Abstract
Howard Brody identifies “drug-centered care” as a contrast to “patient-centered care” and asks whether drug-centered care promotes the same outcomes that justify patient-centered care—health and dignity for patients and virtue in providers. Answering in the negative, Brody provides a sobering account of how the pharmaceutical industry molds our disease concepts and our perspectives on medications as medical tools. Brody’s new concept was set up to fail, much as if he had named it “money-centered care” or simply “bad care.” This essay asks whether there is a way to reconceptualize drug-centered care such that, even if it does not promote health, dignity, and virtue, it is at least not obviously at odds with these goals. I identify four ways to show that drug-centered care has, in limited cases, morally legitimate application. I show that whether the morally legitimate application of drug-centered care is in the service of health per se, enhancement or quality of life depends on the theoretical background adopted.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
“Disease mongering can include turning ordinary ailments into medical problems, seeing mild symptoms as serious, treating personal problems as medical, seeing risks as diseases, and framing prevalence estimates to maximize potential markets” (Moynihan et al. 2002: 886). Disease mongering can also involve displacement of social problems or violations of social norms. “We must turn from the inappropriate use of the disease model of emotional distress and understand that individuals’ psychological pain arises within social systems as well as within their own brains” (Skomorosky 2015). See also Szasz 1960.
- 2.
U’Ren describes the commodification of mental health services and the concomitant creation of psychiatric needs in U’Ren 1997.
- 3.
“A conflict of interest is a set of conditions in which professional judgment concerning a primary interest (such as a patient’s welfare or the validity of research) tends to be unduly influenced by a secondary interest (such as financial gain)” (Thompson 1993: 573).
- 4.
- 5.
I have absolutely no objection to the following: “Items such as birthday and other special occasion cakes are eligible for purchase with SNAP [food stamp] benefits as long as the value of non-edible decorations does not exceed 50 percent of the purchase price of the cake” (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program 2014).
- 6.
On the general principle that one philosopher’s modus ponens is another philosopher’s modus tollens, the comparison can be used to defend either greater permissiveness or greater paternalism for both food and drugs.
- 7.
Murphy also identifies an additional distinction—between conservative and revisionist theories—that cuts across naturalist and constructivist theories (Murphy 2015). This second distinction is less relevant to our discussion here.
- 8.
See Brody (2017) p. 191.
- 9.
The title of Chapter 11 of Maslow 1954 is “Self-actualizing People: A Study of Psychological Health” (125). Cf: “…self-actualization has been found to relate positively to measures of psychological adjustment and negatively to measures of psychopathology” (Ivtzan et al. 2013: 120).
- 10.
Eric Parens explores concepts of authenticity in the context of enhancement in Parens 2009, distinguishing authenticity as gratitude for the self as given from authenticity as creativity—as an internal drive to change or grow. The question of whether a desire for some enhancement is authentic sits in the realm of authenticity as creativity (Cf Wargo 2011).
References
Abel, D., and J.M. Guilfoil. 2007, June 1. Brookline OKs Trans Fat Ban. The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2007/06/01/brookline_oks_trans_fat_ban/. Accessed 9 Apr 2015.
Boorse, C. 1977. Health as a Theoretical Concept. Philosophy of Science 44: 542–573.
Bostrom, N., and J. Savulescu. 2009. Human Enhancement Ethics: The State of the Debate. In Human Enhancement, ed. J. Savulescu and N. Bostrom, 1–22. New York: Oxford University Press.
Brody, H. 2017. Patient-centered Care or Drug-centered Care? The Influence of Pharmaceutical Marketing on Medical Science and Public Health. In Philosophical Issues in Pharmaceutics: Development, Dispensing, and Usage, ed. D. Ho. Philadelphia: Springer.
Flanigan, J. 2012. Three Arguments Against Prescription Requirements. Journal of Medical Ethics. Published online July 26, 2012. http://jme.bmj.com/content/early/2012/07/25/medethics-2011-100240.full.pdf+html. Accessed 9 Apr 2015.
Foucault, M. 1964. Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason, 1st ed. New York: Vintage Books.
Grynbaum, M. 2012, May 30. New York Plans to Ban Sale of Big Sizes of Sugary Drinks. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/31/nyregion/bloomberg-plans-a-ban-on-large-sugared-drinks.html. Accessed 11 Aug 2016.
Ivtzan, I., H.E. Gardner, I. Bernard, M. Sekhon, and R. Hart. 2013. Wellbeing Through Self-Fulfilment: Examining Developmental Aspects of Self-Actualization. The Humanistic Psychologist 41: 119–132.
Maslow, A.H. 1954. Motivation and Personality. New York: Harper and Row.
Moynihan, R. 2006. Scientists Find New Disease: Motivational Deficiency Order. British Medical Journal 332(7544): 745.
Moynihan, R., I. Heath, and D. Henry. 2002. Selling Sickness: The Pharmaceutical Industry and Disease Mongering. British Medical Journal 324(7342): 886–891.
Murphy, D. 2015. Concepts of Disease and Health. In Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2015/entries/health-disease/. Accessed 9 Apr 2015.
Nordenfelt, L. 1995. On the Nature of Health: An Action-theoretic Approach, 2nd ed. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Osgood, C. 1992, January 17. N.J. Runny Egg Law “Bad Yolk” on Diners. Sun Sentinel. http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1992-01-17/news/9201030706_1_soft-boiled-eggs-benedict-new-jersey. Accessed 9 Apr 2015.
Parens, E. 2009. Toward a More Fruitful Debate About Enhancement. In Human Enhancement, ed. J. Savulescu and N. Bostrom, 181–198. New York: Oxford University Press.
Richman, K.A. 2004. Ethics and the Metaphysics of Medicine: Reflections on Health and Beneficence. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Richman, K.A., and A.E. Budson. 2000. Health of Organisms and Health of Persons: An Embedded Instrumentalist Approach. Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 21(4): 339–352.
Skomorosky, A. 2015, March 30. Don’t Blame it on Depression. Slate.com. http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/medical_examiner/2015/03/germanwings_co_pilot_mental_illness_suicide_is_linked_to_depression_but.html. Accessed 9 Apr 2015.
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP). 2014. Eligible Food Items. http://www.fns.usda.gov/snap/eligible-food-items. Accessed 9 Apr 2015.
Szasz, T. 1960. The Myth of Mental Illness. The American Psychologist 15: 113–118.
Taylor, C. 1992. The Ethics of Authenticity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Thompson, D.F. 1993. Understanding Financial Conflicts of Interest. The New England Journal of Medicine 329(8): 573–576.
U’Ren, R. 1997. Psychiatry and Capitalism. Journal of Mind and Behavior 18(1): 1–11.
Wargo M. 2011. Authenticity and Ethics in Human Augmentation. MA Thesis, Boston University Department of Philosophy, Boston.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Richman, K.A. (2017). Is There a Legitimate Concept of Drug-Centered Care?. In: Ho, D. (eds) Philosophical Issues in Pharmaceutics. Philosophy and Medicine, vol 122. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-0979-6_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-0979-6_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-024-0977-2
Online ISBN: 978-94-024-0979-6
eBook Packages: Religion and PhilosophyPhilosophy and Religion (R0)