Abstract
Several signals and signaling systems are involved in activation of plant immune system. Early and robust activation of plant immunity signaling systems triggers strong defense responses against pathogens. Enhancing disease resistance through altered regulation of these signaling systems has been shown to be an attractive technology for management of crop diseases. This book describes various bioengineering and molecular manipulation techniques to activate calcium ion influx–mediated immune signaling system, reactive oxygen species signaling system, nitric oxide signaling system, MAPK signal transduction system, salicylate (SA) signaling system, jasmonate (JA) signaling system, and ethylene signaling system. Ca2+ signaling system involves voltage-dependent Ca2+-permeable ion channels, cyclic nucleotide-gated channels, glutamate receptor-like ion channels, calcium transporters, calcium ion pumps, carriers, and Ca2+ efflux channels, Bioengineering gene encoding glutamate receptor-like ion channel protein has been found to be a useful technology to develop disease resistant plants. The transgenic plants expressing the H+-ATPase proton pump show enhanced resistance against viral, bacterial, and oomycete pathogens. Annexin is a Ca2+-permeable transporter. The transgenic tobacco plants expressing the annexin gene show enhanced disease resistance. Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) are Ca2+ sensor proteins in transducing differential Ca2+ signatures activating complex downstream responses. Transgenic plants overexpressing calcium-dependent protein kinase gene show enhanced disease resistance. Several G-protein genes have been cloned and used for engineering to develop transgenic plants expressing enhanced resistance against bacterial, fungal, and viral diseases. Cysteine-rich receptor-like kinases (CRKs) are connected to redox and ROS signaling. Transgenic plants overexpressing CRK genes show enhanced disease resistance by triggering enhanced ROS production. L-type lectin receptor kinases (LecRKs) have been exploited to develop transgenic disease-resistant plants. These transgenic plants show enhanced production of ROS and trigger defense responses against pathogens. Peroxidases in the cell wall can generate apoplastic H2O2 and transgenic plants overexpressing peroxidase gene show enhanced disease resistance. Super oxide dismutase gene has been engineered to activate ROS-mediated immune signaling for disease management. Fungal glucose oxidase gene has been engineered to develop disease-resistant plants. Expression of the fungal glucose oxidase gene leads to elevated production of H2O2 in the transgenic plants resulting in increased disease resistance. Nitric oxide (NO) signaling system can also be manipulated for disease management. GSNOR (S- nitroso glutathione reductase) has been exploited using antisense strategy to develop transgenic plants expressing resistance against oomycete and bacterial pathogens. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are important components in the plant immune signal transduction system and they transduce extracellular stimuli into intracellular transcription factors. Technologies have been developed to utilize appropriate MAPK genes for developing disease-resistant plants. Plants do not have much endogenous SA and by increasing the SA content, defense genes can be activated. The endogenous SA level can be increased by engineering ICS, IPL, PAD4, AtRBP-DR1, OsWRKY13, OsWRKY89, and SGT1 genes and the transgenic plants overexpressing these genes show enhanced accumulation of SA and disease resistance. NPR1 gene is a master regulator of the SA-mediated induction of systemic acquired resistance (SAR). NPR1 gene has been exploited to develop disease-resistant transgenic plants. Genes encoding phospholipases, lipoxygenases (LOXs), allene oxide synthase (AOS), allene oxide cyclase (AOC), and OPDA reductase (OPR) have been cloned and engineered to enhance jasmonate (JA) biosynthesis and JA accumulation activates plant immune system. Arachidonic acid isolated from microbes is an elicitor of plant defense responses. Bioengineering technology has been developed to make the plants themselves to produce arachidonic acid. The arachidonic acid-containing transgenic plants show increased levels of jasmonic acid. Developing transgenic plants constitutively producing arachidonic acid may be a potential approach to activate JA pathway for management of plant diseases. Some transcription factor genes have been engineered to manipulate JA signaling system for crop disease management. Under natural conditions endogenous ethylene content is very low in plants and its level is not sufficient to induce defense gene expression. Increase in ethylene biosynthesis induces enhanced defense responses. Transgenic rice lines overexpressing ACC synthase gene, OsACS2, have been generated and these transgenic plants show increased levels of endogenous ethylene and disease resistance. Several biotic and abiotic elicitors have been successfully utilized to activate the plant immune system for management of crop diseases. Laminarin manipulates the proton pump and triggers defense responses. Chitosan treatment inactivates H+-ATPase resulting in membrane depolarization, which is involved in increasing Ca2+ influx. Chitosan has been found to be highly effective in inducing resistance against oomycete, fungal, viral, and bacterial diseases. Thiamine treatment triggers Ca2+ influx and induces Ca2+-induced protein kinase C (PKC) activity. It effectively controls bacterial, fungal, and viral diseases of crop plants by activating Ca2+ signaling system. BTH (benzo[1,2,3]thiadiazole-7-carbothioc acid S-methyl ester) is the most successfully developed commercial compound to manipulate ROS signaling system for management of viral, bacterial, and phytoplasma diseases and parasitic plants. Riboflavin is another compound which can