Abstract
Was Rachel Carson primarily an environmental scientist, a writer of creative nonfiction, or a feminist? Published just two years prior to her death, Carson’s Silent Spring (1962) combined careful observations, scientific data, and eloquent prose to expose the toxic links between pesticides, environmental degradation, and interspecies health. Carson’s work is often credited with sparking the environmental movement of the 1970s and beyond, but rarely is she seen as the foremother of second-wave feminism. Like Carson, the works of Dian Fossey and Jane Goodall are usually classified as primatology, but academic training for these women came well after their field research was already underway.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Adams CJ. The Sexual Politics of Meat: A Feminist-Vegetarian Critical Theory. New York: Continuum Publishers; 1990.
Adams CJ. The Pornography of Meat. New York: Continuum; 2003. p. 2003.
Adams CJ, Donovan J, editors. Animals and Women: Feminist Theoretical Explorations. Durham, NC: Duke University Press; 1995. p. 1995.
Adamson J, Evans MM, Stein R, editors. The Environmental Justice Reader: Politics, Poetics and Pedagogy. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press; 2002.
Agarwal B. The Gender and Environment Debate: Lessons from India. Feminist Studies. 1992;18:119–158.
Agarwal B. Conceptualizing Environmental Collective Action: Why Gender Matters. Cambridge Journal of Economics. 2000;24:283–310.
Agarwal, B. (2007). “Gender Inequality, Cooperation, and Environmental Sustainability.” pp. 274–313. In Inequality, Cooperation, and Environmental Sustainability. Ed. Jean-Marie Baland, Pranab Bardhahn, and Samuel Bowles. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Alaimo S, Hekman S, editors. Material Feminisms. Bloomington: Indiana University Press; 2008.
Anderson, L. (Ed.). (1991:2003). Sisters of the Earth: Women’s Prose and Poetry About Nature. New York: Random House.
Anderson, L., & Edwards, T.S. (2002). At Home on This Earth: Two Centuries of U.S. Women’s Nature Writing. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England.
Arms, S. (1975: 1994). Immaculate Deception: Myth, Magic & Birth. Berkeley: Celestial Arts,
Bigwood C. (1993) Earth Muse: Feminism, Nature, and Art. Philadelphia: Temple University Press; 1993.
Birke L, Hubbard R, editors. Reinventing Biology: Respect for Life and the Creation of Knowledge. Bloomington: Indiana University Press; 1993.
Borchers, J G., & Bradshaw, G. A. (2008, December). "How Green Is My Valley—And Mind: Ecotherapy and the Greening of Psychology." Counseling Today 38–41.
Bradshaw, G. A. (2009). Elephants on the Edge: What Animals Teach Us About Humanity. Yale University Press.
Bradshaw GA, Watkins M. Trans-Species Psychology: Theory and Praxis. Spring: A Journal of Archetype and Culture. 2006;75(1):1–26.
Carr G, editor. New Essays in Ecofeminist Literary Criticism. Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses; 2000.
Carson R. Silent Spring. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company; 1962.
Clorfene-Casten L. Breast Cancer: Poisons, Profits and Prevention. Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press; 1996.
Coe S. Dead Meat. New York: Four Walls Eight Windows; 1985.
Colburn T, Dumanoski D, Myers JP. Our Stolen Future. New York: Penguin; 1996.
Cole E, Erdman E, Rothblum ED, editors. Wilderness Therapy for Women: The Power of Adventure. New York: Harrington Park Press; 1994.
Collard A, Contrucci J. Rape of the Wild: Man’s Violence against Animals and the Earth. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press; 1989.
Corea G. The Mother Machine: Reproductive Technologies from Artificial Insemination to Artificial Wombs. New York: Harper & Row; 1985.
Damon, B. (2009). Keepers of the Waters. http://www.keepersofthewaters.org/default.cfm Accessed 8/16/09.
