Abstract
It is argued in this chapter that the repetition over time of disappearance “hot spots” in Ciudad Juárez reflect continued “gaps” in the rule of law that discriminate against women. Organized human traffickers and unorganized sexual assassins take advantage of the impunity afforded by neighborhoods characterized by lack of social investment in public security and equipment to utilize women as paid and unpaid sexual commodities in both the Historical Center zone and in the Poniente [West], South and Southeast. In the Historical Center and its surrounding neighborhoods, urban density, impunity, acquiescence and/or collusion by varying levels of law enforcement has facilitated the organization of human trafficking networks. These networks render the “Red Light” area, the zone from the Monumento to the Cathedral to Francisco Javier Mina Street, a lucrative zone for the sexual abduction and forced prostitution of women. This explains, in part why, since the 1990s, girls, teens and women have been repeatedly subject to forced abductions consisting of physical seizures on public streets, in public downtown markets and near major central bus transit terminals. Disappearances in several “hotspots”, often located in industrial, neighborhoods in the Poniente, South and South-East of the city reflect a more diffuse criminal strategy. In such instances, (largely) poor women are disappeared on public streets, raped, killed and often abandoned in nearby neighborhoods or picked-up and forced into localized human trafficking rings.
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Notes
- 1.
Caputi and Russell (1992: 19) cite one FBI study which linked heavy pornography usage (81 %) to 36 sex killers including serial sex killer Ted Bundy. Meloy (2000: 19) notes that violent pornography viewing as a teen along with witnessing rape in the family are sufficient elements for some sexual assassins who suffer from formal thought disorder to conclude that all women want forced sex; thereby further contributing to their sexual killing.
- 2.
Wright (2011: 8) provides an example of a harsh, ad hoc application of the law, in this instance to sex workers in the HC in the 1990s by the police lieutenant in charge of cleaning out the downtown. He allowed them to stay but only if they kept walking all day which created physical hardships in many cases.
- 3.
Karla later became a public activist, investigating her daugther’s disappearance, organizing protest marches and privately interrogating, then publically criticizing, the Chihuahua governor for the failure of the state to conduct proper investigations into these feminicides. Karla stated that the threats began after this public criticism. On 2/7/13, Karla stated that at 3 a.m., federal and ministerial police began to surround her house. She said she received a phone call at 6:30 a.m. the next morning in which somebody told her to get out because “they were coming to kidnap her” so she fled to the US and was subsequently granted political asylum (Los Ángeles Press 2/15/13).
- 4.
Juárez (2012: 25) interviewed hundreds of relatives of disappeared girls and women and examined multiple forensic records and legal case files and the majority of them had vanished from the Historical Center of the city, particularly after 2008.
- 5.
Estimates of the total number of disappeared teens and women in Juárez vary by source from a high of 1818 to a low of 164 high—Chihuahua Chamber of Deputies Commission on Equity and Gender (3/1/08–4/29/13) in El Financiero 4/29/13; low—Chihuahua Attorney General’s Office (1993–2014) in Fragoso (2014: 8) citing (El Diario 5/3/14). During the period of intense military activity in the city (7/10/08–7/14/11), Casa Amiga and non-governmental organization Democracy Now reported 70–74 disappearances (5/27/08–July 2011). Juárez (2012), however, states that 180 teens and women disappeared during the same period (2008–2012). The majority of those officially reported disappeared were under the age of 20.
- 6.
The Mexican news sources include: Azteca, El Financiero, El Diario, El Mexicano, El Universal, Excelsior, La Jornada, La Opinión, La Red Notícias, La Policiaca, Omnia, Milenio, Norte Digital, Proceso, Puente Libre, Tiempo, Radiza, Redacción, Zócalo and the English-speaking press—El Paso Times, Los Ángeles Press, among others.
- 7.
The CNDH (CNDH 2003: 73-F) found that the State Attorney General’s Office broke the rule of law and failed to exercise due diligence in failing to follow-up on such testimony and to properly prosecute the feminicide. Gladys’ body was found in the southern zone of the city (1 km on Juárez Porvenir highway, behind the radio station) (CA 5/12/94).
- 8.
Edgar César Sánchez was sentenced to five years in juvenile court for rape and murder (Mariano García 2005: 30). The girls were abandoned at a relatively unpopulated farm in the South near Filipinas street in colonia Infonavit Technology (CA 12/7/96).
- 9.
