467eba16425&lang=en&task=download&view=item (accessed 25 May 2014).

  286. 286.

    Although it was already mentioned in the very first footnote to this article that this Year in Review cannot be comprehensive in scope, this goes a fortiori for the domestic context, where more and more cases on international humanitarian law and international criminal law are adjudicated. The current (domestic) section will therefore only select a few cases. More analyses of national cases can be found at the T.M.C. Asser Instituut’s International Crimes Database (http://www.internationalcrimesdatabase.org), where one will also find analyses of cases adjudicated by hybrid and international tribunals.

  287. 287.

    See, e.g., K. Iliopoulos, ‘Bangladesh: A Free and Fair War Crimes Tribunal?’, Crimes of War (26 August 2010), http://www.crimesofwar.org/commentary/bangladesh-a-free-and-fair-war-crimes-tribunal (accessed 1 June 2014).

  288. 288.

    The judgment can be found here: http://bangladeshtrialobserver.files.wordpress.com/2012/12/full_judgement_azad.pdf (accessed 1 June 2014).

  289. 289.

    The judgment can be found here: http://bangladeshwarcrimes.blogspot.nl/2013/02/5-feb-2013-mollah-final-judgment-part-1.html (accessed 1 June 2014).

  290. 290.

    See T. Anam, ‘Shahbag protesters versus the Butcher of Mirpur’, The Guardian (13 February 2013), http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/feb/13/shahbag-protest-bangladesh-quader-mollah (accessed 1 June 2014).

  291. 291.

    See International Commission of Jurists, Press Release, ‘Bangladesh: Abdul Quader Mollah death sentence violates international law’ (17 September 2013), http://www.icj.org/bangladesh-abdul-quader-mollah-death-sentence-violates-international-law/ (accessed 1 June 2014).

  292. 292.

    See Th. Donovan, ‘Bangladesh top court sentences opposition leader to death’, Jurist (17 September 2013), http://jurist.org/paperchase/2013/09/bangladesh-top-court-sentences-opposition-leader-to-death.php (accessed 1 June 2014).

  293. 293.

    See M. Sadique, ‘Bangladesh Islamist Abdul Kader Mullah hanged for war crimes’, BBC News (12 December 2013), http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-25356034 (accessed 1 June 2014).

  294. 294.

    See ‘Bangladesh: Abdul Quader Mollah death sentence violates international law’, supra n 291. See also ‘Bangladesh: Post-Trial Amendments Taint War Crimes Process’, Human Rights Watch (14 February 2013), http://www.hrw.org/news/2013/02/14/bangladesh-post-trial-amendments-taint-war-crimes-process (accessed 1 June 2014).

  295. 295.

    See ‘28 Feb 2013: Sayedee Convicted of 8 out of 20 Charges, Sentenced to Death’, The Bangladesh Trial Observer (28 February 2013), http://bangladeshtrialobserver.org/2013/02/28/28-feb-2013-sayedee-convicted-of-8-out-of-20-charges-sentenced-to-death/#more-842 (accessed 1 June 2014).

  296. 296.

    See ‘15 July 2013: Gholam Azam Found Guilty—Sentenced to 90 years’, The Bangladesh Trial Observer (15 July 2013), http://bangladeshtrialobserver.org/2013/07/15/15-july-2013-gholam-azam-found-guilty-sentenced-to-90-years/ (accessed 1 June 2014).

  297. 297.

    The judgment can be found here: http://bangladeshtrialobserver.files.wordpress.com/2013/07/aammujahid-judgment.pdf (accessed 1 June 2014).

  298. 298.

    The judgment can be found here: http://www.dropbox.com/s/4xgmkc6xnoxk71c/chowdhury_judgement_1Oct2013.pdf (accessed 1 June 2014).

  299. 299.

    The judgment can be found here: http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/bangladesh/document/papers/Verdict_Abdul_Alim.pdf (accessed 1 June 2014).

  300. 300.

    The judgment can be found here: http://www.dropbox.com/s/3xckpr73pyzap4p/bangladesh_tribunal_chowdhury_mueenuddin_judgment.pdf (accessed 1 June 2014).

  301. 301.

    See Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina, ‘Božidar Kuvelja sentenced to 20 years in prison’ (14 January 2013), http://www.sudbih.gov.ba/index.php?id=2667&jezik=e (accessed 1 June 2014).

