Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to examine the relationships among aging, forgiveness, and health. We examine six issues that have either not received sufficient attention or that are especially salient in the field. First, we discuss evidence for age differences in forgiveness, the association of forgiveness with health and well-being, and whether there are age differences in the relationship between forgiveness and health. Second, we explain why it is important to distinguish between age, cohort, and life course effects in the aging and forgiveness literature. Third, we briefly review theoretical perspectives that suggest why people may become more forgiving as they grow older. Fourth, we discuss why forgiveness may be associated with health in late life. Fifth, we identify factors that may reduce the willingness and ability of older people to forgive. Finally, we highlight issues that may help those seeking to develop clinical applications for forgiveness in older adulthood.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Allemand, M. (2008). Age differences in forgiveness: The role of future time perspective. Journal of Research on Personality, 42, 1137–1147.
Allemand, M., Steiner, M., & Hill, P. L. (2012). Effects of a forgiveness intervention for older adults. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 60, 279–286.
Berger, P. L., & Pullberg, S. (1965). Reification and sociological critique of consciousness. History and Theory, 4, 196–211.
Butler, R. N. (1995). Forward: The life review. In B. K. Haight & J. D. Webster (Eds.), The art and science of reminiscing: Theory, research, methods, and applications (pp. xvii–xxi). Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis.
Butler, R. N. (1963). The life review: An interpretation of reminiscence in the aged. Psychiatry, 26, 65–76.
Carstensen, L. L. (1992). Social and emotional patterns in adulthood: Support for socioemotional selectivity theory. Psychology and Aging, 7, 331–338.
Cooper, T. D. (2003). Sin, pride, & self-acceptance. Downers Grove, IL: Intervarsity Press.
Elder, G. H. (1999). Children of the great depression: Social change and life experience. Bouolder, CO: Westview.
Erikson, E. (1959). Identity and the life cycle. New York, NY: International University Press.
Exline, J. J. (2008). Beliefs about God and forgiveness in a Baptist church sample. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 27, 131–139.
Federal Interagency Forum on Age Related Statistics. (2012). Older Americans 2012: Key indicators of well-being. Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office.
Fehr, R., Gelfand, M. J., & Nag, M. (2010). The road to forgiveness: A meta-analytic synthesis of its situational and dispositional correlates. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 894–914.
Girard, M., & Muller, E. (1997). Forgiveness in adolescents, young, middle-aged, and older adults. Journal of Adult Development, 4, 209–220.
Haight, B. K., & Webster, J. D. (1995). The art and science of reminiscing: Theory, methods, and applications. New York, NY: Taylor & Francis.
Hall, J. H., & Fincham, F. D. (2008). The temporal course of self-forgiveness. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 27, 174–202.
Hargrave, T. D., & Anderson, W. T. (1992). Finishing well: Aging and reparation in the intergenerational family. New York, NY: Brunner/Mazel.
Hayward, R. D., & Krause, N. (2013). Trajectories of change in dimensions of forgiveness among older adults and their association with religious commitment. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 16, 643–659.
Hood, R. W., Hill, P. C., & Spilka, B. (2003). The psychology of religion: An empirical approach (4th ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Huang, S. T., & Enright, R. D. (2000). Forgiveness and anger-related emotions in Taiwan: Implications for therapy. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 37, 71–79.
Jackson, J. S., & Antonucci, T. C. (1992). Social support processes in health and effective functioning for the elderly. In M. L. Wykle, E. Kahana, & J. Kowal (Eds.), Stress and health among the elderly (pp. 72–95). New York, NY: Springer.
James, W. (1892/1961). Psychology: The briefer course. New York, NY: Harper & Row.
Karremans, J. C., & Van Lange, P. A. (2004). Back to caring after being hurt: The role of forgiveness. European Journal of Social Psychology, 34, 207–227.
Krause, N. (1999). Mental disorder in late life: Exploring the influence of stress and socioeconomic status. In C. S. Aneshensel & J. C. Phelan (Eds.), Handbook of the sociology of mental health (pp. 183–208). New York, NY: Plenum.
Krause, N. (2002). Exploring race differences in a comprehensive battery of church-based social support measures. Review of Religious Research, 44, 126–149.