be used to manipulate ROS and redox signaling system. Menadione sodium sulphite (MSB) induces systemic resistance by activating redox signaling systems. The herbicide lactofen targets protoporphyrinogen oxidase, which in turn causes singlet oxygen generation. Singlet oxygen is involved in triggering ROS-mediated signaling system. Lactofen application provides significant control of fungal and oomycete diseases. Trifluralin, a dinitroaniline herbicide, induces disease resistance against several pathogens by manipulating redox signaling system. Glufosinate ammonium is a nonselective herbicide. It activates ROS-dependent SA signaling system and induces resistance against pathogens. Milsana activates ROS-mediated signaling system and is highly effective in controlling powdery mildew diseases in crop plants. β-Aminobutyric Acid (BABA) has been shown to induce disease resistance against various pathogens by triggering ROS production. Potassium dihydrogen phosphate induces systemic resistance by inducing a rapid generation of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. Silicon is another potential tool to enhance defense responses by activating ROS signaling system. Manipulation of nitric oxide (NO) signaling by sodium nitroprusside (SNP) may be another potential approach to trigger plant immune system for effective crop management. Treatment of plants with BTH triggers SA signaling and causes the induction of a unique physiological state called “priming”. BTH activates SA-dependent SAR in many crops and has been found to be useful in management of several crop diseases caused by oomycetes, fungi, bacteria, and viruses. N-cyanomethyl-2-chloroisonicotinamide (NCI) is another potential chemical that activates NPR1-dependent SA signaling system. CMPA (3-chloro-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxylic acid) is another compound, which activates SA signaling pathway. Tiadinil (3,4-dichloro-N-(2-cyanophenyl)-1,2-thiazole-5-carboxamide) is another potential chemical, which triggers SA signaling pathway by activating NPR1 gene expression. Probenazole and its metabolite BIT intervene in SA signaling system at SA accumulation stage as well as at NPR1 stage to trigger resistance against pathogens. BABA induces priming in the SAR induction pathway. The descendants of primed plants exhibit next-generation systemic acquired resistance. Azelaic acid stimulates the production of AZ11, a protein which helps prime the plant to build up its immunity by generating additional SA. An oligosaccharide product obtained from burdock (Arctium lappa) plant triggers production of methyl salicylate involved in SA signaling system and confers disease resistance. Yeast elicitor treatment activates SA signaling system and induces resistance against oomycete, fungal, and bacterial pathogens in many crop plants. Priming for JA-dependent defenses using hexanoic acid appears to be an effective tool for management of crop diseases. Ulvan is a potential activator of JA signaling pathway. Alkamides are fatty acid amides, which are commonly present in plants. N-isobutyl decanamide, the most highly active alkamide, has been shown to be a potential tool to manipulate enzymes involved in JA biosynthesis pathway. SA, JA, and ethylene signaling systems can be activated by using different rhizobacteria and the rhizobacteria trigger “induced systemic resistance”.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Abad MS, Hakimi SM, Kaniewski WK, Rommens CMT, Shulaev V, Lam E, Shah D (1997) Characterization of acquired resistance in lesion mimic transgenic potato expressing transgenic potato expressing bacterio-opsin. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 10:635–645
Ahn I-P, Kim S, Lee Y-H (2005) Vitamin B1 functions as an activator of plant disease resistance. Plant Physiol 138:1505–1515
Ahn I-P (2008) Glufosinate ammonium-induced pathogen inhibition and defense responses culminate in disease protection in bar-transgenic rice. Plant Physiol 46:213–227
Akram A, Ongena M, Duby F, Dommes J, Thonart P (2008) Systemic resistance and lipoxygenase-related defence response induced in tomato by Pseudomonas putida strain BTP1. BMC Plant Biol 8:113
Algam SAE, Xie G, Li B, Yu S, Su T, Larsen J (2010) Effects of Paenibacillus strains and chitosan on plant growth promotion and control of Ralstonia wilt in tomato. J Plant Pathol 92:593–600
Altamiranda EAG, Andreu AB, Daleo GR, Olivieri FP (2008) Effect of β-aminobutyric acid (BABA) on protection against Phytophthora infestans throughout the potato crop cycle. Aust Plant Pathol 37:421–427
Amborabé B-E, Bonmort J, Fleurat-Lessard P, Roblin G (2008) Early events induced by chitosan on plant cells. J Expt Bot 59:2317–2324
Becker F, Buschfeld E, Schell J, Bachmair A (1993) Altered response to viral infection by tobacco plants perturbed in ubiquitin system. Plant J 3:875–881
Benhamou N, Rey P, Chérif M, Hockenhull J, Tirilly Y (1997) Treatment with the mycoparasite Pythium oligandrum triggers induction of defense-related reactions in tomato roots when challenged with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici. Phytopathology 87:108–122
Blee KA, Yang KY, Anderson AJ (2004) Activation of defense pathways: synergism between reactive oxygen species and salicylic acid and consideration of field applicability. Eur J Plant Pathol 110:203–212
Bolter C, Brammall RA, Cohen R, Lazarovits G (1993) Glutathione alterations in melon and tomato roots following treatment with chemicals which induce disease resistance to Fusarium wilt. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 42:321–336
Borges-Pérez A, Fernandez-Falcon MJ (1996) Utilization of compositions which contain menadione for the stimulation of plant metabolism in order to induce their resistance to pathogen and pest and/or accelerate their blooming, Patent WO 96/28026
