Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the relationship between state repression and mobilization in Latin America, using the sociopolitical history of the region to divide its study into two periods. In the pre-democratization era (1900s–1980s), most mobilization was undertaken to challenge the authoritarian and highly corporatist governments of the region. State repressive responses during this time varied according to cycles of moderate liberalization or entrenched authoritarianism. This resulted in a pattern of political opportunities-based and threat-induced mobilizations, which led to radicalization and a wave of transitions to democracy. As most Latin American states completed their transitions to electoral democracies (1990s-present), more overt and severe forms of state coercion diminished, giving way to lighter forms of repression (e.g., more professionalized police forces, the use of nonlethal weapons). As a result, opportunities for mobilization began to open, leading to the rapid growth of social rights and identity-based movements, as well as movements in response to globalization and neoliberal policies. The chapter concludes by noting areas that are currently underdeveloped and offer potential opportunities for further research.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
The PRI went through many compositional reorganizations and political redefinitions—fueled by the divisions within the party’s political elites—in which the name of the party was altered. When it was first founded in 1929 by President Plutarco Elias Calles, the party’s name was Partido Nacional de la Revolución (PNR). In 1936, President Lázaro Cárdenas changed the party’s name to Partido de la Revolución Mexicana (PRM), and in 1946 President Manuel Ávila Camacho gave the party its current name.
References
Adelman, J. (1993). State and labour in Argentina: The portworkers of Buenos Aires, 1910–21. Journal of Latin American Studies, 25, 73–102.
Albert, B. (1988). South America and the first World War: The impact of the war on Brazil, Argentina, Peru and Chile. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Albro, R. (2005). The indigenous in the plural in Bolivia’s oppositional politics. Bulletin of Latin American Research, 24(2), 433–453.
Albro, R. (2013). Movement toward socialism (MAS-IPSP) (Bolivia). In D. A. Snow, D. della Porta, B. Klandermans, & D. McAdam (Eds.), The Wiley-Blackwell encyclopedia of social and political movements. New York: Blackwell.
Alcañiz, I., & Scheier, M. (2008). New social movements with old party politics: The MTL piqueteros and the communist party in Argentina. In R. Stahler-Sholk, H. E. Vanden, & G. D. Kuecker (Eds.), Latin American social movements in the twenty-first century: Resistance, power, and democracy (pp. 61–76). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
Alexander, R. J. (1965). Organized labor in Latin America. New York: The Free Press.
Almeida, P. D. (2003). Opportunity organizations and threat induced contention: Protest waves in authoritarian settings. American Journal of Sociology, 109(2), 345–400.
Almeida, P. D. (2007). Defensive mobilization: Popular movements against economic adjustment policies in Latin America. Latin American Perspectives, 34(3), 123–139.
Almeida, P. D. (2008a). Waves of protest. popular struggles in El Salvador, 1925–2005. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Almeida, P. D. (2008b). The sequencing of success: Organizing templates and neoliberal policy outcomes. Mobilization: An International Quarterly, 13(2), 165–187.
Almeida, P. D. (2010). Globalization and collective action. In K. T. Leicht & J. C. Jenkins (Eds.), Handbook of politics: State and society in global perspective (pp. 305–326). New York: Springer.
Almeida, P. D., & Johnston, H. (2006). Neoliberal globalization and popular movements in Latin America. In H. Johnston & P. Almeida (Eds.), Latin American social movements: Globalization, democratization, and transnational networks (pp. 3–18). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
Almeyra, G. (2004). La Protesta Social en la Argentina (1990–2004). Buenos Aires: Ediciones Continente.
Álvarez, S. (1990). Engendering democracy in Brazil: Women’s movements in transition politics. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Álvarez, S., Dagnino, E., & Escobar, A. (1998). Cultures of politics, politics of cultures: Re-visioning Latin American social movements. Boulder: Westview Press.
Arce, M. (2010). Parties and social protest in Latin America’s neoliberal era. Party Politics, 16(5), 669–686.
Arce, M., & Rice, R. (2009). Societal protest in post-stabilization Bolivia. Latin American Research Review, 44(1), 88–101.
Auyero, J. (2001). Glocal riots. International Sociology, 16(1), 33–53.
Auyero, J. (2003). Contentious lives: Two Argentine women, two protests, and the quest for recognition. Durham: Duke University Press.
Auyero, J. (2004). The moral politics of the Argentine crowds. Mobilization, 9(3), 311–327.
