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Retinoic Acid Synthesis and Degradation

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The Biochemistry of Retinoid Signaling II

Part of the book series: Subcellular Biochemistry ((SCBI,volume 81))

Abstract

Retinoic acid (RA) was identified as the biologically active form of vitamin A almost 70 years ago and work on its function and mechanism of action is still of major interest both from a scientific and a clinical perspective. The currently accepted model postulates that RA is produced in two sequential oxidative steps: first, retinol is oxidized reversibly to retinaldehyde, and then retinaldehyde is oxidized irreversibly to RA. Excess RA is inactivated by conversion to hydroxylated derivatives. Much is left to learn, especially about retinoid binding proteins and the trafficking of the hydrophobic retinoid substrates between membrane bound and cytosolic enzymes. Here, background on development of the field and an update on recent advances in our understanding of the enzymatic pathways and mechanisms that control the rate of RA production and degradation are presented with a focus on the many questions that remain unanswered.

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Abbreviations

ADH:

alcohol dehydrogenase

AKR:

aldo-keto reductase

CRBPI:

cellular retinol binding protein type I

CRABPI:

cellular retinoic acid binding protein type I

CYP:

cytochrome P450

MDR:

medium chain dehydrogenase/reductase

NAD:

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (diphosphopyridine nucleotide)

NADP:

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

RA:

all-trans-retinoic acid

RAR:

retinoic acid receptor

RALDH:

retinaldehyde dehydrogenase

RDH or RoDH:

retinol dehydrogenase

SDR:

short-chain dehydrogenase reductase

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  1. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 720 20th Street South, 35294, Birmingham, AL, USA

    Natalia Y. Kedishvili

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    Mary Ann Asson-Batres

  2. Functional Genomics & Cancer, Institut de Genetique et de Department Functional Genomics & Cancer, Illkirch, France

    Cecile Rochette-Egly

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Kedishvili, N.Y. (2016). Retinoic Acid Synthesis and Degradation. In: Asson-Batres, M., Rochette-Egly, C. (eds) The Biochemistry of Retinoid Signaling II. Subcellular Biochemistry, vol 81. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-0945-1_5

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