Abstract
The achievement of gender equality and women’s empowerment is believed to be the key to achieving all eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The United Nations (UN) has committed resources and energy to promoting gender equality and women’s empowerment, which is the third MDG (MDG 3). However, gender equality and women’s empowerment cannot be achieved without increasing women’s access to education, which is recognised as a human right and a foundation stone of human development and economic growth (UNDP, 2005).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Adobe. (2008). Understanding the mobile ecosystem. MA, USA: Strategy Analytics, Inc.
Atkins, D. E., Brown, J. S., & Hammond, A. L. (2007). A review of the open education resources (OER) movement: Achievements, challenges, and new opportunities. The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation. Retrieved October 20, 2012, from http://www.hewlett.org/uploads/files/ReviewoftheOERMovement.pdf
AVU. (2011). African Virtual University. Retrieved August 09, 2012, from www.avu.org
Bloom, D., Canning, D., & Chan, K. (2005, September 20). Higher education and economic developement in Africa. Retrieved August 09, 2012, from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EDUCATION/Resources/278200-1099079877269/547664-1099079956815/HigherEd_Econ_Growth_Africa.pdf
Butcher, N. (2010). Open educational resources and higher education. Retrieved July 29, 2012, from http://www.col.org/SiteCollectionDocuments/OER_Open_Educational_Resources_and_Higher_Education.pdf
CARE. (2010). Women’s empowerment. Care USA.
CNX. (2010). Connexion. Retrieved August 09, 2012, from www.cnx.org
COL. (2011, May 30). COL’s policy on open educational resources. Retrieved May 2012, from Commonwealth of leaning: www.col.org/progServ/policy/Pages/oer.aspx
Desmond, K. (2005). Mobile learning: The next generation of learning. Distance Education International.
Fleming, C., & Massey, M. (2007). Jorum open educational resources report. Retrieved August 09, 2012, from http://www.jorum.ac.uk/docs/pdf/0707_JorumOERreportFinal.pdf
Hodgkinson-Williams, C. (2010). Benefits and challenges of OER for higher education institutions Retrieved October 20, 2012, from http://www.col.org/SiteCollectionDocuments/OER_BenefitsChallenges_presentation.pdf
ITU. (2008). Measuring information and communication technology availability in villages and rural areas. Geneva: International Telecommunication Union (ITU).
Jabiri, K. B., Nykvist, C. M., & Mats, D. (2009). Enhancement of in-service teachers training programme through mobile phones in Tanzania: Fourth International Conference on ICT for Development, Education and Training, 27–29 May 2009, Dakar, Senegal.
Jena, S. S. (2008). OER for distance learning: Means to knowledge empowerment for developing Nations. Retrieved October 22, 2012, from http://wikieducator.org/images/9/90/PID_188.pdf
King, E. M., & Hill, M. A. (Eds.) (1997). Women’s education in developing countries: Barriers, benefits, and policies. Johns Hopkins University Press.
Knight, J. (2004). Internationalization remodeled: Definition, approaches, and rationales. Journal of Studies in International Education, 8(1), 5–31.
Knight, J. (2008). The internationalization of higher education: Complexity and realities. In D. Teferra & J. Knight (Eds.), Higher education in Africa: The international dimension (pp. 1–43). Accra, Ghana: Center for International Higher Education Boston College and Association of Africa Universities.
Mhehe, E. G. (2002). Women’s ennrolment and participation issues at the open univeristy of Tanzania. Edmonton, Alberta: University of Alberta.