Barndt, W. T. (2012). On the brink of violence: Work, fear and the state in the Bolivian regions. In W. Ascher & N. Mirovitskaya (Eds.), Economic development strategies and the evolution of violence in Latin America. Politics, economics, and inclusive development (pp. 125–151). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Bizberg, I., & Zapata, F. (2010). Movimientos Sociales. Serie Los Grandes Problemas de México. México, D.F.: El Colegio de México.
Blake, C. H. (2005). Politics in Latin America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Booth, J. A., Walker, T. W., & Wade, C. J. (2006). Understanding Central America: Global forces, rebellion, and change. Boulder: Westview Press.
Borland, E. (2006). The mature resistance of the Madre de Plaza de Mayo. In H. Johnston & P. Almeida (Eds.), Latin American social movements: Globalization, democratization, and transnational networks (pp. 115–130). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
Brett, R. (2008). Social movements, indigenous politics and democratisation in Guatemala, 1985–1996. Boston: Brill.
Brockett, C. D. (1991). The structure of political opportunities and peasant mobilization in Central America. Comparative Politics, 23(3), 253–274.
Brockett, C. D. (2005). Political movements and violence in Central America. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Brown, C. (2009). Democracy’s Friend or Foe? The effects of recent IMF conditional lending in Latin America. International Political Science Review, 30(4), 431–457.
Bulmer-Thomas, V. (1987). The Political Economy of Central America since 1920. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Calvert, P., & Calvert, S. (1990). Latin America in the twentieth century. New York: St. Martin's Press.
Cárdenas, N. (1998). La Huelga de Cananea en 1906: Una Reinterpretación. Estudios Sociológicos, 16(48), 117–146.
Carey, S. C. (2006). The dynamic relationship between protest and repression. Political Research Quarterly, 59(1), 1–11.
Carr, B. (1976). El Movimiento Obrero y la Política en México, 1910–1929. México, D.F.: Secretaría de Educación Pública.
Cleary, E. (2007). Mobilizing for human rights in Latin America. Bloomfield: Kumarian Press.
Codato, A. N. (2006). A political history of the Brazilian transition from military dictatorship to democracy. In N. C. Adriano (Ed.), Political transition and democratic consolidation: Studies on contemporary Brazil (pp. 83–106). New York: Nova Science Publishers.
Collier, R. B. (1999). Paths toward Democracy: The working class and elites in Western Europe and South America. New York: Oxford University Press.
Collier, D. (2001). Bureaucratic authoritarianism. In K. Joel (Ed.), The oxford companion to politics of the world (pp. 93–95). New York: Oxford University Press.
Collier, R. B., & Collier, D. (1991). Shaping the political arena: Critical junctures, the labor movement, and regime dynamics in Latin America. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Comisión Nacional sobre la Desaparición de Personas (CONADEP). (1984). Nunca Más: Informe de la Comisión Nacional sobre la Desaparición de Personas. Buenos Aires: Editorial Universitaria.
Crisp, B. F., & Kelly, M. J. (1999). The socioeconomic impacts of structural adjustment. International Studies Quarterly, 43(3), 533–552.
De Gregori, C. I. (2012). How difficult it is to be God: Shining path’s politics of war in Peru, 1980–1999. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Di Tella, T. (1990). Latin American politics: A theoretical framework. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Do Alto, H. (2010). El MAS-IPSP Boliviano, entre la Protesta Callejera y la Política Institucional. In K. Monasterios, P. Estefanoni, & H. Do Alto (Eds.), Reinventando la Nación en Bolivia. La Paz (pp. 71–110). Bolivia: CLACSO.
Dodd, T. J. (2005). Tiburcio Carias: Portrait of a Honduran political leader. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
Donoso, S. (2013). Dynamics of change in Chile: Explaining the emergence of the 2006 Pingüino Movement. Journal of Latin American Studies, 45(1), 1–29.
Earl, J. (2011). Political repression: Iron fists, velvet gloves, and diffuse control. Annual Review of Sociology, 37, 261–284.
Earle, D., & Simonelli, J. (2011). Zapatista Autonomy in Cartel Mexico: Preserving Smallholder Viability. Culture, Agriculture, Food and Environment, 33(2), 133–140.
Eckstein, S. (2001). Power and popular protest: Latin American social movements. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Eckstein, S., & Álvarez, S. (1992). The making of social movements in Latin America: Identity, strategy, and democracy. Boulder: Westview Press.
Eckstein, S., & Wickham Crowley, T. P. (2003). Struggles for social rights in Latin America. New York: Routledge.