  302. 302.

    See B. Minegar, ‘Ex-police officer sentenced to 20 years for role in Srebrenica massacre’, Jurist (11 January 2013), http://jurist.org/paperchase/2013/01/ex-police-officer-sentenced-to-20-years-for-role-in-srebrenica-massacre.php (accessed 1 June 2014).

  303. 303.

    See Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina, ‘Trial Verdict confirmed in relation to Božidar Kuvelja’ (26 November 2013), http://www.sudbih.gov.ba/index.php?id=2984&jezik=e (accessed 1 June 2014).

  304. 304.

    See Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina, ‘Veselin Vlahović sentenced to a long-term imprisonment of 45 years’ (29 March 2013), http://www.sudbih.gov.ba/?id=2749&jezik=e (accessed 1 June 2014).

  305. 305.

    See S. Paulsworth, ‘Bosnia court sentences Montenegro paramilitary leader to 45 years’, Jurist (29 March 2013), http://jurist.org/paperchase/2013/03/bosnia-court-sentences-montenegro-paramilitary-leader-to-45-years.php (accessed 1 June 2014).

  306. 306.

    The judgment can be found here: http://www.sudbih.gov.ba/files/docs/presude/2006/Maktouf_ENG_KPZ-32-05.pdf (accessed 2 June 2014).

  307. 307.

    The judgment can be found here: http://www.sudbih.gov.ba/files/docs/presude/2007/X-KRZ-05-107_od_18_06_2007_-_Drugostepena_presuda_-_eng.pdf (accessed 2 June 2014).

  308. 308.

    See ECtHR, Grand Chamber, Case of Maktouf and Damjanović v. Bosnia and Herzegovina (Applications nos. 2312/08 and 34179/08), ‘Judgment’ (18 July 2013), http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/eng/pages/search.aspx?i=001-122716 (accessed 2 June 2014), para 76.

  309. 309.

    Ibid., para 70.

  310. 310.

    See L. Laing, ‘Bosnia court reopens trial on war crimes convicts’, Jurist (10 October 2013), http://jurist.org/paperchase/2013/10/bosnia-court-reopens-trial-on-war-crimes-convicts.php (accessed 2 June 2014).

  311. 311.

    See D. Sito-Sucic, ‘Bosnia to retry three war crimes convicts after European court ruling’, Reuters (9 October 2013), http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/10/09/us-bosnia-court-warcrimes-idUSBRE9980P220131009 (accessed 2 June 2014).

  312. 312.

    See Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina, ‘Prison sentences suspended’ (19 November 2013), http://www.sudbih.gov.ba/index.php?id=2977&jezik=e (accessed 2 June 2014).

  313. 313.

    Ibid.

  314. 314.

    See Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina, ‘Prison sentence for Zrinko Pinčić suspended’ (4 December 2013), http://www.sudbih.gov.ba/index.php?id=2999&jezik=e (accessed 2 June 2014).

  315. 315.

    See ‘Bosnia releases 10 war crime convicts under EU court ruling’, AFP/Global Post (19 November 2013), http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/afp/131119/bosnia-releases-10-war-crime-convicts-under-eu-court-ruling (accessed 2 June 2014).

  316. 316.

    See Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina, ‘First-instance Verdict handed down in the reopened proceedings for the Acused [sic] Goran and Zoran Damjanović’ (13 December 2013), http://www.sudbih.gov.ba/index.php?id=3024&jezik=e (accessed 2 June 2014).

  317. 317.

    See Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina, ‘Appeals Verdict handed down in the case v. Mirko Pekez et al.’ (18 December 2013), http://www.sudbih.gov.ba/index.php?id=3036&jezik=e (accessed 2 June 2014).

  318. 318.

    See the case’s analysis on the International Crimes Database: http://www.internationalcrimesdatabase.org/Case/1215 (accessed 3 June 2014).

  319. 319.

    Ibid.

  320. 320.

    The decision can be found here: http://www.internationalcrimesdatabase.org/upload/ICD/Upload1215/200131106_Danish_Supreme_Court_decision_on_extradition_to_Rwanda.pdf (accessed 3 June 2014).

  321. 321.