OECD. (2007). Giving knowledge for free: The emergence of open educational resources. Retrieved August 09, 2012, from the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development: http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/35/7/38654317.pdf
OER Africa. (2010). The use of open education resources(OER) at the University of Malawi (UNIMA). Retrieved August 10, 2012, from http://www.oerafrica.org/ResourceResults/tabid/1562/mctl/Details/id/38573/Default.aspx
OpenLearn. (2010). Open Learn. Retrieved August 09, 2012, from http://openlearn.open.ac.uk/
SAIDE. (2009). SAIDE policy on open educational resources(OER). Retrieved August 10, 2012, from www.oerafrica.org: http://www.oerafrica.org/ResourceDownload.aspx?id=36372 (South African Institute for Distance Education)
SAIDE (2010). The SAIDE ACEMaths Project: Final report. Retrieved August 09, 2010, http://www.oerafrica.org/ResourceResults/tabid/1562/mctl/Details/id/36193/Default.aspx www.oerafrica.org. (South African Institute for Distance Education).
Stella, A. (2010). Quality and quality assurance in higher education. The opportunities and challenges of open educational resources. Retrieved October 20, 2012, from http://www.col.org/SiteCollectionDocuments/OER_OER_and_QA_Challenges.pdf
Stevens, P., & Weale, M. (2003). Education and economic growth. London: National Institute of Economic and Social Research.
TCRA. (2010, September). Report on internet and data service in Tanzania. Retrieved May 1, 2012, from Tanzania Communication Reguratory Authority (TCRA): http://www.tcra.go.tz/publications/InternetDataSurveyScd.pdf
TESSA (2011). About TESSA. Retrived October 30, 2012, from www.tessafrica.net
UCT (University of Cape Town). (2010, February 11). UCT open content. Retrieved August 9, 2012, from http://opencontent.uct.ac.za/node/71
UN (United Nations). (1995, September). Beijing declaration: Fourth World Conference on Women. Retrieved July 20, 2012, from http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/beijing/platform/declar.htm
UN (United Nations). (2011). The millennium development goals report 2011. Retrieved July 30, 2012, from http://www.undp.org.rw/MDG_Report_2011_EN.pdf
UNDP. (2005). En-Route to equality: A Gender review to national MDG reports. New York: Bureau of Development Policy.
UNESCO. (1960, 12 14). Convention against discrimination in education. Retrieved July, 30, 2012, from http://www.unesco.org/education/pdf/DISCRI_E.PDF
UNESCO. (1998, October 5–9). World conference on higher education: Higher education in the twenty-first century – vision and action. Retrieved July 30, 2012, from http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001164/116429m.pdf
UNESCO. (2000, April 26–28). The dakar framework for action education for all: Meeting our collective commitments. Retrieved August 1, 2012, from http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001202/120240e.pdf
UNESCO. (2002). Open and distance learning: Trends, policy and strategy considerations. Retrieved August 3, 2012, from http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001284/128463e.pdf
UNESCO. (2012). World atlas of gender equality in education. Retrieved July 30, 2012, from UNESCO Website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/Documents/gender-atlas-2012-web2-en.pdf
UPCD. (2004). Higher education is the key to achieiving MDGs. (U. P. Development, Ed.) Retrieved July 30, 2012, from http://www.aucc.ca/_pdf/english/publications/upcd_fact_sheets/mdgs_e.pdf
URT-MOE. (2010). National basic education statistics. Retrieved July 30, 2012, from United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Education: www.moe.go.tz
World Bank. (2009). Mundial, B. Information and communications for development 2009: Extending reach and increasing impact. Washington. Retrieved October 30, 2012, from World Bank: www.worldbank.org
World Bank. (2012). World development report 2012: Gender equality and development outline. Retrieved July 30, 2012, from World Bank: www.worldbank.org
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Sense Publishers
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ruhwanya, Z. (2013). Use of Mobile Phones and OER to Enchance Women’s Access to Higher Education in Tanzania. In: Sehoole, C., Knight, J. (eds) Internationalisation of African Higher Education. Global Perspectives on Higher Education. SensePublishers, Rotterdam. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6209-311-9_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6209-311-9_7
Publisher Name: SensePublishers, Rotterdam
Online ISBN: 978-94-6209-311-9
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawEducation (R0)