Favela, M. (2010). Sistema Político y Protesta Social: Del Autoritarismo a la Pluralidad. In I. Bizberg & F. Zapata (Eds.), Movimientos Sociales. Serie Los Grandes Problemas de México (pp. 101–146). México, D.F.: El Colegio de México.
Fernandes, B. M. (2005). The occupation as a form of access to the land in Brazil: A theoretical and methodological contribution. In S. Moyo & P. Yeros (Eds.), Reclaiming the land: The resurgence of rural movements in Africa, Asia and Latin America (pp. 317–340). London: Zed Books.
Foweraker, J., & Landman, T. (1997). Citizenship rights and social movements: A comparative and statistical analysis. New York: Oxford University Press.
Gamboa, L. (1991). La Huelga Textil de 1906–1907 en Atlixco. Historia Mexicana, 41(1), 135–161.
Garcés, M. (2002). Tomando Su Sitio. El Movimiento de Pobladores de Santiago, 1957–1970. Santiago: LOM Ediciones.
García Castro, A. (2002). The third party: Power, disappearances, performances. Diogenes, 49(1), 66–76.
García Díaz, B. (2007). La Huelga de Río Blanco. Xalapa: Gobierno del Estado de Veracruz-Universidad Veracruzana.
Garuda, G. (2000). The distributional effects of IMF programs: A cross-country analysis. World Development, 28(6), 1031–1051.
Gillespie, R. (1982). Soldiers of Perón: Argentina's Montoneros. Oxford: New York. University Pres.
Gills, B. (2000). American power, neo-liberal economic globalization, and low-intensity democracy: An unstable trinity. In M. Cox, J. Inkenberry, & T. Inoguchi (Eds.), American democracy promotion: Impulses, strategies, and impacts (pp. 326–344). New York: Oxford University Press.
Godio, J. (2000). Historia del Movimiento Obrero Argentino (1870–2000). Buenos Aires: Corregidor.
Goldstone, J. A., & Tilly, C. (2001). Threat (and Opportunity): Popular action and state response in the dynamics of contentious action. In R. Aminzade, J. A. Goldstone, D. McAdam, E. J. Perry, W. H. Sewell Jr., S. G. Tarrow, & C. Tilly (Eds.), Silence and voice in the study of contentious politics (pp. 179–194). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Gómez-Barris, M. (2010). Witness citizenship: The place of Villa Grimaldi in Chilean memory. Sociological Forum, 25(1), 34.
Goodwin, J. (2001). No other way out: States and revolutionary movements, 1945–1991. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Grieb, K. J. (1979). Guatemalan Caudillo: The regime of Jorge Ubico 1931–1944. Athens: Ohio University Press.
Hagopian, F., & Mainwaring, S. (2005). The third wave of democratization in Latin America. Advances and setbacks. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Halperín Donghi, T. (1993). The contemporary history of Latin America. Durham: Duke University Press.
Hammond, J. L. (2009). Land occupations, violence, and the politics of Agrarian reform in Brazil. Latin American Perspectives, 36(4), 156–177.
Hayner, P. B. (2010). Unspeakable truths: Transitional justice and the challenge of truth commissions. New York: Routledge.
Hellman, J. A. (1988). Mexico in crises. New York: Holmes & Meier.
Hellman, J. A. (2008). Mexican popular movements, clientelism, and the process of democratization. In R. Stahler-Sholk, H. E. Vanden, & G. D. Kuecker (Eds.), Latin American social movements in the twenty-first century: Resistance, power, and democracy (pp. 61–76). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
Hochstetler, K. (2000). Democratizing pressures from below? Social movements in the new Brazilian democracy. In P. R. Kingstone & T. J. Power (Eds.), Democratic Brazil: Actors, institutions, and processes (pp. 167–182). Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Howard, P. N. (2010). The digital origins of dictatorship and democracy: Information technology and political islam. New York: Oxford University Press.
Howard, P. N., & Hussain. M. M. (2011). The role of digital media. Journal of Democracy, 22(3), 35–48.
Johnston, H., & Almeida, P. D. (2006). Latin American social movements: Globalization, democratization, and transnational networks. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
Klein, H. S. (1969). Parties and political change in Bolivia, 1880–1952. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Klein, H. S. (1971). Prelude to revolution. In J. Malloy & R. Thorn (Eds.), Beyond the revolution: Bolivia since 1952 (pp. 25–52). Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Komadina, J., & Geffroy, C. (2007). El Poder del Movimiento Político. Estrategia, Tramas Organizativas e Identidad del MAS en Cochabamba (1999–2005). La Paz: Universidad Mayor de San Simón.