    The judgment can be found here: http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/eng/pages/search.aspx?i=001-107183 (accessed 3 June 2014).

  322. 322.

    Ibid., para 90.

  323. 323.

    See p. 8 of the Supreme Court’s order, which can be found here: www.internationalcrimesdatabase.org/upload/ICD/Upload1215/200131106_Danish_Supreme_Court_decision_on_extradition_to_Rwanda.pdf (accessed 4 June 2014).

  324. 324.

    See para 125 of the judgment, which can be found here: http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/eng/pages/search.aspx?i=001-107183 (accessed 3 June 2014).

  325. 325.

    Ibid., para 129.

  326. 326.

    See p 10 of the Supreme Court’s order, which can be found here: www.internationalcrimesdatabase.org/upload/ICD/Upload1215/200131106_Danish_Supreme_Court_decision_on_extradition_to_Rwanda.pdf (accessed 4 June 2014).

  327. 327.

    See S. Posner, ‘Rwanda genocide suspect arrested in France’, Jurist (25 January 2013), http://jurist.org/paperchase/2013/01/rwanda-genocide-suspect-arrested-in-france.php (accessed 8 June 2014).

  328. 328.

    See S. Franklin, ‘France appeals court approves extradition of Rwandan genocide suspects’, Jurist (13 November 2013), http://jurist.org/paperchase/2013/11/france-appeals-court-approves-extradition-of-rwanda-genocide-suspects.php (accessed 8 June 2014).

  329. 329.

    See J. Davies, ‘France approves first extradition to Rwanda’, Jurist (31 March 2012), http://jurist.org/paperchase/2012/03/france-approves-first-extradition-to-rwanda.php (accessed 8 June 2014).

  330. 330.

    See ‘France orders first Rwandan genocide trial’, France24 (3 April 2013), http://www.france24.com/en/20130402-france-rwanda-genocide-trial-pascal-simbikangwa/ (accessed 8 June 2014).

  331. 331.

    See J. Votava, ‘Rwanda genocide suspect arrested in France’, Jurist (3 April 2013), http://jurist.org/paperchase/2013/04/rwanda-genocide-suspect-arrested-in-france-1.php (accessed 8 June 2014).

  332. 332.

    See L. Klein Mullen, ‘France court rejects request to extradite former Rwanda colonel’, Jurist (12 September 2013), http://jurist.org/paperchase/2013/09/france-court-rejects-request-to-extradite-former-rwanda-colonel.php (accessed 8 June 2014). The judgment can be found here (in French): http://www.francerwandagenocide.org/documents/SerubugaArret12septembre2013.pdf (accessed 8 June 2014).

  333. 333.

    See ‘Efrain Rios Montt & Mauricio Rodriguez Sanchez before the national courts of Guatemala’; ‘Who’s Who’, International Justice Monitor, http://www.ijmonitor.org/efrain-rios-montt-and-mauricio-rodriguez-sanchez-whos-who/ (accessed 7 June 2014): “In Guatemala, the individual judges who oversee the preliminary hearings (first instance judges) are distinct from the three-judge panel of judges who oversee the trial (sentencing court). There are only two High Risk Courts in Guatemala, “A” and “B”.”

  334. 334.

    See S. Franklin, ‘Former Guatemala dictator to stand trial for genocide’, Jurist (29 January 2013), http://jurist.org/paperchase/2013/01/former-guatemala-dictator-to-stand-trial-for-genocide.php (accessed 7 June 2014).

  335. 335.

    See ‘Efrain Rios Montt & Mauricio Rodriguez Sanchez before the national courts of Guatemala’; ‘Timeline’, International Justice Monitor, http://www.ijmonitor.org/efrain-rios-montt-and-mauricio-rodriguez-sanchez-timeline/ (accessed 7 June 2014).

  336. 336.

    See UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Press Release, ‘Pillay hails start of genocide trial in Guatemala’ (18 March 2013), http://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=13155&LangID=E (accessed 3 June 2014).

  337. 337.

    See ‘Efrain Rios Montt & Mauricio Rodriguez Sanchez before the national courts of Guatemala’; ‘Timeline’, supra n 335.

  338. 338.