Boscariol-Camargo RL, Takita MA, Machado MA (2016) Bacterial resistance in AtNPR1 transgenic sweet orange is mediated by priming and involves EDS1 and PR2. Trop Plant Pathol 41:341–346
Bourdais G, Burdiak P, Gauthier A, Nitsch L, Salojȁrvi J, Rayapuram C, Idänheimo N, Hunter K, Kimura S, Merilo E, Vaattovaara A, Oracz K, Kaufholdt D, Pallon A, Anggoro DT, Glὁw D, Lowe J, Zhou J, Mohammadi O, Puukko T, Albert A, Lang H, Ernst D, Kollist H, Brosche M, Durner J, Borst W, Collinge DB, Karpiński S, Lyngkjær MF, Robatzek S, Wrzaczek M, Kangasjarvi J (2015) Large-scale phenomics identifies primary and fine-tuning roles for CRKs in responses related to oxidative stress. PLoS Genet. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1005373
Bueter CL, Specht CA, Levitz SM (2013) Innate sensing of chitin and chitosan. PLoS Pathog 9(1):e1003080
Camañes G, Pastor V, Cerezo M, Garcia-Andrade J, Vicedo B, Garcia-Agustin P, Flors V (2012) A deletion in NRT2.1 attenuates Pseudomonas syringae-induced hormonal perturbation, resulting in primed plant defenses. Plant Physiol 158:1054–1066
Cavalcanti FR, Resende MLV, Santos Lima JPM, Silveira AG, Oliveira JTA (2006) Activities of antioxidant enzymes and photosynthetic responses in tomato pre-treated by plant activators and inoculated by Xanthomonas vesicatoria. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 68:198–208
Chen X-K, Zhang J-Y, Zhang Z, Du B-B, Qu S-C (2012) Overexpressing MhNPR1 in transgenic Fuji apples enhances resistance to apple powdery mildew. Mol Biol Rep 39:8083–8089
Cheng H, Liu H, Deng Y, Xiao J, Li X, Wang S (2015) The WRKY45-2 WRKY13 WRKY42 transcriptional regulatory cascade is required for rice resistance to fungal pathogen. Plant Physiol 167:1087–1099
Cheong YH, Moon BC, Kim JK, Kim CY, Kim MC, Kim IH, Park CY, Kim JC, Park BO, Koo SC, Yoon HW, Chung WS, Lim CO, Lee SY, Cho MJ (2003) BWMK1, a rice mitogen-activated protein kinase, locates in the nucleus and mediates pathogenesis-related gene expression by activation of a transcription factor. Plant Physiol 132:1961–1972
Chern M-S, Fitzgerald H, Yadav RC, Canlas PE, Dong X, Ronald PC (2001) Evidence for a disease-resistance pathway in rice similar to the NPR1-mediated signaling pathway in Arabidopsis. Plant J 27:101–113
Chern M, Canlas PE, Ronald PC (2008) Strong suppression of systemic acquired resistance in Arabidopsis by NRR is dependent on its ability to interact with NPR1 and its putative repressive domain. Mol Plant 1:552–559
Choi HW, Kim YJ, Lee SC, Hong JK, Hwang BK (2007) Hydrogen peroxide generation by the pepper extracellular peroxidase CaPO2 activates local and systemic cell death and defense response to bacterial pathogens. Plant Physiol 145:890–904
Chun HJ, Park HC, Koo SC, Lee JH, Park CY, Choi MS, Kang CH, Baek D, Cheong YH, Yun DJ, Chung WS, Cho MJ, Kim MC (2012) Constitutive expression of mammalian nitic oxide synthase in tobacco plants triggers disease resistance to pathogens. Mol Cells 34:463–471
Conrath U (2011) Molecular aspects of defence priming. Trends Plant Sci 16:524–531
Conrath U, Klessig DF, Bachmair A (1998) Tobacco plants perturbed in the ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation system accumulate callose, salicylic acid, and pathogenesis-related protein 1. Plant Cell Rep 17:876–880
D’Amelio R, Marzachi C, Bosco D (2010) Activity of benzothiadiazole on chrysanthemum yellows phytoplasma (‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’) infection in daisy plants. Crop Protection 29:1094–1099
Dafermos NG, Kasselaki AM, Goumas DE, Spantidakis K, Eyre MD, Leifert C (2012) Integration of elicitors and less-susceptible hybrids for the control of powdery mildew in organic tomato crops. Plant Dis 96:1506–1512
Daniel R, Guest D (2006) Defence responses induced by potassium phosphonate in Phytophthora palmivora-challenged Arabidopsis thaliana. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 67:194–201
de Freitas MB, Stadnik MJ (2012) Race-specific and ulvan-induced defense responses in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) against Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 78:8–13
de Freitas MB, Stadnik MJ (2015) Ulvan-induced resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana against Alternaria brassicicola requires reactive oxygen species derived from NADPH oxidase. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 90:49–56
de Freitas MB, Ferreira LG, Hawerroth C, Duarte MER, Noseda MD, Stadnik MJ (2015) Ulvans induce resistance against plant pathogenic fungi independently of their sulfation degree. Carbohyd Polym 133:384–390
De Meyer G, Audenaert K, Höfte M (1999) Pseudomonas aeruginosa 7NSK2-induced systemic resistance in tobacco depends on in planta salicylic acid accumulation but is not associated with PR1a gene-expression. Eur J Plant Pathol 105:513–517
De Vleesschauwer D, Höfte M (2009) Rhizobacteria induced systemic resistance. Adv Bot Res 51:223–281
De Vleesschauwer D, Djavaheri M, Bakker PAHM, Höfte M (2008) Pseudomonas fluorescens WCS374r-induced systemic resistance in rice against Magnaporthe oryzae is based on pseudobactin-mediated priming for a salicylic acid-repressable multifaceted defense response. Plant Physiol 148:1996–2012
De Vleesschauwer D, Chernin L, Höfte MM (2009) Differential effectiveness of Serratia plymuthica IC1270-induced systemic resistance against hemibiotrophic and necrotrophic leaf pathogens in rice. BMC Plant Biol 9:9
Deepak SA, Ishii H, Park P (2006) Acibenzolar-S-methyl primes cell wall strengthening genes and reactive oxygen species forming/scavenging enzymes in cucumber after fungal pathogen attack. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 69:52–61
Djami-Tchatchou AT, Ncube EN, Steenkamp PA, Dubery IA (2017) Similar, but different; structurally related azelaic acid and hexanoic acid trigger differential metabolomic and transcriptomic responses in tobacco cells. BMC Plant Biol 17:227