Korzeniewitz, R. P. (2000). Democracy and dictatorship in continental Latin America during the interwar period. Studies in Comparative International Development, 35(1), 41–72.
Krauze, E. (1997). Mexico: Biography of power. A history of modern Mexico, 1810–1996. New York: Harper Collins.
Lewis, P. H. (2001). Guerrillas and generals: The dirty war in Argentina. New York: Praeger.
Lucero, J. A. (2013). Seeing like and international NGO: Encountering development and indigenous politics in the andes. In E. Silva (Ed.), Transnational activism and national movements in Latin America: Bridging the divide (pp. 80–105). New York: Routledge.
MacKinnon, M., & Feoli, L. (2013). Representation and effectiveness in Latin American democracies: Congress, judiciary and civil society. New York: Routledge. Chapman & Hall.
Mainwaring, S. (1986). The catholic church and politics in Brazil, 1916–1985. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Mainwaring, S., & Viola, E. (1984). New social movements, political culture, and democracy: Brazil and Argentina in the 1980s. Telos, 61, 17–52.
Martin, B. (2007). Justice ignited: The dynamics of backfire. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield.
McAdam, D. (1982). Political process and the development of black insurgency, 1930–1970. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
McSherry, P. (2002). Tracking the origins of a state terror network: Operation condor. Latin American Perspectives, 29(1), 36–60.
Merklen, D. (2005). Pobres Ciudadanos. Las Clases Populares en la Era Democrática (Argentina, 1983–2003). Buenos Aires: Gorla.
Meza, V. (1985). Historia del Movimiento obrero en Honduras. In G. C. Pablo (Ed.), Historia del Movimiento Obrero en América Latina (pp. 128–195). México, D.F.: Siglo XXI.
Molyneux, M. (1985). Mobilization without emancipation? Women’s interests, the state and revolution in Nicaragua. Feminist Studies, 11(2), 227–254.
Mora, M. (2008). Zapatista anti-capitalist politics and the “Other Campaign: Learning from the Struggle for Indigenous Rights and Autonomy.” In R. Stahler-Sholk, H. E. Vanden, & G. D. Kuecker (Eds.), Latin American social movements in the twenty-first century: Resistance, power, and democracy (pp. 151–164). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
Muñoz Ramírez, G. (2003). 20 y 10. El Fuego y la Palabra. México, D.F.: Rebeldía/La Jornada.
Navarro, M. (2001). The personal is political: Las Madres de Plaza de Mayo. In S. Eckstein (Ed.), Power and popular protest: Latin American social movements (pp. 241–258). Berkeley: University of California Press.
Navarro, Z. (2007). ‘Mobilization without Emancipation’: The social struggles of the landless in Brazil. In S. B. de Sousa (Ed.), Another production is possible: Beyond the capitalist canon (pp. 146–178). London: Verso.
Novaro, M., & Palermo, V. (2003). La Dictadura Militar (1976–1983). Buenos Aires: Editorial Paidós.
Novelo, V. (1980). De Huelgas, Movilizaciones y otras Acciones de los Mineros del Carbón de Coahuila. Revista Mexicana de Sociología, 42(4), 1355–1377.
O’Donnell, G. (1975). Reflexiones Sobre las Tendencias Generales de Cambio del Estado Burocrático-Autoritario. Buenos Aires: Centro de Estudios de Estado y Sociedad.
O’Donnell, G. (1982). El Estado Burocrático Autoritario. Buenos Aires: Editorial de Belgrano.
Olesen, T. (2006). The zapatistas and transnational framing. In H. Johnston & P. Almeida (Eds.), Latin American social movements: Globalization, democratization, and transnational networks (pp. 179–196). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
Olivera, O., & Lewis, T. (2004). ¡Cochabamba! Water war in Bolivia. Cambridge: South End Press.
Ondetti, G. (2011). Land, protest, and politics: The landless movement and the struggle for Agrarian reform in Brazil. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
Ortiz, D. G. (2007). Confronting oppression with violence: Inequality, military infrastructure, and dissident repression. Mobilization, 12(3), 219–238.
Ortiz, D. G. (2013). Rocks, bottles and weak autocracies: The role of political regime settings on contention-repression interactions. Mobilization, 18(3), 289–312.
Ortiz, D. G., & Béjar, S. (2013). IMF-sponsored economic programs and collective action in Latin America, 1980–2002. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 30(5), 492–515.