    See ibid. why it took so long: “The defense appealed and the Constitutional Court confirmed the Supreme Court’s decision on December 13, 2012. News reports state that a three-judge panel of the appellate court reportedly recognizes this resolution on March 13, 2013. As a matter of course, it took until April 2013 for the notification of the final decision concerning the illegality of the prior recusal to reach Judge Flores, and until April 17, 2013 for Judge Flores to notify the parties.”

  339. 339.

    Ibid.

  340. 340.

    See S. Paulsworth, ‘Trial halted for former Guatemala leader accused of genocide’, Jurist (20 April 2013), http://jurist.org/paperchase/2013/04/trial-for-former-guatemala-leader-accused-of-genocide-halted.php (accessed 7 June 2014).

  341. 341.

    See J. Deisher, ‘Guatemala judge reverses suspension of trial against former president’, Jurist (20 April 2013), http://jurist.org/paperchase/2013/04/guatemala-judge-reverses-suspension-of-trial-against-former-president.php (accessed 7 June 2014).

  342. 342.

    See B. Lynch, ‘New judge to preside over trial of Guatemala ex-dictator’, Jurist (24 April 2013), http://jurist.org/paperchase/2013/04/new-judge-to-preside-over-trial-of-guatemala-ex-dictator.php (accessed 7 June 2014).

  343. 343.

    See the case analysis on the International Crimes Database at: http://www.internationalcrimesdatabase.org/Case/948 (accessed 7 June 2014).

  344. 344.

    See UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Press Release, ‘Guatemala: “Justice, the best guarantee to prevent the recurrence of atrocities”—UN experts’ (15 May 2013), http://www.ohchr.org/FR/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=13330&LangID=E (accessed 7 June 2014).

  345. 345.

    See J. Cremeans, ‘Guatemala court: government must apologize for acts of genocide’, Jurist (15 May 2013), http://jurist.org/paperchase/2013/05/guatemala-court-government-must-apologize-for-acts-of-genocide.php (accessed 7 June 2014).

  346. 346.

    Ibid.

  347. 347.

    See E. LaForgia, ‘Guatemala court voids ex-dictator Rios Montt's genocide conviction’, Jurist (21 May 2013), http://jurist.org/paperchase/2013/05/guatemala-court-voids-ex-dictator-rios-montts-genocide-conviction.php (accessed 7 June 2014).

  348. 348.

    See the case analysis on the International Crimes Database at: http://www.internationalcrimesdatabase.org/Case/948 (accessed 7 June 2014).

  349. 349.

    See E. MacLean, ‘One Month After Guatemala’s Constitutional Court Intervenes to Challenge Rios Montt Genocide Conviction: Amnesty Back on the Table, New Trial Court Booked Till Mid-2014, and Rios Montt Back Home’, International Justice Monitor (18 June 2013), http://www.ijmonitor.org/2013/06/one-month-after-guatemalas-constitutional-court-intervenes-to-challenge-rios-montt-genocide-conviction-amnesty-back-on-the-table-new-trial-court-booked-till-mid-2014-and-rios-montt-back-ho/ (accessed 7 June 2014).

  350. 350.

    See the case analysis on the International Crimes Database at: http://www.internationalcrimesdatabase.org/Case/948 (accessed 7 June 2014).

  351. 351.

    Ibid.

  352. 352.

    See M. Slater, ‘Guatemala court to restart genocide trial of former dictator in January 2015’, Jurist (6 November 2013), http://jurist.org/paperchase/2013/11/guatemala-court-to-restart-genocide-trial-of-former-dictator-in-january-2015.php (accessed 7 June 2014).

  353. 353.

    See N. Berglund, ‘Court convicts Rwandan defendant’, News in English.no (14 February 2013), http://www.newsinenglish.no/2013/02/14/court-convicts-rwandan-defendant/ (accessed 8 June 2014).

  354. 354.

    Ibid.

  355. 355.

    Ibid.

  356. 356.

    Ibid.

  357. 357.

    See B. Minegar, ‘Senegal opens court to try former Chad dictator’, Jurist (8 February 2013), http://jurist.org/paperchase/2013/02/senegal-opens-court-to-try-former-chad-dictator.php (accessed 7 June 2014).

  358. 358.

    See ‘Senegal police arrest Chad former leader Hissene Habre’, BBC News (30 June 2013), http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-23119658 (accessed 7 June 2014).

  359. 359.