Djonovic S, Pozo MJ, Dangott LJ, Howell CR, Kenerley CM (2006) Sm1, a proteinaceous elicitor secreted by the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma virens induces plant defense responses and systemic resistance. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 19:838–853
Doares SH, Syrovets T, Weiler EW, Ryan CA (1995) Oligogalacturonides and chitosan activate plant defensive genes through the octadecanoid pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:4095–4098
Dong H, Beer SV (2000) Riboflavin induces disease resistance in plants by activating a novel signal transduction pathway. Phytopathology 90:801–811
Dong L, Cheng Y, Wu J, Cheng Q, Li W, Fan S, Jiang L, Xu Z, Kong F, Zhang D, Xu P, Zhang S (2015) Overexpression of GmERF5, a new member of the soybean EAR motif-containing ERF transcription factor, enhances resistance to Phytophthora sojae in soybean. J Exp Bot 66:2635–2647
Dubreuil-Maurizi C, Trouvelot S, Frettinger P, Pugin A, Wendehenne D, Poinssot B (2010) β-Aminobutyric acid primes an NADPH oxidase-dependent reactive oxygen species production during grapevine-triggered immunity. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 23:1012–1021
Dutt M, Barthe G, Irey M, Grosser J (2015) Transgenic citrus expressing an Arabidopsis NPR1 gene exhibit enhanced resistance against Huanglongbing (HLB; Citrus greening). PLoS ONE 10(9):e0137134. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0137134
El-Mohamedy RSR, Abdel-Kareem F, Jabnoun-Khiareddine H, Daami-Remadi M (2014) Chitosan and Trichoderma harzianum as fungicide alternatives for controlling Fusarium crown and root rot of tomato. Tunisian J Plant Prot 9:31–43
Faize M, Faize L, Koike N, Ishizaka M, Ishii H (2004) Acibenzolar-S-methyl-induced resistance to Japanese pear scab is associated with potentiation of defense responses. Phytopathology 94:604–612
Faoro F, Maffi D, Cantu D, Iriti M (2008) Chemical-induced resistance against powdery mildew in barley: the effects of chitosan and benzothiadiazole. Biocontrol 53:387–401
Felcher KJ, Douches DS, Kirk WW, Hammerschmidt R, Li W (2003) Expression of a fungal glucose oxidase gene in three potato cultivars with different susceptibility to late blight (Phytophthora infestans Mont. deBary). J Am Soc Hort Sci 128:238–245
Feng J-X, Cao L, Li J, Duan C-J, Xue-M Luo, Le N, Wei H, Liang S, Chu C, Pan Q, Tang J-L (2011) Involvement of OsNPR1/NH1 in rice basal resistance to blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Eur J Plant Pathol 131:221–235
Friedrich L, Lawton K, Dietrich R, Willitis M, Cade R, Ryals J (2001) NIM1 overexpression in Arabidopsis potentiates plant disease resistance and results in enhanced effectiveness of fungicides. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 14:1114–1124
Geng S, Li A, Tang L, Yin L, Wu L, Lei C, Guo X, Zhang X, Jiang G, Zhai W, Wei Y, Zheng Y, Lan X, Mao L (2013) TaCPK2-A, a calcium-dependent protein kinase gene that is required for wheat powdery mildew resistance enhances bacterial blight resistance in transgenic rice. J Exp Bot 64:3125–3336
Graham MY (2005) The diphenylether herbicide lactofen induces cell death and expression of defense-related genes in soybean. Plant Physiol 139:1784–1794
Guevara-Olvera L, Ruiz-Nito ML, Rangel-Cano RM, Torres-Pacheco I, Rivera-Bustamante RF, Muňoz-Sánchez CI, González-Chavira MM, Cruz-Hernandez A, Guevara-González RG (2012) Expression of a germin-like protein gene (CchGLP) from a geminivirus-resistant pepper(Capsicum chinense Jacq.) enhances tolerance to geminivirus infection in transgenic tobacco. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 78:45–50
Harel YM, Mehari ZH, Rav-David D, Elad Y (2014) Systemic resistance to gray mold induced in tomato by benzothiadiazole and Trichoderma harzianum T39. Phytopathology 104:150–157
Harman GE, Howell CR, Viterbo A, Chet I, Lorito M (2004) Trichoderma species-opportunistic, avirulent, plant symbionts. Nature Rev Microbiol 2:43–56
Hase S, Shimizu A, Nakaho K, Takenaka S, Takahashi H (2006) Induction of transient ethylene and reduction in severity of tomato bacterial wilt by Pythium oligandrum. Plant Pathol 55:537–543
Hassan HM, Fridovich I (1979) Intracellular production of superoxide radical and hydrogen peroxide by redox active compounds. Arch Biochem Biophys 196:385–395
He P, Shan L, Lin NC, Martin GB, Kemmerling B, Nurnberger T, Sheen J (2006) Specific bacterial suppressors of MAMP signaling upstream of MAPKKK in Arabidopsis innate immunity. Cell 125:563–575
Helliwell EE, Wang Q, Yang Y (2013) Transgenic rice with inducible ethylene production exhibits broad-spectrum disease resistance to the fungal pathogens Magnaporthe oryzae and Rhizoctonia solani. Plant Biotechnol J 11:33–42
Hou Y, Ban Q, Meng K, He Y, Han S, Jin M, Rao J (2018) Overexpression of persimmon 9-lipoxygenase DkLOX3 confers resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 and Botrytis cinera in Arabidopsis. Plant Growth Regul 84:179–189
Huang PY, Yeh YA, Liu AC, Cheng CP, Zimmerli L (2014) The Arabidopsis LecRK-VI.2 associates with the pattern-recognition receptor FLS2 and primes Nicotiana benthamiana pattern-triggered immunity. Plant J 79:243–255
Hwang IS, Hwang BK (2010) The pepper 9-lipoxygenase gene CaLOX1 functions in defense and cell death responses to microbial pathogens. Plant Physiol 152:948–967
Hwang IS, Hwang BK (2011) The pepper mannose-binding lectin gene CaMBL1 is required to regulate cell death and defense responses to microbial pathogens. Plant Physiol 155:447–463
Jami SK, Clark GB, Turlapati SA, Handley C, Roux SJ, Kirti PB (2008) Ectopic expression of an annexin from Brassica juncea confers tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses in transgenic tobacco. Plant Physiol Biochem 46:1019–1030
Jaskiewicz M, Conrath U, Peterhänsel C (2011) Chromatin modification acts as a memory for systemic acquired resistance in the plant stress response. EMBO Rep 12:50–55
