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German Treebanks: TIGER and TüBa-D/Z

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Handbook of Linguistic Annotation

Abstract

German is a language that is closely related to English but has a richer morphology and freer word order than English. Additionally, German has four existing major treebanks, which differ considerably in their syntactic annotation schemes. All treebanks use a combination of constituent structure and grammatical functions, but the decisions with regard to other phenomena differ significantly, for example in the treatment of discontinuous structures. This makes German a good choice for a comparative analysis of treebanks. This chapter presents two major treebanks of German, TIGER and TüBa-D/Z. We describe the projects in which the two treebanks were annotated, discuss the respective annotation schemes, the processes used for annotation, and the data formats. We also discuss the usage of both treebanks, as well as other German treebanks, and we present a comparison of the two annotation schemes along with their advantages and disadvantages.

We would like to thank Heike Zinsmeister for insightful comments and for providing us with references, and we would like to thank the two anonymous reviewers for valuable comments.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Project websites are available at http://www.ims.uni-stuttgart.de/forschung/projekte/tiger.html (TIGER) and http://www.sfs.uni-tuebingen.de/en/ascl/resources/corpora/tueba-dz.html (TüBa-D/Z). All URLs provided in this paper have been accessed Nov 28, 2016.

  2. 2.

    Secondary edges were already proposed in the context of the NEGRA project [80] but had not been used in the actual annotation of the NEGRA corpus.

  3. 3.

    This period was chosen because it covers a globally relevant event: the assassination of Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin. The idea was to keep the option open of building a multilingual corpus, because it would be rather easy to find news about this event in many different languages. A drawback is that the there is some overlap in content among the articles of the two weeks.

    The NEGRA corpus also consists of texts from ‘Frankfurter Rundschau’, from 1991 and 1992. As far as we know, there is no overlap in texts between the NEGRA and TIGER corpora.

  4. 4.

    TüBa-D/Z is short for ‘Tübinger Baumbank des Deutschen/Zeitungssprache’ (Tübingen Treebank of German/Newspaper), i.e., the Z denotes newspaper texts while the S in TüBa-D/S denotes spontaneous speech.

  5. 5.

    For more information on these projects, see http://www.sfs.uni-tuebingen.de/en/ascl/resources/corpora/tueba-dz.html.

  6. 6.

    Note that we only have a parenthetical construction if the matrix clause is embedded into the direct speech. If the parenthetical were annotated as the head of the direct speech, this would result in a crossing branch, which is not an option in the TüBa-D/Z annotation scheme.

  7. 7.

    Besides NEGRA, TIGER, TüBa-D/Z, and the Verbmobil treebanks, Annotate was also used for e.g. the Potsdam Commentary Corpus [84], Mercurius Treebank [18], Deutsche Diachrone Baumbank [39], and SMULTRON [93]. The tool is no longer maintained.

  8. 8.

    TigerMorph was developed by Berthold Crysmann and was only used in the TIGER project. It is not available.

  9. 9.

    The transfer system of the XEROX Translation Environment (XTE) by Martin Kay, which was part of the XLE development platform.

  10. 10.

    The grammar was later improved and extended, and, as of 2006, had a coverage of 86% in terms of full parses, and dependency-based F-scores of 84% [24, 71].

  11. 11.

    Flickinger et al. (chapter “Sustainable Development and Refinement of Complex Linguistic Annotations at Scale”) discuss the use of discriminants in grammar-based treebanking. Discriminants encode the features distinguishing competing analyses and can support annotators in disambiguating complex structures. Such an approach was later adapted to LFG in the INESS project, which developed the LFG Parsebanker. This tool has been applied in creating the Norwegian LFG treebank [56, 73].

  12. 12.

    For discussions of these and similar formats, see also Ide et al. (chapter “Designing Annotation Schemes: From Model to Representation”).

  13. 13.

    This description refers to the NEGRA export format 4. There is a previous version, export format 3, which lacks the lemma column, but is otherwise identical.

  14. 14.

    SynAF is a standard developed by the International Organization for Standardisation in ISO/TC37/SC4 (Language Resources Management); http://www.tc37sc4.org/, see Ide et al. (chapter “Community Standards for Linguistically-Annotated Resources”).

  15. 15.

    The script was part of the NEGRA corpus deliverable. The script could not deal correctly with some kinds of crossing branches and was not maintained after the end of NEGRA.

  16. 16.

    http://www.ims.uni-stuttgart.de/forschung/ressourcen/werkzeuge/Tiger2Dep.en.html.

  17. 17.

    To enhance readability, we provide indentation in the example presented in Fig. 20.

  18. 18.

    The license can be signed here:

    http://www.ims.uni-stuttgart.de/forschung/ressourcen/korpora/TIGERCorpus/license/index.html.

  19. 19.

    The license is available from http://www.sfs.uni-tuebingen.de/en/ascl/resources/corpora/tueba-dz.html.

  20. 20.

    http://weblicht.sfs.uni-tuebingen.de/weblichtwiki/index.php/Main_Page.

  21. 21.

    http://weblicht.sfs.uni-tuebingen.de/weblichtwiki/index.php/Tundra.

  22. 22.

    http://www.ims.uni-stuttgart.de/forschung/ressourcen/werkzeuge/icarus.html.

  23. 23.

    http://www.deutschestextarchiv.de/.

  24. 24.

    There is work in progress for the Copenhagen Dependency Treebank, but the annotations have not been released yet (http://code.google.com/p/copenhagen-dependency-treebank/wiki/CDT). After the time of writing, the Hamburg Dependency Treebank was announced in 2014, which consists of approx. 2,00,000 manually annotated sentences plus 55,000 automatically parsed sentences, see https://corpora.uni-hamburg.de/drupal/de/islandora/object/treebank:hdt.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Sprachwissenschaftliches Institut, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany

    Stefanie Dipper

  2. Department of Linguistics, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA

    Sandra Kübler

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  1. Stefanie Dipper
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  2. Sandra Kübler
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  1. Department of Computer Science, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York, USA

    Nancy Ide

  2. Department of Computer Science, Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA

    James Pustejovsky

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Dipper, S., Kübler, S. (2017). German Treebanks: TIGER and TüBa-D/Z. In: Ide, N., Pustejovsky, J. (eds) Handbook of Linguistic Annotation. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-0881-2_22

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