One young girl who lived on the same block as the Morales family remembered seeing Silvia that Tuesday afternoon at the monument of Benito Juárez, ready to take a bus. The neighbor was walking with a friend from class when she spotted Silvia standing a few feet away from the bus stop by a tree (Rodríguez 2007: 18–19).
- 10.
For example, the association of downtown buses with abducted women is visible in a public campaign in which the photographs of 125 disappeared were placed on the buses as an effort to help the disappeared (Azteca 12/10/12). It is also visible in the assassination of two bus drivers on Bus Route 10 to Anapra, allegedly in revenge for failure to adequately prosecute bus-related feminicides of the 1990s (Guardian 9/6/13). One woman [Erika] interviewed on bus number 10, noted: “We have seen so much in Juárez and it has been so terrible, that almost nothing about killing shocks us anymore”…When asked about the assassinated drivers, Erika noted: “Perhaps they will realize that it is not so easy to abuse women now” (Guardian 9/6/13). The failure of the state to credibly uphold the rule of law can lead to forms of vigilante justice which can involve citizen attacks on presumed criminals, often out of a marginalization from “their society’s economic and political life” and/or violent repression or even from unmet needs for justice (Fernandes 1991: 67). Huggins (1991: 12) argues that under such conditions, citizens sometimes turn “such aggression against one another”.
- 11.
In fact, some businessmen reported preferring to pay organized crime’s quota than paying bribes the police in exchange for control over violent clients because the police were more demanding in exacting the quota (La Red Notícias 9/23/12).
- 12.
El Patachu (or Jesús Manuel Pérez Ortega, a local Azteca hitman) would be also charged with the feminicides of Jusalet Alejandra de la Cruz Lucio and Nancy Gómez Farías (Excelsior 2/7/14).
- 13.
Lower-level hit-men are typically kept separate from knowing names of higher-level personnel; thereby protecting the criminal organization from exposure to police (Grayson and Logan 2012: 29). So protected witness LJRL noted that he did not even know the name of El Pifas’s boss in charge of the Historical Center …“If you identify them by name, either they beat you or kill you (Proceso 12/29/13)”.
- 14.
Several La Línea members allegedly took information from false job applications including family member’s names and addresses (Excelsior 10/23/13) to later use against the teens to threaten them if they did not comply. None of these listed La Línea members were prosecuted.
- 15.
LJRL admitted also to abducting María Guadalupe with other men nearby at the Mercado Reforma in the Valle de Juárez human trafficking trial (Conocimiento 7/5/13).
- 16.
Juárez (2012) and Lizarraga (Los Ángeles Press 2011) published that Adriana’s body had been held for three years after her death at the city morgue without telling precisely how and why they had not informed the family. She was originally found in the Valle de Juárez. This finding led many families of the disappeared to demand that authorities re-open the search for young girls disappeared from the Historic Center (Proceso 12/29/13). Many of the young girls disappeared in the Historical Center were later found at Valle de Juárez.
- 17.
Marisela González Vargas (age 26) vanished on the street in the Poniente immediately after exiting the prison gates after visiting a family member. Her mother had urged her not to go that day, fearing from the general climate in Juárez that her daughter might not return (El Diario 8/8/13). Nobody knows if she actually got on the Route 5 bus home or if she was simply abducted right there on Calle Barranco Azul (La Jornada 5/27/12); a street across from the North-Gate maquila.
- 18.
The NE is not an area of Ciudad Juárez often identified as a “feminicide hot spot” (Cervera-Gómez 2010), although there have been a few reported cases there (Hernández 2010: 51, 52, 54, 59, 61, 63). One such disappearance in the NE happened to Mónica Alejandra Salazar Guevara, age 32, from Colonia Satelite. A search was made for Mónica when a number of FEM investigators, acting on a tip claiming she was there, searched a nearby Church in vain (El Mexicano 4/12/13).
- 19.
Unfortunately, Fuentes and Hernández’s (2013) block track data is not sufficiently broken down into specific tracts to correlate these 5 blocks with Site A and Site B of the human trafficking rings mapped in this chapter.
- 20.