Jaulneau V, Lafitte C, Jacquet C, Fournier S, Salamagne S, Briand X, Esquerré-Tugayé M-T, Dumas B. (2010) Ulvan, a sulfated polysaccharide from green algae, activates plant immunity through the jasmonic acid signaling pathway. J Biomed Biotechnol. Volume 2010, Article ID 525291. https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/525291
Joshi SG, Kumar V, Janga MR, Bell AA, Rathore KS (2017) Response of AtNPR1-expressing cotton plants to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum isolates. Physiol Mol Biol Plants. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-016-0411
Jung HW, Tschaplinski TJ, Wang L, Glazebrook J, Greenberg JT (2009) Priming in systemic plant immunity. Science 324:89–91
Kang S, Kim HB, Lee H, Choi JY, Heu S, Oh CJ, Kwon SI, An CS (2006) Overexpression in Arabidopsis of a plasma membrane-targeting glutamate receptor from small radish increases glutamate-mediated Ca2+ influx and delays fungal infection. Mol Cells 21:418–427
Kobeasy MI, El-Beltagi HS, El-Shazly MA, Khattab EAH (2011) Induction of resistance in Arachis hypogaea L. against Peanut mottle virus by nitric oxide and salicylic acid. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 76:112–118
Kużniak E, Glowacki R, Chwatko G, Kopczewski T, Wielanek M, Gajewska Sklodowska M (2014) Involvement of ascorbate, glutathione, protein S-thiolation and salicylic acid in benzothiadiazole-inducible defence response of cucumber against Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 86:89–97
Lanteri ML, Laxalt AM, Lamattina L (2008) Nitric oxide triggers phosphatidic accumulation via phospholipase D during auxin-induced adventitious root formation in cucumber. Plant Physiol 147:188–198
Le Henanff G, Farine S, Keiffer-Mazet F, Miclot A-S, Heitz T, Bertsch C, Chong J (2011) Vitis vinifera VvNPR1is the functional ortholog of AtNPR1 and its overexpression in grapevine triggers constitutive activation of PR genes and enhanced resistance to powdery mildew. Planta 234:405–417
Leeman M, Van Pelt JA, Den Ouden FM, Heinsbroek M, Bakker PAHM, Schippers B (1995a) Induction of systemic resistance against fusarium wilt of radish by lipopolysaccharides of Pseudomonas fluorescens. Phytopathology 85:1021–1027
Leeman M, Van Pelt JA, Hendrickx MJ, Scheffer RJ, Bakker PAHM, Schippers B (1995b) Biocontrol of Fusarium wilt of radish in commercial greenhouse trials by seed treatment with Pseudomonas fluorescens WCS374. Phytopathology 85:1301–1305
Li W-M, Wang Z-X, Jia S-R (2005) Over-expression of GbRac1 gene in transgenic tobacco enhances disease resistance to Alternaria alternata in vitro. Chinese J Agric Biotechnol 2:73–77
Li YM, Zhang ZK, Jia YT, Shen YM, He HM, Fang RX, Chen XY, Hao XJ (2008) 3-acetonyl-3-hydroxy-oxindole: a new inducer of systemic acquired resistance in plants. Plant Biotech J 6:301–308
Li Y-C, Sun X-J, Bi Y, Ge Y-H, Wang Y (2009) Antifungal activity of chitosan on Fusarium sulphureum in relation to dry rot of potato tuber. Agr Sci China 8:597–604
Liu J-Z, Horstman HD, Braun E, Graham MA, Zhang C, Navarre D, Qiu W-L, Lee Y, Nettleton D, Hill JH, Whitham SA (2011) Soybean homologs of MPK4 negatively regulate defense responses and positively regulate growth and development. Plant Physiol 157:1363–1378
Makandar R, Essig JS, Schapaugh MA, Trick HJ, Shah J (2006) Genetically engineered resistance to Fusarium head blight in wheat by expression of Arabidopsis NPR1.l Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact 19:123–129
Makandar R, Nalam VJ, Chowdhury Z, Sarowar S, Klossner G, Lee H, Burdan D, Trick HN, Gobbato E, Parker JE, Shah J (2015) The combined action of ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY1, PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT4, and SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED101 promotes salicylic acid-mediated defenses to limit Fusarium graminearum infection in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 28:943–953
Mandal B, Mandal S, Csinos AS, Martinez N, Culbreath AK, Pappu HR (2008) Biological and molecular analyses of the acibenzolar-S-methyl-induced systemic acquired resistance in flue-cured tobacco against Tomato spotted wilt virus. Phytopathology 98:196–204
Marchive C, Léon C, Kappel C, Coutos-Thévenot P, Corio-Costet M-F, Delrot S, Lauvergeat V (2013) Over-expression of VvWRKY1 in grapevines induces expression of jasmonic acid pathway-related genes and confers higher tolerance to the downy mildew. PLoS ONE 8(1):e54185. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0054185
Marondedze C, Thomas L, Serrano NL, Lilley KS, Gehring C (2016) The RNA-binding protein repertoire of Arabidopsis thaliana. Sci Rep 6: Article Number 29766
Martinez-Medina A, Fernández I, Sánchez-Guzmán MJ, Jung SC, Pascual JA, Pozo MJ (2013) Deciphering the hormonal signalling network behind the systemic resistance induced by Trichoderma harzianum in romato. Front Plant Sci 4:206
Maruthasalam S, Liu YL, Sun CM, Chen PY, Yu CW, Lee PF, Lin CH (2010) Constitutive expression of a fungal glucose oxidase gene in transgenic tobacco confers chilling tolerance through the activation of antioxidative defence. Plant Cell Rep 29:1035–1048
Mathys J, De Cremer K, Timmermans P, Van Kerckhove S, Lievens B, Vanhaecke M, Cammue BP, De Coninck B (2012) Genome-wide characterization of ISR induced in Arabidopsis thaliana by Trichoderma hamatum T382 against Botrytis cinerea infection. Front Plant Sci 3:108. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2012.00108
Mei C, Qi M, Sheng G, Yang Y (2006) Inducible overexpression of a rice allene oxide synthase gene increases the endogenous jasmonic acid level, PR gene expression, and host resistance to fungal infection. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 19:1127–1137
Méndez-Bravo A, Calderόn-Vázquez C, Ibarra-Laclette E, Raya-González J, Ramirez-Chávez E, Molina-Torres J, Guevara-Garcia AA, Lόpez-Bucio J, Herrera-Estrella L (2011) Alkamides activate jasmonic acid biosynthesis and signaling pathways and confer resistance to Botrytis cinerea in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS ONE 6(11):e27251