    See S. Franklin, ‘Former Chad dictator charged with war crimes’, Jurist (3 July 2013), http://jurist.org/paperchase/2013/07/former-chad-dictator-charged-with-war-crimes.php (accessed 7 June 2014).

  360. 360.

    See G. Redd, ‘Victims of former Chad dictator seek to participate in trial’, Jurist (19 July 2013), http://jurist.org/paperchase/2013/07/victims-of-former-chad-dictator-seek-to-participate-in-trial.php (accessed 7 June 2014).

  361. 361.

    See ‘Chronology of the Habré Case’, Human Rights Watch (13 March 2014), http://www.hrw.org/news/2012/03/09/chronology-habr-case (accessed 7 June 2014).

  362. 362.

    Ibid.

  363. 363.

    See ‘Senegal: Case Against Habré Set to Continue. ECOWAS Court Rejects Chad Ex-Dictator’s Bid to Halt Proceedings’, Human Rights Watch (5 November 2013), http://www.hrw.org/news/2013/11/05/senegal-case-against-habre-set-continue-0 (accessed 7 June 2014).

  364. 364.

    See ‘Chronology of the Habré Case’, supra n 361. The judgment can be found here (in French): http://www.courtecowas.org/site2012/pdf_files/decisions/judgements/2013/HISSEIN%20HABRE_c_REPUBLIC_OF_SENEGAL2013.pdf (accessed 7 June 2014).

  365. 365.

    See ‘Reactions to Judgment in Skočić Case’, Humanitarian Law Center (22 February 2013), http://www.hlc-rdc.org/?p=22538&lang=de (accessed 7 June 2014).

  366. 366.

    “Since Đorđe Šević was already legally sentenced to 15 years in prison for another felony (war crime), he was sentenced to a conjoint prison term of 15 years.” See the report of the case by the attorney of one of the victims: http://www.hlc-rdc.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Skocic-Case-22.02.2013.pdf (accessed 7 June 2014).

  367. 367.

    See ‘Reactions to Judgment in Skočić Case’, supra n 365.

  368. 368.

    Ibid.

  369. 369.

    See the report of the case by the attorney of one of the victims, supra n 366.

  370. 370.

    Ibid.

  371. 371.

    Ibid.

  372. 372.

    Ibid.

  373. 373.

    See the case analysis on the International Crimes Database at: http://www.internationalcrimesdatabase.org/Case/971 (accessed 7 June 2014), where one can find the verdict of the District Court of The Hague (in Dutch), the summary of the verdict (in Dutch, English and French) and the motivation of the verdict (in French).

  374. 374.

    Ibid.

  375. 375.

    Ibid.

  376. 376.

    Ibid.

  377. 377.

    Ibid.

  378. 378.

    Ibid.

  379. 379.

    See the case analysis on the International Crimes Database at: http://www.internationalcrimesdatabase.org/Case/1217 (accessed 7 June 2014), where one can find the judgment and the conclusion of the Advocate-General (in Dutch). For the judgment of the District Court of 23 March 2009, see the case analysis on the International Crimes Database at: http://www.internationalcrimesdatabase.org/Case/759 (accessed 7 June 2014) and for the judgment of the Court of Appeal of 7 July 2011, see the case analysis on the International Crimes Database at: http://www.internationalcrimesdatabase.org/Case/1218 (accessed 7 June 2014).

  380. 380.

    Ibid.

  381. 381.

    Ibid.

  382. 382.

    Ibid.

  383. 383.

    See ‘Netherlands Supreme Court hands down historic judgment over Srebrenica genocide’, Amnesty International (6 September 2013), http://www.amnesty.org/en/news/netherlands-supreme-court-hands-down-historic-judgment-over-srebrenica-genocide-2013-09-06 (accessed 8 June 2014).

  384. 384.

    See Supreme Court of the Netherlands, ‘State responsible for death of three Muslim men in Srebrenica’ (6 September 2013), http://www.rechtspraak.nl/Organisatie/Hoge-Raad/Nieuws/Pages/State-responsible-for-death-of-three-Muslim-men-in-Srebrenica.aspx (accessed 8 June 2014).

  385. 385.

    Ibid.

  386. 386.

    Ibid.

  387. 387.

    Ibid.

  388. 388.