Davis, K. (1995). Thinking Like a Chicken: Farm Animals and the Feminine Connection. Animals and Women: Feminist Theoretical Explorations, Adams, C., & Donovan, J. (Eds.) (pp. 192–21). Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Dawn K. Thanking the Monkey: Rethinking the Way We Treat Animals. New York: HarperCollins Publishers; 2008.
Diamond I. Fertile Ground: Women, Earth, and the Limits of Control. Boston: Beacon Press; 1994.
Donovan J. Animal Rights and Feminist Theory. Signs. 1990;15(2):350–75.
Donovan J, Adams CJ, editors. The Feminist Care Tradition in Animal Ethics. New York: Columbia University Press; 2007.
Eaton H, Lorentzen LA, editors. Ecofeminism and Globalization: Exploring Culture, Context, and Religion. New York: Rowman & Littlefield; 2003.
Ehrenreich B, English D. For Her Own Good: 150 Years of the Experts’ Advice to Women. New York: Doubleday/Anchor Press; 1978.
Environmental Justice Resource Center (2011). Unsung Sheroes and Heroes on the Front Line for Environmental Justice. http://www.ejrc.cau.edu/%28s%29heros.html Accessed June 3, 2011.
Friedan B. The Feminine Mystique. New York: W. W. Norton; 1963.
Gaard G, editor. Ecofeminism: Women, Animals, Nature. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press; 1993.
Gaard G. Milking Mother Nature: An Ecofeminist Critique of rBGH. The Ecologist. 1994;24(6):1–2.
Gaard G. Toward a Queer Ecofeminism.”. Hypatia. 1997, Winter;12(1):114–37.
Gaard G. Ecological Politics: Ecofeminists and the Greens. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press; 1998.
Gaard, G. (2003). Vegetarian Ecofeminism: A Review Essay. Frontiers, 23(3), (117–146).
Gaard G. Reproductive Technology, or Reproductive Justice? An Ecofeminist, Environmental Justice Perspective on the Rhetoric of Choice.”. Ethics and the Environment. 2010;15(2):103–130.
Gaard G, Murphy PD, editors. Ecofeminist Literary Criticism: Theory, Interpretation, Pedagogy. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press; 1998.
Gates BT. Kindred Nature: Victorian and Edwardian Women Embrace the Living World. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press; 1998.
Gibbs LM. Dying From Dioxin. Boston, MA: South End Press; 1995.
Gray, J. (Ed.) (2008). State of the Evidence: The Connection Between Breast Cancer and the Environment (5th ed.) Breast Cancer Fund. www.breastcancerfund.org/site/pp.asp?c=kwKXLdPaE&b=206137 Accessed June 11, 2008.
Griffin S. Woman and Nature: The Roaring Inside Her. New York: Harper & Row; 1978.
Gruen, L. Dismantling Oppression: An Analysis of the Connection Between Women and Animals. Ecofeminism: Women, Animals, Nature, Gaard, G., (Ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press. pp. 60–90.
Haraway D. Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern Science. New York: Routledge, Chapman & Hall, Inc.; 1989.
Harding S. Whose Science? Whose Knowledge? Thinking From Women’s Lives. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press; 1991.
Harding S, editor. The “Racial” Economy of Science: Toward a Democratic Future. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press; 1993.
Hartmann B. Reproductive Rights and Wrongs: The Global Politics of Population Control and Contraceptive Choice. New York: Harper & Row; 1987.
Hawthorne S. Wild Politics: Feminism, Globalisation, Bio/Diversity. North Melbourne, Australia: Spinifex Press; 2002.
hooks, b. (1984). Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center. Boston, MA: South End Press.
jones, p. (2007). Aftershock: Confronting Trauma in a Violent World. New York: Lantern Books.
jones, p. (2010a). Harbingers of (Silent) Spring: Archetypal Avians, Avian Archetypes, and the Truly Collective Unconscious.” Spring, 83, 185–212.
jones, p. (2010b). Roosters, Hawks and Dawgs: Toward an Inclusive, Embodied Eco/Feminist Psychology.” Feminism and Psychology, 20(3), 365–80.