Claudia, who suffers from schizophrenia, had been told to wait at home by her mother María Gómez who briefly took Claudia’s two children to the nearby S-Mart supermarket. When she returned, Claudia had disappeared but when María asked around the neighborhood, nobody had seen who had taken her (Borderzine 5/16/14). María has continued to search multiple cities in Chihuahua and other states, asking at houses and bars of the whereabouts of Claudia; a search that required her to sell her house and ask the governor for financial help. In contrast to the majority of parents of disappeared girls, teens and women, María Gómez considers that the authorities are doing their job but considers that the criminals are more clever (Borderzine 5/16/14). State police officers have accompanied her in her search for her daughter; sometimes at risk as when she had to flee with state agents when they were threatened by armed men in Palomas, Chihuahua.
- 21.
The FEM, since Februrary 2012, shares access to the use of four regional coordinating units of the State Attorney General’s Office in Chihuahua, access to municipal investigative police and relevant personnel (http://fiscalia.chihuahua.gob.mx/intro/?page_id=25364#info, image 3).
- 22.
The salary estimates were based on a monthly salary figure of $758.93 for Ciudad Juárez municipal police (El Diario 4/16/13).
- 23.
In fact, Zepeda Lecuona (2009: 42) pointed out that when population is taken into account, there are about 351 police for every one hundred thousand people in Mexico and 299 police for every one-hundred thousand people when the Federal District is excluded. “Both these numbers are above the United Nations average of 225 and the recommended level of 280 police per one hundred thousand people (although a few individual states fall below this mark) (Sabet 2010: 248)”.
- 24.
FEM claimed that from March 1, 2012 to March 1, 2013, there were 1114 reports of disappearances registered with 91.3 % (1054 women) located alive, 1 % located dead (12 women) and 7 % (84) still in an investigative stage (FEM 4/16/13). In one instance of the single week of November 22, 2013, FEM stated it found 20 girls, 10 of whom were living with girlfriends, boyfriends and one in a youth hostel in El Paso, Texas (FEM 4/16/13). In November 2013, 8 % (25) of the 367 reported disappearances were also classified by FEM as “not found” but it was not reported how many died after their disappearance (La Jornada 11/1/13). In May 2014 alone, official FEM statistics state that the agency attended to 29 reports of missing girls brought forward by Ciudad Juárez families. Of these 29 officially reported disappearances, the agency states that two girls were found dead (7 %) (El Diario 6/10/14). Thus, these partial estimates suggest a 1–7 % lethal rate under Protocol Alba when the persons are found.
- 25.
He notes: “The data do not appear to demonstrate widespread “success” in the sense AMBER Alert designers and advocates explicitly conceived it. The data for Recovery Delay are similarly revealing. The reader should recall that AMBER Alert is premised on rapid recovery, but the average Recovery Delay for all cases for which an estimate was made was over 15 h—well over the three-hour window deemed crucial in the worst child abduction scenarios (Hanfland et al. 1997)—and this includes cases where the delay between the abduction and the Alert was assumed to be zero simply because of lack of information. An accurate estimate of the average time between abduction and recovery would certainly be significantly higher were better data available”.
- 26.
Yamil had left her house on Wednesday afternoon while her mother was out on an errand, telling her brother that she would be right back after selling some tennis shoes to a friend but never returned that night (Notícias 2/3/15). She was found five days later in the state of Oaxaca living in the house of a 21 year old female friend but no information was given as to whether Yamil had been abducted.
- 27.
The Chihuahua Supreme Court (CSC) is the agency that issues the statistics on actual homicide sentences since the year (2008) that Mexico’s Transparency and Access to Information Laws were implemented in the state. It reports annually the number of homicide sentences by sub-court districts in Chihuahua including by Distrito Bravo (Ciudad Juárez) but only for certain years (2010, 2013, 2014 but not 2011 or 2012). There are certain limitations associated with these court reports. For example, it is unfortunate that the category of “homicide”, is also not further differentiated between male homicides and feminicides. Furthermore, in some years, a distinction is reported between “manslaughter” and “intentional homicide” (2010, 2013) but not in other years (2011, 2012, 2014). Finally, the state of Chihuahua only broke down the oral trials data by crime sub-category (homicide, rape, sexual abuse, kidnapping, etc.) but not the traditional court sentences except in 2014.
- 28.
- 29.
The CSC did report the homicide sentences in 2014 of both oral trials judges in all 13 courts within the state and the 14 traditional district courts (n = 384 homicide sentences in 2014, n = 190 oral courts and n = 194 traditional courts) (Poder Judicial 2013: 21, 101). If one merely divides the total of 32 feminicides sentences out of the total of 384 homicides sentences in the state in 2014, this represents a prosecution rate of 8.3 %. While this might represent an improvement over a 1.6 % prosecution rate (2010), it still means that 91.7 % of reported feminicides went unprosecuted in the state. Ultimately, however, an extremely precise sentencing rate for feminicide in either Ciudad Juárez and in the state of Chihuahua requires the more accurate reporting of sub-types of the “homicide” category used in court data to specify gender-based homicides or feminicides.
