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Corals in Estuarine Environments: Their Response to Environmental Changes and Application in Reconstructing Past Environmental Variability

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Applications of Paleoenvironmental Techniques in Estuarine Studies

Part of the book series: Developments in Paleoenvironmental Research ((DPER,volume 20))

Abstract

Corals represent a vast and detailed archive of past environmental changes in regions where instrumental data are limited and where our knowledge of multi-decadal climate variability is incomplete. In estuarine areas, coral skeletal records provide an opportunity to monitor anthropogenic impacts as well as to investigate natural environmental variability through a range of time scales, from seasonal to millennial. This paper analyzes the status of the field of coral sclerochronology (layer analysis) and geochemistry as it relates to the recovery of past records of environmental variability in estuarine settings. Coral biology, density band formation, and factors affecting the uptake of isotopic and elemental signals in the coral skeleton are explored, as they constitute important aspects in understanding corals as environmental proxies. Density bands in coral skeletons, commonly used for first-order dating, are a reliable proxy for long-term seasonal variability and to identify periods of environmental stress. The stable isotopic composition of coral carbonate has been employed to reconstruct sea-surface temperatures and salinities (δ18O), insolation changes (δ13C), pH variability (δ11B), and water quality (δ15N), while changes in the elemental composition of corals constitute robust proxies for sea surface temperature (Sr/Ca) and riverine discharge (Ba/Ca). Additionally, changes in the trace concentration of metals, such as Pb, Cd, Al, Mn and Zn, have been used to monitor pollutants entering estuaries from urban areas and to reconstruct past changes in water quality. However, there is still controversy about the degree to which biological parameters such as metabolism and calcification rate influence the final isotopic and elemental composition of the coral lattice. As a result, a multi-proxy approach to coral-based paleoclimatology has emerged, both from the need to better understand the influences controlling coral environmental records and from recent advances in the analytical techniques for measuring the composition of coral skeletons.

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  1. GEUS-Marine Geology and Glaciology Department, Øster Voldgade 10, 1350 K, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Francisca Staines-Urías

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  1. Francisca Staines-Urías
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  1. Department of Glaciology and Climate, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Kaarina Weckström

  2. Institute of Geography and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

    Krystyna M. Saunders

  3. Water Research Network, Faculty of Science and Technology, Federation University Australia, Mt Helen, Victoria, Australia

    Peter A. Gell

  4. School of Life Sciences, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia

    C. Gregory Skilbeck

Appendix

Appendix

Geographical location of coral reefs discussed in the text.

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Staines-Urías, F. (2017). Corals in Estuarine Environments: Their Response to Environmental Changes and Application in Reconstructing Past Environmental Variability. In: Weckström, K., Saunders, K., Gell, P., Skilbeck, C. (eds) Applications of Paleoenvironmental Techniques in Estuarine Studies. Developments in Paleoenvironmental Research, vol 20. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-0990-1_16

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