Keller EF. A Feeling for the Organism: The Life and Work of Barbara McClintock. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company; 1983.
Keller EF. Reflections on Gender and Science. New Haven: Yale University Press; 1985.
Keller EF, Lontging HE, editors. Feminism and Science. New York: Oxford University Press; 1996.
Kheel M. Nature Ethics: An Ecofeminist Perspective. New York: Rowman & Littlefield; 2008.
Klebesadel, H. K. (2011). Transparent Watercolors: Helen R. Kebesadel. http://65.254.48.21/ Accessed June 3, 2011.
Kolodny A. The Lay of the Land: Metaphor as Experience and History in American Life and Letters. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press; 1975.
Lee WL, Dow LM. Queering Ecological Feminism: Erotophobia, Commodification, Art, and Lesbian Identity. Ethics & the Environment. 2001;6(2):1–21.
Luoma, J. (2005, October). Challenged Conceptions: Environmental Chemicals and Fertility. www.rhtp.org/fertility/vallombrosa/documents/Challenged_Conceptions.pdf Accessed March 22, 2008.
Maathai, W. (2004: 1985). The Green Belt Movement. New York: Lantern Books.
Martin E. The Egg and the Sperm: How Science has Constructed a Romance Based on Stereotypical Male-Female Roles. Signs. 1991;16(3):485–501.
Mathews, D. (2001, Fall.) “What is Ecofeminist Art?” Women and Environments: pp. 10–11.
McMahon M. From the Ground Up: Ecofeminism and Ecological Economics. Ecological Economics. 1997;20:163–173.
Mellor M. Breaking the Boundaries: Towards a Feminist Green Socialism. London: Virago Press; 1992.
Mellor M. Feminism and Ecology. Washington Square, NY: New York University Press; 1997.
Merchant C. The Death of Nature: Women, Ecology, and the Scientific Revolution. New York: Harper & Row; 1980.
Mies M. Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World Scale: Women in the International Division of Labour. London: Zed Books; 1986.
Mies M, Shiva V. Ecofeminism. London: Zed Books; 1993.
Mortimer-Sandilands, C. (2002, Fall). Landdykes and Landscape: Reflections on Sex and Nature in Southern Oregon. Women & Environments, pp. 13–16.
Mortimer-Sandilands, C. (2005). Unnatural Passions: Notes Toward a Queer Ecology.” Invisible Culture, Issue 9: Nature Loving. http://www.rochester.edu/in_visible_culture/Issue_9/title9.html Accessed June 32010.
Mortimer-Sandilands C, Erickson B, editors. Queer Ecologies: Sex, Nature, Politics and Desire. Bloomington: Indiana University Press; 2010.
Murphy PD. Literature, Nature, and Other: Ecofeminist Critiques. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press; 1995.
Murphy PD. Farther Afield in the Study of Nature-Oriented Literature. Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia; 2000.
Nelson JA. Feminism, Ecology, and the Philosophy of Economics. Ecological Economics. 2007;20:155–162.
Norwood V. Made From This Earth: American Women and Nature. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press; 1993.
Norwood V, Monk J, editors. The Desert is No Lady. New Haven: Yale University Press; 1987.
Orenstein GF. The Greening of Gaia: Ecofeminist Artists Revisit the Garden. Ethics & the Environment. 2003, Spring;8:103–111.
Perkins, E., & Kuiper, E. (Eds.) (2005, November). Explorations in Feminist Ecological Economics. Special Issue. Feminist Economics, 11(3), pp. 107–150.
Plumwood V. Feminism and the Mastery of Nature. New York: Routledge; 1993.
Rich A. Of Woman Born: Motherhood as Experience and Institution. New York: Bantam; 1976.
Roy A. Power Politics. Boston: South End Press; 2001.
Salleh A. Ecofeminism as Politics: Nature, Marx, and the Postmodern. London: Zed Books; 1997.