- 30.
Schreier (2009: 226) defines intelligence-led policing (ILP) as “a business model and managerial philosophy”. He suggests that in the case of combating human trafficking, especially where organized crime is suspected, “intelligence-led policing” (ILP) is the “optimal form of preventative law-enforcement where data analysis and crime intelligence are pivotal to an objective, decision-making framework that facilitates crime and problem reduction, disruption and prevention through both strategic management and effective enforcement strategies that target prolific and serious offenders”. Criminal networks are broken up under ILP when all available information is developed and transformed into intelligence for use by all government agencies involved in countering TOC (Schreier 2009: 220).
- 31.
Of the 862 alien sex offenders deported by the Texas-based offices to Mexico in 2014 alone, about 27 % were convicted of sex offenses against children (Washington-Valdez 3/14/14). In 2013, all Texas offices deported 2124 sex offenders to Mexico; 508 were convicted of sex offenses against a minor. In fiscal year 2012, Texas offices deported 2007 sex offenders, and 2127 in 2011. In accordance with Department of Homeland Security privacy policies, U.S. Customs and Immigration Enforcement (ICE) cannot include the names of those deported.
- 32.
The four sentences for violent crimes against women in 2013 listed on the FEM (Zona Norte) 2013 website of press bulletins were: (1) a murder of a woman by gunshot by her neighbor, (2) the kidnapping of a woman by organized crime [55 years], (3) the sentencing of a husband for killing his wife [20 years] and (4) the killing of a minor girl [9 years] (FEM 11/8/13, 4/15/13, 5/3/13).
- 33.
The eight sentences for violent crimes against women in 2014 listed on the FEM (Zona Norte) 2014 website of press bulletins were: (1) 37 years for the sexual assassination of Gabriel Janetha Ayala Paz (age 16); (2) 20 years for killing spouse Micaela Izquierdo González; (3) 9 years for shooting partner Cecilia Adriana Adriano; (4) murder of 19 year old daugther Verónica Martínez Hernández in 2002; (5) 20–33 years for the rape and sexual assault of step-daughter age 8; (6) 4 years for rape of 6 year old niece; (7) 40 years for the feminicide of María Micada Ríos Saldívar (age 55) left near the Flourex plant in 7/8/96 and (8) 59 and 51 years for the rape-murder of a 15 year old teen and the rape of a 13 year old teen by two men (FEM 2/18/14, 2/28/14, 3/14/14, 6/5/14, 7/23/14, 7/24/14, 9/6/14, 10/23/14).
- 34.
The El Paso ICE Office repatriated 426 sexual offenders to the city in 2013; 112 of whom engaged in the sexual assault of minors; 275 sexual offenders were repatriated in 2014; 73 of whom engaged in the sexual assault of minors. All of the four Texas ICE offices combined repatriated a total of 2124 sexual offenders to Ciudad Juárez in 2013 (Zocalo 3/14/14).