    See the case analysis of the Nuhanović judgment on the International Crimes Database at: http://www.internationalcrimesdatabase.org/Case/1005 (accessed 7 June 2014), where one can also find an English version of the judgment.

  389. 389.

    Ibid.

  390. 390.

    Ibid.

  391. 391.

    Ibid.

  392. 392.

    Ibid.

  393. 393.

    Ibid.

  394. 394.

    Ibid. As to Nasiha, the mother of Hasan, the Supreme Court concluded: “The Court of Appeal has found that the allegation that the State acted wrongfully towards Nasiha Nuhanović has not been sufficiently substantiated. It has gone on to find that as a woman Nasiha did not—according to Nuhanović—have anything to fear from the Serbs and in the absence of further explanation, which is lacking, there does not appear to be any reason why Dutchbat was not entitled to allow her to leave the compound. The Court of Appeal’s ruling in relation to the State’s conduct towards Nasiha has not been disputed in the cassation proceedings.” See para 3.5.3 at p. 14 of the English version of the judgment, which can be found here: http://www.asser.nl/upload/documents/20130909T125927-Supreme%20Court%20Nuhanovic%20ENG.pdf (accessed 8 June 2014).

  395. 395.

    See Arms Trade Treaty, New York, 2 April 2013 United Nations Treaty Series available from http://unoda-web.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Ch_XXVI_08.pdf#page=22. (accessed 12 June 2014).

  396. 396.

    See UN Office of Disarmament Affairs website, http://www.un.org/disarmament/ATT/. (accessed 12 June 2014).

  397. 397.

    Ibid.

  398. 398.

    Arms Trade Treaty, Article 22(1), supra n 395, p. 16

  399. 399.

    UN General Assembly ‘Review Conference Adopts Text Renewing Commitment to Prevent, Combat, Eradicate Illicit Trade in Small Arms, Light Weapons’, Press Release (7 September 2012) http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2012/dc3389.doc.htm (accessed12 June 2014).

  400. 400.

    See UN Secretary General Report on Small Arms, (22 August 2013) (S/2013/503) http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/2013/503 (accessed 12 June 2014).

  401. 401.

    Ibid. at 3.

  402. 402.

    Ibid. at 6.

  403. 403.

    Ibid.

  404. 404.

    Ibid. at 8.

  405. 405.

    Ibid. at 9.

  406. 406.

    See UN Security Council Resolution 2117 (26 September 2013) http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/2117(2013) (accessed 12 June 2014).

  407. 407.

    See E. Payne, ‘World leaders react to N. Korea’s nuclear test’, CNN (12 February 2013) http://edition.cnn.com/2013/02/12/world/north-korea-nuclear-reax/ (accessed 12 June 2014).

  408. 408.

    See Security Council Resolution 2087 (22 January 2013) http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/s_res_2087.pdf (accessed 12 June 2014).

  409. 409.

    See Security Council Resolution 2094 (7 March 2013) http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/s_res_2094.pdf (accessed 12 June 2014).

  410. 410.

    See A. Gearan and J. Warrick, ‘World powers reach nuclear deal with Iran to freeze its nuclear program’, The Washington Post (24 November 2014) http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/kerry-in-geneva-raising-hopes-for-historic-nuclear-deal-with-iran/2013/11/23/53e7bfe6-5430-11e3-9fe0-fd2ca728e67c_story.html (accessed 12 June 2014).

  411. 411.

    See D. Blair, ‘Iran nuclear deal agreed at Geneva’, The Telegraph (24 November 2013) http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iran/10470716/Iran-nuclear-deal-agreed-at-Geneva-talks.html (accessed 12 June 2014).

  412. 412.

    See F. Dahl, ‘IAEA says may need more money to help implement Iran nuclear deal’, Reuters (28 November 2013) http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/11/28/us-iran-nuclear-iaea-idUSBRE9AR0AT20131128 (accessed 12 June 2014).

  413. 413.

    See BBC News: ‘Syria: What we know’, (24 September 2013) http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23927399 (accessed 12 June 2014).

  414. 414.

    See ‘United Nations Mission to Investigate Allegations of the Use of Chemical Weapons in the Syrian Arab Republic Report on the Alleged Use of Chemical Weapons in the Ghouta Area of Damascus on 21 August 2013’

    http://www.un.org/disarmament/content/slideshow/Secretary_General_Report_of_CW_Investigation.pdf (accessed 12 June 2014).