Mene-Saffrané L, Esquerré-Tugayé MT, Fournier J (2003) Constitutive expression of an inducible lipoxgenase in transgenic tobacco decreases susceptibility to Phytophthora parasitica var nicotianae. Mol Breeding 12:271–282
Molla K, Karmakar S, Chanda PK, Sarkar SN, Datta SK, Karabi D (2016) Tissue-specific expression of Arabidopsis NPR1 gene in rice for sheath blight resistance without compromising phenotypic cost. Plant Sci 250:105–114
Mukherjee PK, Kenerley CM (2010) Regulation of morphogenesis and biocontrol properties in Trichoderma virens by a VELVET protein, Vel1. Appl Environ Microbiol 76:2345–2352
Mukherjee M, Larrimore KE, Ahmed NJ, Bedick TS, Barghouthi NT, Traw MB, Barth C (2010) Ascorbic acid deficiency in Arabidopsis induces constitutive priming that is dependent on hydrogen peroxide, salicylic acid, and the NPR1 gene. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 23:340–351
Nakashita H, Yoshioka K, Yasuda M, Nitta T, Arai Y, Yoshida S (2002) Probenazole induces systemic acquired resistance in tobacco through salicylic acid accumulation. Physiol Plant Pathol 61:197–203
Nakashita H, Yasuda M, Okage R, Nishioka M, Arie T, Yoshida S (2003) A pyrazole derivative induces systemic acquired resistance with a new type of action. Plant Cell Physiol 44:S179–S179
Nishioka M, Nakashita H, Yasuda M, Yoshida S, Yamaguchi I (2005) Induction of resistance against rice bacterial blight by 3-chloro-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxylic acid. J Pest Sci 30:47–49
Oliveira AAR, Nishijima W (2014) Induction of resistance to papaya black spot elicited by Acibenzolar-S-methyl. Plant Pathol J 13:120–124
Ongena M, Daayf F, Jacques P, Thonart P, Benhamou N, Paulitz TC, Cornélis P, Koedam N, Bélanger RR (1999) Protection of cucumber against Pythium root rot by fluorescent pseudomonads: predominant role of induced resistance over siderophores and antibiosis. Plant Pathol 48:66–76
Ongena M, Daayf F, Jacques P, Thonart P, Benhamou N, Paulitz TC, Bélanger RR (2000) Systemic induction of phytoalexins in cucumber in response to treatments with fluorescent pseudomonads. Plant Pathol 49:523–530
Ongena M, Giger A, Jacques P, Dommes J, Thonart P (2002) Study of bacterial determinants involved in the induction of systemic resistance in bean by Pseudomonas putida BTP1. Eur J Plant Pathol 108:187–196
Orober M, Siegrist J, Buchenaur H (2002) Mechanisms of phosphate-induced disease resistance in cucumber. Eur J Plant Pathol 108:345–353
Pallas V, Gomez G (2013) Phloem RNA-binding proteins as potential components of a long-distance RNA transport system. Front Plant Sci 4:130
Park SW, Kaimoyo E, Kumar D, Mosher S, Klessig DF (2007) Methyl salicylate is a critical mobile signal for plant systemic acquired resistance. Science 318:113–116
Park SW, Liu PP, Forouhar F, Vlot AC, Tong L, Tietjen K, Klessig DF (2009) Use of synthetic salicylic acid analog to investigate the roles of methyl salicylate and its esterases in plant disease resistance. J Biol Chem 284:7307–7317
Pastor V, Luna E, Mauch-Mani B, Ton J, Flors V (2013) Primed plants do not forget. Environ Exp Bot 94:46–56
Picard K, Ponchet M, Blein JP, Rey P, Tirilly Y, Benhamou N (2000) Oligandrin. A proteinaceous molecule produced by the mycoparasite Pythium oligandrum induces resistance to Phytophthora parasitica infection in tomato plants. Plant Physiol 124:379-395
Pontier D, Mittler R, Lam E (2002) Mechanism of cell death and disease resistance induction by transgenic expression of bacterio-opsin. Plant J 30:499–509
Po-Wen C, Singh P, Zimmerli L (2013) Priming of the Arabidopsis pattern-triggered immunity response upon infection by necrotrophic Pectobacterium carotovorum bacteria. Mol Plant Pathol 14:58–70
Prapagdee B, Kotachadat K, Kumsopa A, Visarathanonth N (2007) The role of chitosan in protection of soybean from sudden death syndrome caused by Fusarium solani f. sp. glycines. Bioresource Technol 98:1353–1358
Qi Y, Tsuda K, Joe A, Sato M, Nguyen LV, Glazebrook J, Alfano JR, Cohen JD, Katagiri F (2010) A putative RNA-binding protein positively regulates salicylic acid-mediated immunity in Arabidopsis. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 23:1573–1583
Qiu D, Xiao J, Ding X, Xiong M, Cai M, Cao Y, Li X, Xu C, Wang S (2007) OsWRKY13 mediates rice disease resistance by regulating defense-related genes in salicylate- and jasmonate-dependent signaling. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 20:492–499
Raacke IC, von Rad U, Mueller MJ, Berger S (2006) Yeast increases resistance in Arabidopsis against Pseudomonas syringae and Botrytis cinerea by salicylic acid-dependent as well as-independent mechanisms. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 19:1138–1146
Rakwal R, Tamogani S, Agrawal GK, Iwahashi H (2002) Octadecanoid signalling component ‘burst’ in rice (Oryza sativa L) seedlings leaves upon wounding by cut and treatment with fungal elicitor chitosan. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 295:1041–1045
Ran LX, Li ZN, Wu GJ, Van Loon LC, Bakker PAHM (2005a) Induction of systemic resistance against bacterial wilt in Eucalyptus urophylla by fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. Eur J Plant Pathol 113:59–70
Ran LX, Van Loon LC, Bakker PAHM (2005b) No role for bacterially produced salicylic acid in rhizobacterial induction of systemic resistance in Arabidopsis. Phytopathology 95:1349–1355
Randoux B, Renard D, Nowak E, Sanssené J, Courtois J, Durand R, Reignault P (2006) Inhibition of Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici germination and partial enhancement of wheat defenses by Milsana. Phytopathology 96:1278–1286
Ravanbakhsh M, Sasidharan R, Voesenck LACJ, Kowalchuk GA, Jousset A (2018) Microbial modulation of plant ethylene signaling: ecological evolutionary consequences. Microbiome 6:52