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Appendices
Appendix 1: Officially Registered Disappearance Report, 2000–2014
1 | Celina Uribe Vázquez, age 22. Disappeared 2/25/00. HT suspected (message) |
2 | Guadalupe Luna de la Rosa, age 20. Disappeared 9/30/00. SOUTH |
3 | Maria de Jesús Sandoval González, age 31. Disappeared 7/7/01. HC. Found Cristo Negro |
4 | María Isabel Mejía Sapien. age 18. Disappeared 5/10/02. HC. Found: Cristo Negro. HT suspected |
5 | Rosa María Mayela Iuarte Silva, age 37. Disappeared 11/21/02. NE HT suspected (message) |
6 | Julia Hernández Hermández, age 20. Disappeared 8/11/04 |
7 | María de los Ángeles Rodríguez, age 32. Disappeared 5/5/05 |
8 | Erika Yulice Herrera Guerrero, age 16. Disappeared 6/30/05 |
9 | Imelda Cornelio Gómez, age 54. Disappeared 7/15/06 |
10 | Maricruz Montelongo Salas, age 15. Disappeared 8/28/06. SOUTH-EAST* |
11 | Celina Flores Cortes, age 27. Disappeared 6/16/07. SOUTH-EAST |
12 | Claudia Gómez Antonio Núñez, age 32. Disappeared 8/27/07. SOUTH PONIENTE* |
13 | María Trinidad Cota Castor, age 18. Disappeared 7/7/08. SOUTH |
14 | Claudia Yareth Macías Galinado, age 16. Disappeared 7/7/08 |
15 | Cristal Karina Sifuentes Ortega, age 15. Disappeared 7/13/08. HC* |
16 | Brenda Ivonne Ponce Sáenz, age 17. Disappeared 7/22/08. HC Found. Valle de Juárez* |
17 | Luz Angeleica Flores Mena, age 19. Disappeared 8/4/08. HC* |
18 | Ofelia Dinora Castañeda Luna, age 19. Disappeared 8/28/08 |
19 | Cínthia Jocabeth Castañeda Alvarado, age 13. Disappeared 10/24/08. HC |
20 | Liliana Márquez de la Cruz, age 33. Disappeared 12/1/08 |
21 | Lidia Macha Ramos, age 17. Disappeared 12/2/08. HC+ |
22 | Brenda Lizeth Castro Vera, age 16. Disappeared 12/22/08. SOUTH-EAST. Found: Valle de Juárez |
23 | Brenda Araceli Ramírez Loera, age 25. Disappeared 1/2/09 |
24 | Olegaria Vianca Ceballos Loera, age 25. Disappeared 2/13/09. HC |
25 | Griselda López Murua, age 16. Disappeared 4/13/09. HC/NORTH PONIENTE* |
26 | Esmeralda Rincón Castillo, age 14. Disappeared 5/19/09. HC–HT suspected (message). Found: Valle de Juárez+ |
27 | Laura Beranza Patraca, age 20. Disappeared 6/2/09. HC |
28 | Bibianca Alejandra Ríos González, age 18. Disappeared 6/25/09 |
29 | Andriana Luz Pérez Loera, age 22. Disappeared 7/10/09 |
30 | Perla Denisse Cuevas López, age 21. Disappeared 7/23/09. SOUTH-EAST |
31 | Viridiana Ramos Santillán, age 12. Disappeared 7/30/09 |
32 | Yomara Zuheit Esquivel Vázquez, age 18. Disappeared 9/19/09. SOUTH-EAST |
33 | María Luz Hernández Aguilar, age 16. Disappeared 10/05/09 |
34 | Rosa Vázquez Solís, age 15. Disappeared 11/10/09 |
35 | Lilía Berenice Esquinca Ortiz, age 22. Disappeared 1/9/09. PONIENTE. Found: Valle de Júarez+ |
36 | Jéssica Vargas, age 17. Disappeared 4/7/10. US citizen |
37 | Andrea Ramírez Martínez, age 19. Disappeared 4/8/10+ |
38 | Lizeth Arlene Cañizales Ochoa, age 26. Disappeared 11/11/10 |
39 | Trinidad Torres Clemente, age 23. Disappeared 10/19/10 |
40 | Aidee Gómez Lemus, age 37. Disappeared 12/04/10 |
41 | Elizabeth Thalía Dávila Navarro, age 22. Disappeared 1/8/11 |
42 | Gabriela Ibarra Espinoza, age 19. Disappeared 3/8/11. HC* |
43 | Claudia Castro Soto, age 19. Disappeared 3/16/11. HC-NORTH PONIENTE |
44 | Perla Marisol Jurado Moreno, age 17. Disappeared 3/28/11. HC-NORTH PONIENTE |
45 | Diana Rocío Hernández Ramírez, age 18. Disappeared 4/1/11. NORTH PONIENTE |
46 | Brenda Cristal Melero Castro, age 14. Disappeared 4/15/11 |