Krause, N. (2004). Stressors in highly valued roles, meaning in life, and the physical health status of older adults. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 59B, S287–S297.
Krause, N. (2007). A longitudinal study of social support and meaning in life. Psychology and Aging, 22, 456–469.
Krause, N. (2008a). Aging in the church: How social relationships affect health. West Conshohocken, PA: Templeton Foundation Press.
Krause, N. (2008b). The social foundations of religious meaning in life. Research on Aging, 30, 395–427.
Krause, N. (2009). Meaning in life and mortality. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 64B, 517–527.
Krause, N., & Ellison, C. G. (2003). Forgiveness by God, forgiveness of others, and psychological well-being in late life. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 42, 77–93.
Krause, N., & Ingersoll-Dayton, B. (2001). Religion and the process of forgiveness in late life. Review of Religious Research, 42, 252–276.
Krause, N., & Hayward, R. D. (2015). Acts of contrition, forgiveness by God, and death anxiety among older Mexican Americans. Under review at the International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 25, 57–73.
Lang, B. (1994). Forgiveness. American Philosophical Quarterly, 31, 105–117.
Levenson, M. R. (1996). Three models of adult development. Human Development, 39, 135–149.
Lundberg, C. D. (2010). Unifying truths of the world’s religions. New Fairfield, CT: Heavenlight Press.
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (2003). Personality in adulthood: A five-factor theory perspective. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
McFarland, M. J., Smith, C. A., Toussaint, L. L., & Thomas, P. A. (2012). Forgiveness of others and health: Do race and neighborhood matter? Journal of Gerontology: Social Science, 67B, 66–75.
Nelissen, R. M., & Zeelenberg, M. (2009). When guilt evokes self-punishment: Evidence of a Dobby effect. Emotion, 9, 118–122.
Nuland, S. B. (2007). The art of aging. New York, NY: Random House.
Riek, B. M., & Mania, E. W. (2012). The antecedents and consequences of interpersonal forgiveness: A meta-analytic review. Personal Relationships, 19, 304–325.
Rowe, J. W., & Kahn, R. L. (1998). Successful aging. New York, NY: Pantheon.
Scobie, E. D., & Scobie, G. E. (1998). Damaging events: The perceived need for forgiveness. Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior, 28, 373–401.
Steger, M. F., Oishi, S., & Kashdan, T. B. (2009). Meaning in life across the life span: Levels and correlates of meaning in life from emerging adulthood to older adulthood. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4, 43–52.
Steiner, M., Allemand, M., & McCullough, M. E. (2012). Do agreeableness and neuroticism explain age differences in the tendency to forgive others? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38, 441–453.
Stone, J., & Cooper, J. (2001). A self-standards model of cognitive dissonance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 228–243.
Tornstam, L. (2005). Gerotranscendence: A developmental theory of positive aging. New York, NY: Springer.
Toussaint, L. L., Owen, A. D., & Cheadle, A. (2012). Forgive to live: Forgiveness, health, and longevity. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 35, 375–386.
Toussaint, L. L., Williams, D. R., Musick, M. A., & Everson, S. A. (2001). Forgiveness and health: Age differences in a U.S. probability sample. Journal of Adult Development, 8, 249–257.
Vaillant, G. E. (2002). Aging well. Boston, MA: Little, Brown, and Company.
Vaillant, G. E. (2008). Spiritual evolution: A scientific defense of faith. New York, NY: Broadway Books.
Wong, T. P. (2012). The human quest for meaning: Theories, research, and applications. New York, NY: Routledge.
Worthington, E. L., Jr., & Scherer, M. (2004). Forgiveness in an emotion-focused coping strategy can reduce health risks and promote resilience: Theory, review, and hypotheses. Psychology & Health, 19, 385–405.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Krause, N., Hayward, R.D. (2015). Aging, Forgiveness, and Health. In: Toussaint, L., Worthington, E., Williams, D. (eds) Forgiveness and Health. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9993-5_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9993-5_14
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-017-9992-8
Online ISBN: 978-94-017-9993-5
eBook Packages: Behavioral ScienceBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)