Salleh A, editor. Eco-Sufficiency & Global Justice: Women Write Political Ecology. London and Australia: Pluto Press and Spinifex; 2009.
Sandilands C. The Good-Natured Feminist: Ecofeminism and the Quest for Democracy. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press; 1999.
Seager J. Earth Follies: Coming to Feminist Terms with the Global Environmental Crisis. New York: Routledge; 1993.
Seager J. Rachel Carson died of breast cancer: The Coming of Age of Feminist Environmentalis.”. SIGNS. 2003;28(3):945–972.
Seager J. The Penguin Atlas of Women in the World. 4th ed. New York: Penguin Books; 2008. p. 2008.
Shiva V. Biopiracy: The Plunder of Nature and Knowledge. Boston: South End Press; 1997.
Shiva V. Staying Alive: Women, Ecology and Development. London: Zed Books; 1988.
Shiva V, Moser I, editors. Biopolitics: A Feminist and Ecological Reader on Biotechnology. London: Zed Books; 1995.
Silent Spring Institute. (2008). Environment and Breast Cancer: Science Review. http://sciencereview.silentspring.org/ Accessed June 20, 2009.
Silliman J, King Y, editors. Dangerous Intersections: Feminist Perspectives on Population, Environment and Development. Cambridge, MA: South End Press; 1999.
Slicer, D. (1998). Toward an Ecofeminist Standpoint Theory: Bodies as Grounds. 49–73 Gaard, G. & Murphy, P.D. (Eds.), Ecofeminist Literary Criticism: Theory, Interpretation, Pedagogy. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
Spiegel M. The Dreaded Comparison: Human and Animal Slavery. New York: Mirror Books; 1988.
Srinivas, H. Wingspread Statement on the Precautionary Principle. http://www.gdrc.org/u-gov/precaution-3.html Accessed 08/20/09.
Stein R. Shifting the Ground: American Women Writers’Revisions of Nature, Gender, and Race. Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia; 1997.
Stein R, editor. New Perspectives on Environmental Justice: Gender, Sexuality, and Activism. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press; 2004.
Steingraber S. Having Faith: An Ecologist’s Journey to Motherhood. New York: Berkley Books; 2001.
Steingraber S. Living Downstream: An Ecologist Looks at Cancer and the Environment. New York: Addison Wesley; 1997.
Sturgeon N. Ecofeminist Natures: Race, Gender, Feminist Theory and Political Action. New York: Routledge; 1997.
Sturgeon N. Environmentalism in Popular Culture: Gender, Race, Sexuality, and the Politics of the Natural. Tucson: University of Arizona Press; 2009.
University of Wisconsin-Madison Center for Biology Education. Paradise Lost? Climate Change in the Northwoods. 2006. http://cbe.wisc.edu/assets/docs/pdf/paradiselost/paradise_lost.pdf Accessed June 3, 2011.
Waring M. If Women Counted: A New Feminist Economics. San Francisco, CA: HarperCollins; 1988.
Warren KJ, editor. Ecological Feminism. Routledge: New York; 1994. 1994.
Warren KJ, editor. Ecofeminism: Women, Culture, Nature. Bloomington: Indiana University Press; 1997.
Warren KJ. Ecofeminist Philosophy: A Western Perspective on What It Is and Why It Matters. New York: Rowman & Littlefield; 2000.
Westling LH. The Green Breast of the New World: Landscape, Gender, and American Fiction. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press; 1996. p. 1996.
Women’s Environment and Development Organization (WEDO). http://www.wedo.org/ Accessed on June 3, 2011.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Sense Publishers
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gaard, G. (2012). Greening Feminism. In: Fassbinder, S.D., II, A.J.N., Kahn, R. (eds) Greening the Academy. SensePublishers, Rotterdam. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6209-101-6_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6209-101-6_13
Publisher Name: SensePublishers, Rotterdam
Online ISBN: 978-94-6209-101-6
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawEducation (R0)