47 | María de la Luz Hernández Córdoba, age 18. Disappeared 4/25/11* |
48 | Jéssica Cristal Domínguez Castruita, age 16. Disappeared 4/29/11 |
49 | Diana Esther Álvarez Capetillo, age 19. Disappeared 5/11/11 |
50 | Bertha Alicia Varela Vidal, age 20. Disappeared 5/23/11. HC HT suspected* |
51 | Janeth Paola Soto Betancourth, age 19. Disappeared 6/13/11. HC. HT suspected |
52 | Marisela González Vargas, age 26. Disappeared 5/30/11. SOUTH-EAST |
53 | Fabiola Alejandra Ibarra Chavarría, age 16. Disappeared 6/2/11. HC* |
54 | Patricia Jazmín Ibarra Apodaca, age 18. Disappeared 6/7/11. HC. Found: Valle de Juárez. HT suspected |
55 | Brianda Cecilia Martínez Gutiérrez, age 16. Disappeared 7/15/11 |
56 | Grisel Paola Ventura Rosas, age 16. Disappeared 7/22/11. HC |
57 | Jéssica Ivonne Padilla Cuéllar, age 16. Disappeared 7/7/11. HC |
58 | Nancy Iveth Navarro Muñoz, age 18. Disappeared 7/13/11. HC* |
59 | Fabiola Guadalupe Lozano Estrada, age 21. Disappeared 7/24/11 |
60 | Illeana González Trujillo, age 45. Disappeared 2/25/12* |
61 | Yessica Herrera Castañeda, age 12. Disapeared 4/2/12. PONIENTE* |
62 | María Elena Sosa Vera, age 42. Disappeared 7/5/12. SOUTH-EAST |
63 | Denís Alejandra Gutiérrez Hernández, age 18. Disappeared 8/8/12* |
64 | Jocelyn Reyes Calderón, age 13. Disappeared 12/30/12. HC* |
65 | Mónica Alejandra Guevara Salazar, age 32. Disappeared 1/26/13. NORTH-EAST |
66 | Guillermina Aguirre Salazar, age 61. Disappeared 3/24//13. SOUTH-EAST* |
67 | Almendra Valeria Martínez Montana, age 17. Disappeared 7/24/13* |
68 | Vanessa Nolasco Ruiz, age 13. Disappeared 10/13/13. PONIENTE* |
69 | Concepción Guizar Juantos, age 61. Disappeared 10/23/13. HC* |
70 | Liliana Arellano Baladran, age 25. Disappeared 12/6/13* |
71 | Michel Peraza Ramos, age 20. Disappeared 8/29/14* |
72 | Jaqueline Cervantes Muñiz, age 10. Disappeared 9/13/14* |
73 | María de la Luz Hernández Chávez, age 75. Disappeared 9/29/14* |
74 | Lizzeth Dolores Griego Pulido, age 25. Disappeared 11/14/14* |
75 | Perla Rocío Ramírez Anuario, age 16. Disappeared 11/15/14* |
76 | Miriam Viridiana Macías Ávalos, age 15. Disappeared 11/18/14* |
77 | Mariela Espinoza Mendoza, age 37. Disappeared 12/10/14. SOUTH-EAST |
Appendix 2: “Protocol Alba: Searches North Zone–Women, Boys and Lost Girls (2014)”
With protocol Alba (35 persons) | Without protocol Alba (56 persons) |
|---|---|
Liliana Balandran Arellano | María Luz Hernández Aguilar |
Alejandra Laura García Arreola | Silvia Arce |
Miriam Viridian Macías Ávalos | Diana Esther Capetillo Álvarez |
Jocelyn Reyes Calderón | Juana Rosina Ramos Blanco |
Yessica Herrera Castañeda | Ofelia Dinora Luna Castañeda+ |
Cínthia Jocabeth Alvarado Castañeda+ | Crístal Brenda Melero Castro |
Lucia Álvarez Celis | Trinidad Torres Clemente |
Imelda Gómez Cornelio | Bebe Ibarre Cobarrubias |
Gabriela Ibarra Espinoza | Celina Flores Cortes+ |
Adriana Vizcaino González | María Trinidad Cota Castor+ |
Lizzeth Dolores Pulido Griego | Jéssica Cristal Domínguez Castruita |
Alejandra Mónica Salazar Guevara | Zuheit Yomara Vázquez Esquivel |
Concepción Juantos Guizar | María de los Ángeles Martínez Frank |
María de la Luz Hernández Cardona | María Elena García Salas |
María de la Luz Hernández Chávez | Marisela González Vargas |
Denis Alejandra Hernández Gutiérrez | Alejandra Bibiana Ríos González |
Fabiola Alejandra Chavarría Ibarra | Blanca Guzmán Grisel |
Almendra Valeria Martínez Montana | Elena Simental Guadián |
Luz Angélica Flores Mena | Yulica Erika Herrera Guerrero |