Rietz S, Bernsdorff FEM, Cai D (2012) Members of the germin-like protein family in Brassica napus are candidates for the initiation of an oxidative burst that impedes pathogenesis of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. J Expt Bot 63:5507–5519
Romanazzi G, Murolo S, Feliziani E (2013) Effects of an innovative strategy to contain grapevine Bois noir: field treatment with resistance inducers. Phytopathology 103:785–791
Rustérucci C, Espunya MC, Diaz M, Chabannes M, Martinez MC (2007) S-Nitrosoglutathione reductase affords protection against pathogens in Arabidopsis, both locally and systemically. Plant Physiol 143:1282–1292
Saikia R, Yadav M, Varghese S, Singh BP, Gogoi DK, Kumar R, Arora DK (2006) Role of riboflavin in induced resistance against Fusarium wilt and charcoal rot diseases of chickpea. Plant Pathol J 22:339–347
Schreiber K, Desveaux D (2008) Message in a bottle: chemical biology of induced disease resistance in plants. Plant Pathol J 24:245–268
Schuhegger R, Ihring A, Gantner S, Bahnweg G, Knappe C, Vogg G, Hutzler P, Schmid M, Van Breusegem F, Eberl L, Hartmann A, Langebartels C (2006) Induction of systemic resistance in tomato by N-acyl-L-homoserine lactone-producing rhizosphere bacteria. Plant, Cell Environ 29:909–918
Shen X, Yuan B, Liu H, Li X, Xu C, Wang S (2010) Opposite functions of a rice mitogen-activated protein kinase during the process of resistance against Xanthomonas oryzae. Plant J 64:86–99
Shi J, An H, Zhang L, Gao Z, Guo X (2010) GhMPK7, a novel multiple stress-responsive cotton group C MAPK gene, has a role in broad spectrum disease resistance and plant development. Plant Mol Biol 74:1–17
Shoresh M, Yedidia I, Chet I (2005) Involvement of jasmonic acid/ethylene signaling pathway in the systemic resistance induced in cucumber by Trichoderma asperellum T203. Phytopathology 95:76–84
Shoresh M, Harman GE, Mastouri F (2010) Induced systemic resistance and plant responses to fungal biocontrol agents. Annu Rev Phytopathol 48:21–43
Silva KJP, Brunings A, Peres NA, Mou Z, Folta KM (2015) The Arabidopsis NPR1 gene confers broad-spectrum disease resistance in strawberry. Trans Res 24:693–704
Slaughter A, Daniel X, Flors V, Luna E, Hohn B, Mauch-Mani B (2012) Descendants of primed Arabidopsis plants exhibit resistance to biotic stress. Plant Physiol 158:835–843
Spencer M, Ryu C-M, Yang K-Y, Kim YC, Kloepper JW, Anderson AJ (2003) Induced defence in tobacco by Pseudomonas chlororaphis strain 06 involves at least the ethylene pathway. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 63:27–34
Staswick PE, Tiryaki I (2004) The oxylipin signal jasmonic acid is activated by an enzyme that conjugates it to isoleucine in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 16:2117–2127
Sun W, Zhang J, Fan Q, Xue G, Li Z, Liang Y (2010) Silicon-enhanced resistance to rice blast is attributed to silicon-mediated defence resistance and its role as physical barrier. Eur J Plant Pathol 128:39–49
Sunpapao A, Ponsuriya C (2014) Effects of chitosan treatments on para rubber leaf fall disease caused by Phytophthora palmivora Butler—a laboratory study. Songlankarim J Sci Technol 36:507–512
Takenaka S, Nishio Z, Nakamura Y (2003) Induction of defense reactions in sugar beet and wheat by treatment with cell wall protein fractions from the mycoparasite Pythium oligandrum. Phytopathology 93:1228–1232
Thao NP, Chen L, Nakashima Hara S-I, Umemura K, Takahashi A, Shirasu K, Kawasaki T, Shimamoto K (2007) RAR1 and HSP90 form a complex with Rac/ROP GTPase and function in innate-immune responses in rice. Plant Cell 19:4035–4045
Thuong VT, Jitareerat P, Uthairatanakij A (2015) Eliciting plant defense on anthracnose disease in chili (Capsicum annuum Linn.) by sodium nitroprusside solution. J Food Nutrition Sci 3:20–27. https://doi.org/10.11648/jfns.s.2015030102.14
Tjamos SE, Flemetakis E, Paplomatas EJ, Katinakis P (2005) Induction of resistance to Verticillium dahliae in Arabidopsis thaliana by the biocontrol agent K-165 and pathogenesis-related proteins gene expression. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 18:555–561
Tosun N (2007) Disease control with ISR2000TM elicitor in conjunction with fungicides. http://www.engormix.com/disease_control
Uji Y, Taniguchi S, Tamaoki D, Shishido H, Akimitsu K, Gomi K (2016) Overexpression of OsMYC2 results in the up-regulation of early JA-responsive genes and bacterial blight resistance in rice. Plant Cell Physiol 57:1814–1827
Venkatesan S, Radjacommare R, Nakkeeran S, Chandrasekaran A (2010) Effect of biocontrol agent, plant extracts and safe chemicals in suppression of Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus (MYMV) in blackgram (Vigna mungo). Arch Phytopathol Plant Prot 43:59–72
Verberne MC, Verpoorte R, Bol JF, Mercado-Blanco J, Linthorst HJ (2000) Overproduction of salicylic acid in plants by bacterial transgenes enhances pathogen resistance. Nat Biotechnol 18:779–783
Vicedo B, Flors V, Leyva Mdl O, Finiti I, Kravchuk Z, Real MD, Garcia-Agustin P, González-Bosch C (2009) Hexanoic acid-induced resistance against Botrytis cinerea in tomato plants. Mol Plant-Microbe interact 22:1455–1465
Vidhyasekaran, P (2002) Bacterial Disease Resistance in Plants: Molecular Biology and Biotechnological Applications, Haworth Press, Binghamton, pp 452
Vidhyasekaran P (2004) Concise encyclopedia of plant pathology. Haworth Press, Binghamton, p 619
Vidhyasekaran P (2007a) Fungal pathogenesis in plants and crops: molecular biology and host defense mechanisms, II edn. CRC Press, Taylor Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL, p 510
Vidhyasekaran P (2007b) Handbook of molecular technologies in crop disease management. Haworth Press, Binghamton, p 462
Vidhyasekaran P (2014) PAMP signals in plant innate immunity: signal perception and transduction. Springer, Dordrecht, p 442
Vidhyasekaran P (2015) Plant hormone signaling systems in plant innate immunity. Springer, Dordrecht, p 458