  415. 415.

    See ‘Off-the-Cuff: Secretary-General’s Press Encounter on Syrian Government Request’, (21 March 2013) http://www.un.org/sg/offthecuff/index.asp?nid=2745 (accessed 12 June 2014).

  416. 416.

    See J. Deisher, ‘UN SG accuses Assad of crimes against humanity’, Jurist 1(4 September 2013) http://jurist.org/paperchase/2013/09/un-sg-accuses-assad-of-crimes-against-humanity.php (accessed 12 June 2014).

  417. 417.

    See ‘United Nations Mission to Investigate Allegations of the Use of Chemical Weapons in the Syrian Arab Republic Report on the Alleged Use of Chemical Weapons in the Ghouta Area of Damascus on 21 August 2013’ supra n 414.

  418. 418.

    See J. Levs and H. Yans, ‘“War Crime”: UN finds sarin used in Syrian chemical weapon attack’, CNN (17 September 2013) http://edition.cnn.com/2013/09/16/politics/syria-civil-war/ (accessed 12 June 2014).

  419. 419.

    See UN News Centre, ‘UN team finds ‘credible information’ on more cases of chemical weapons use in Syria’, (12 December 2013). http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=46730&Cr=syria&Cr1=#.Uqsh62RDu3M (accessed 12 June 2014).

  420. 420.

    See Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, ‘Statement by the OPCW Director-General on the 2013 Nobel Peace Prize’, (11 October 2013) http://www.opcw.org/news/article/opcw-receives-2013-nobel-prize-for-peace/ (accessed 12 June 2014).

  421. 421.

    See International Committee of the Red Cross, ‘150 Years of Humanitarian Action’, http://www.icrc.org/eng/who-we-are/history/150-years/index.jsp (accessed 11 June 2014).

  422. 422.

    See International Committee of the Red Cross, ‘Strengthening compliance with international humanitarian law (IHL): The work of the ICRC and the Swiss government’ (30 April 2014), http://www.icrc.org/eng/what-we-do/other-activities/development-ihl/strengthening-legal-protection-compliance.htm (accessed 11 June 2014).

  423. 423.

    Ibid.

  424. 424.

    See Swiss/ICRC Initiative on Strengthening Compliance with IHL, Preparatory Discussion in view of the third Meeting of States (2014) Geneva, 16-17 December 2013 ‘Chair’s Conclusions’, http://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/2014/2013-12-chairs-conclusions-december-2013.pdf (accessed 11 June 2014).

  425. 425.

    See Website, Red Cross and Red Crescent, Sydney 2013, http://www.rcrcmeetings.org/sydney2013/ (accessed 11 June 2014).

  426. 426.

    The Public Commission to Examine the Maritime Incident of 31 May 2010, Second Report—The Turkel Commission, ‘Israel’s Mechanisms for Examining and Investigating Complaints and Claims of Violations of the Laws of Armed Conflict According to International Law’ (February 2013), http://www.turkel-committee.gov.il/files/newDoc3/The%20Turkel%20Report%20for%20website.pdf (accessed 11 June 2014).

  427. 427.

    The Public Commission to Examine the Maritime Incident of 31 May 2010, The Turkel Commission Report Part One, http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Society_&_Culture/TurkelCommission.pdf (accessed 11 June 2014), p. 2.

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  1. T.M.C. Asser Instituut, The Hague, The Netherlands

    Christophe Paulussen, Jessica Dorsey & Sarah-Jane Koulen

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  1. Criminal Law, Section Military Law, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Terry D. Gill

  2. School of Law, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom

    Robin Geiß

  3. Faculteit Rechtsgeleerdheid, Instituut voor Publiekrecht, Internationaal Publiekrecht, Universiteit Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands

    Robert Heinsch

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    Tim McCormack

  5. The Hague, The Netherlands

    Christophe Paulussen

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    Jessica Dorsey

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Paulussen, C., Dorsey, J., Koulen, SJ. (2015). Year in Review 2013. In: Gill, T., Geiß, R., Heinsch, R., McCormack, T., Paulussen, C., Dorsey, J. (eds) Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law 2013. Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law, vol 16. T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-038-1_7

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