Mariela Espinoza Mendoza | Julia Hernández Hernández |
Maricruz Salas Montelongo | Jazmín Patricia Apodaca Ibarra |
Jaquelina Cervantes Muñiz | María Rosa Mayela Silva Ituarte |
Grisela Murua López | Aidee Gómez Lemus |
Nancy Iveth Navarro Muñoz | Olegaria Vianca Ceballos Loera |
Vanessa Ruiz Nolasco | Perla Denisse Cuevas López |
Claudia Antonia Nuñez Gómez | Fabiola Guadalupe Estrada Lozano |
Michel Peraza Ramos | Rosa Guadalupe de la Luna |
Brenda Ivonne Ponce Sáenz | Claudia Yareth Galindo Macías |
Perla Rocío Anuario Ramírez | Griselda Mata Mares+ |
Guillermina Aguirre Salazar | Liliana de la Cruz Márquez |
Cristal Karina Ortega Sifuentes | Cecilia Brianda Gutiérrez Martínez |
Claudia Soto Castro | Ana Azucena Martínez Pérez |
María Elena Soza Vera | Maria Isabel Sapien Mejía |
Ileana González Trujillo | Perla Marisol Jurado Moreno |
Bertha Alicia Varela Vidal | Verónica Andrade Muñoz |
Thalía Elizabeth Dávila Navarro | |
Arlene Lizeth Cañizales Ochoa | |
Martha Gabriela Olguín Reyes | |
Jéssica Ivonne Cuéllar Padilla | |
Laura Beranza Patraca | |
Adriana Luz Pérez Loera | |
Diana Rocío Hernández Ramírez+ | |
Brenda Aracely Luna Ramírez | |
Abigail Esmeralda Jacobo Reyes | |
Elizabeth Pérez Rodríguez | |
M. de los Ángeles Rodríguez Rojas | |
María de Jesús Sandoval González | |
Viridiana Ramos Santillán | |
Heidi Armengol Slauget | |
Janeth Paola Betancourth Soto | |
Celina Vázquez Uribe | |
Jéssica Vargas | |
Rosa Solís Vázquez | |
Grisel Paola Rosas Ventura | |
Brenda Lizeth Castro Vera |
Appendix 3: “Updated Information on Cases of Missing Women”
Comité De Madres Y Familiares Con Hijas Desaparecidas | ||
|---|---|---|
Name of missing woman | Date of disappearance | Protocol Alba applied |
Silvia Arce | 11 March 1998 | No |
Adriana Sarmiento Enríquez | 18 January 2008 | Yes |
Brenda Ivonne Ponce Sáenz | 22 July 2008 | Yes |
Cinthia Jocabeth Castañeda Alvarado | 24 October 2008 | No |
Brenda Berenice Castillo García | 06 January 2009 | Yes |
María Guadalupe Pérez Montes | 31 January 2009 | Yes |
Vianca Olegaria Loera Ceballos | 13 February 2009 | No |
Mónica Janeth Alanis Esparza | 26 March 2009 | No |
Griselda Murua López | 13 April 2009 | Yes |
Esmeralda Castillo Rincón | 19 May 2009 | No |
Bertha Alicia Vidal Varela | 19 May 2009 | No |
Perla Ivonne Aguirre González | 21 July 2009 | Yes |
Idaly Juache Laguna | 23 February 2010 | No |
Jessica Leticia Peña García | 30 May 2010 | Yes |
Fabiola Janeth Valenzuela Banda | August 2010 | Not known |
Monica Liliana Delgado Castillo | 18 October 2010 | No |
Gabriela Espinoza Ibarra | 08 March 2011 | Yes |
Diana Rocío Ramírez Hernández | 04 April 2011 | No |
Marisela González Vargas | 26 May 2011 | No |
Patricia Jazmín Ibarra Apodaca | 08 June 2011 | No |
Janeth Paola Soto Bentacourth | 13 June 2011 | No |
Brianda Cecilia Martínez Gutiérrez | 15 June 2011 | No |
Grisel Paola Ventura Rosas | 22 June 2011 | No |
JesYesca Ivonne Padilla Cuellar | 07 July 2011 | No |
Nancy Ivette Navarro Muñoz | 13 July 2011 | Yes |
María de la Luz Hernández Cardona | 29 September 2000 | Yes |
Leticia García Leal | 17 November 2011 | No |
Brenda Alicia Agüero Rojas | 18 January 2012 | Yes |
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Schatz, S. (2017). Disappearances as Forced Abductions in Ciudad Juárez. In: Sexual Homicide of Women on the U.S.-Mexican Border. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-0939-0_3
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