Vidhyasekaran P (2016) Switching on plant innate immunity signaling systems: bioengineering and molecular manipulation of PAMP-PIMP-PRR signaling complex. Springer, Dordrecht, p 358
Waller F, Müller A, Chung K-M, Yap Y-K, Nakamura K, Weiler E, Sano H (2006) Expression of a WIPK-activated transcription factor results in increase of endogenous salicylic acid and pathogen resistance in tobacco plants. Plant Cell Physiol 47:1169–1174
Walters D, Walsh D, Newton A, Lyon G (2005) Induced resistance for plant disease control: maximizing the efficacy of resistance elicitors. Phytopathology 95:1368–1373
Wan D, Li R, Zou B, Zhang X, Cong J, Wang R, Xia Y, Li G (2012) Calmodulin-binding protein CBP60g is a positive regulator of both disease resistance and drought tolerance in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell Rep 31:1269–1281
Wang D, Pajerowska-Mukhtar K, Culler AH, Dong X (2007) Salicylic acid inhibits pathogen growth in plants through repression of the auxin signaling pathway. Curr Biol 17:1784–1790
Wang Y, Gao M, Li Q, Wang L, Jeon J-S, Qu N, Zhang Y, He Z (2008) OsRAR1 and OsSGT1 physically interact and function in rice basal disease resistance. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 21:294–303
Wang L, Tsuda K, Sato M, Cohen JD, Katagiri F, Glazebrook J (2009) Arabidopsis CaM binding protein CBP60g contributes to MAMP-induced SA accumulation and is involved in disease resistance against Pseudomonas syringae. PLoS Pathog 5:e1000301
Wang L, Tsuda K, Truman W, Sato M, Nguyen LV, Katagiri F, Glazebrook J (2011) CBP60g and SARD1 play partially redundant critical roles in salicylic acid signaling. Plant J 67:1029–1041
Wang L, Liu Y, Cai G, Jang S, Pan J, Li D (2014) Ectopic expression of ZmSIMK1 leads to improved drought tolerance and activation of systemic acquired resistance in transgenic tobacco. J Biotechnol 172:18–29
Wang M, Zhu Y, Han R, Yin W, Guo C, Li Z, Wang X (2018) Expression of Vitis amurensis VaERF20 in Arabidopsis thaliana improves resistance to Botrytis cinerea and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. Int J Mol Sci 1:19(3) pii: E696. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19030696
Wasternack C, Hause B (2013) Jasmonates: biosynthesis, perception, signal transduction and action in plant stress response, growth and development. An update to the 2007 review in Annals of Botany. Ann Bot 111:1021–1058
Wildermuth MC, Dewdney J, Wu G, Ausubel FM (2001) Isochorismate synthesis is required to synthesize salicylic acid for plant defense. Nature 414:562–565
Xing L, Di Z, Yang W, Liu J, Li M, Xiaojuan Wang, Cui C, Xiaoyun Wang, Xieu Wang, Zhang R, Xiao J, Cao A (2017) Overexpression of ERF1-V from Haynaldia villosa can enhance the resistance of wheat to powdery mildew and increase the tolerance to salt and drought stresses. Front Plant Sci 8:1948. https://doi.org/10.3389/tpts.2017.01948
Yang C, Li W, Cao J, Meng F, Yu Y, Huang J, Jiang L, Liu M, Zhang Z, Chen X, Miyamoto K, Yamane H, Zhang J, Chen S, Liu J (2017) Activation of ethylene signaling pathways enhances disease resistance by regulating ROS and phytoalexin production in rice. Plant J 89:338–353
Yasuda M (2007) Regulation mechanisms of systemic acquired resistance induced by plant activators. J Pest Sci 32:281–282
Yasuda M, Nishioka M, Nakashita H, Yamaguchi I, Yoshida S (2003) Pyrazolecarboxylic acid derivative induces systemic acquired resistance in tobacco. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 67:2614–2620
Yasuda M, Nakashita H, Yoshida S (2004) Tiadinil, a novel class of activator of systemic acquired resistance, induces defense gene expression and disease resistance in tobacco. J Pest Sci 29:46–49
Yasuda M, Kusajima M, Nakajima M, Akutsu K, Kudo T, Yoshida S, Nakashita H (2006) Thiadiazole carboxylic acid moiety of tiadinil, SV-03, induces systemic acquired resistance in tobacco without salicylic acid accumulation. J Plant Sci 31:329–334
Yedidia I, Shoresh M, Kerem Z, Benhamou N, Kapulnik Y, Chet I (2003) Concomitant induction of systemic resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans in cucumber by Trichodrema asperellum (T-203) and accumulation of phytoalexins. Appl Environ Microbiol 69:7343–7353
Yeh Y-H, Chang Y-H, Huang P-Y, Huang J-B, Zimmerli L (2015) Enhanced Arabidopsis pattern-triggered immunity by overexpression of cysteine-rich receptor-like kinases. Front Plant Sci 6:322. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.00322
Yoshioka K, Nakashita H, Klessig DF, Yamaguchi I (2001) Probenazole induces systemic acquired resistance in Arabidopsis with a novel type of action. Plant J 25:149–157
Zhang S, Moyne A-L, Reddy MS, Kloeppe JW (2002) The role of salicylic acid in induced systemic resistance elicited by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria against blue mold of tobacco. Biol Control 25:288–296
Zhang W, Jeon BW, Assmann SM (2011) Heterotrimeric G-protein regulation of ROS signalling and calcium currents in Arabidopsis guard cells J Expt Bot 62:2371–2379
Zhou F, Mosher S, Tian M, Sassi G, Parker J, Klessig DF (2008) The Arabidopsis gain-of-function mutant ssi4 requires RAR1 and SGT1b differentially for defense activation and morphological alterations. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 21:40–49
Zhu YJ, Qiu X, Moore PH, Borth W, Hu J, Ferreira S, Albert HH (2003) Systemic acquired resistance induced by BTH in papaya. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 63:237–248
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature B.V.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Vidhyasekaran, P. (2020). Introduction. In: Plant Innate Immunity Signals and Signaling Systems. Signaling and Communication in Plants. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1940-5_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1940-5_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-024-1939-9
Online ISBN: 978-94-024-1940-5
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)