Pastor, M. (1989). Latin America, the debt crisis, and the international monetary fund. Latin American Perspectives, 16(1), 79–110.
Pereira, A. W. (2005). Political (In)justice. Authoritarianism and the rule of law in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Perrault, T., & Valdivia, G. (2010). Hydrocarbons, popular protest and national imaginaries: Ecuador and Bolivia in comparative context. Geoforum, 41, 689–699.
Petras, J., & Veltmeyer, H. (2011). Social movements in Latin America: Neoliberalism and popular resistance. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Postero, N. (2011). The struggle to create a radical democracy in Bolivia. Latin American Research Review, 45, 59–78.
Przeworski, A., & Vreeland, J. (2000). The effects of the IMF on economic growth. Journal of Development Economics, 62(2), 384–421.
Rock, D. (1994). Latin America in the 1940s: War and postwar transitions. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Rose, R. S. (2005). The Unpast: Elite Violence and Social Control in Brazil, 1954–2000. Athens: Ohio University Press.
Rossi, F. M. (2005). Las Asambleas Vecinales y Populares en la Argentina: Las Particularidades Organizativas de la Acción Colectiva Contenciosa. Sociológica, 19(57), 113–45.
Rossi, F. M. (2013a). Peronism. In D. A. Snow, D. della Porta, B. Klandermans, & D. McAdam (Eds.), The Wiley-Blackwell encyclopedia of social and political movements (pp. 925–928). New York: Blackwell.
Rossi, F. M. (2013b). Juggling multiple agendas: The struggle of trade unions against national, continental and international neoliberalism in Argentina. In E. Silva (Ed.), Transnational activism and national movements in Latin America: Bridging the divide (pp. 141–160). London: Routledge.
Rossi, F. M. (2013c). Piqueteros (workers/unemployment movement in Argentina). In D. A., Snow, D. della Porta, B. Klandermans, & D. McAdam (Eds.), The Wiley-Blackwell encyclopedia of social and political movements (pp. 929–932). New York: Blackwell.
Rothenberg, D. (2012). Memory of silence: The Guatemalan truth commission report. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Sala de Touron, L., & Landinelli, J. E. (1984). 50 Años del Movimiento Obrero Uruguayo. In C. Pablo González (Ed.), Historia del Movimiento Obrero en América Latina. México, D.F.: Siglo XXI.
Salazar, G. (2006). La Violencia Política Popular en las “Grandes Alamedas.” La Violencia en Chile 1947–1987. Santiago: LOM Ediciones.
Salinas, D., & Fraser, P. (2012). Educational opportunity and contentious politics: The 2011 Chilean student movement. Berkeley Review of Education, 3(1), 17–47.
Salman, T. (1994). Challenging the city, joining the city: The Chilean pobladores between social movement and social integration. Bulletin of Latin American Research, 13(1), 79–90.
Schiller, H. (2005). Momentos de luchas populares. Buenos Aires: Ediciones Instituto Movilizador de Fondos Cooperativos.
Sikkink, K. (2008). From Pariah state to global protagonist: Argentina and the struggle for international human rights. Latin American Politics and Society, 50, 1–29.
Silva, E. (2009). Challenging neoliberalism in Latin America. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Silva, E. (2013). Transnational activism and national movements in Latin America: Bridging the divide. London: Routledge.
Sitrin, M. A. (2012). Everyday revolutions: Horizontalism and autonomy in Argentina. New York: Zed Books.
Skidmore, T. E. (1990). The politics of military rule in Brazil, 1964–1985. New York: Oxford University Press.
Spalding, R. J. (1994). Capitalists and revolution in Nicaragua: Opposition and accommodation, 1979–1993. Charlotte: University of North Carolina Press.
Spronk, S., & Webber, J. R. (2008). Struggles against accumulation by dispossession in Bolivia: The political economy of natural resource contention. In R. Stahler-Sholk, H. E. Vanden, & G. D. Kuecker (Eds.), Latin American social movements in the twenty-first century: Resistance, power, and democracy (pp. 77–91). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
Stahler-Sholk, R., Vanden, H. E., & Kuecker, G. D. (2008). Latin American social movements in the twenty-first century: Resistance, power, and democracy. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
Stern, S. J. (2010). Reckoning with pinochet: The memory question in democratic Chile, 1989–2006. Durham: Duke University Press.
Stromquist, N. P., & Sanyal, A. (2013). Student resistance to neoliberalism in Chile. International Studies in Sociology of Education, 23(2), 152–178.
Stewart, J. (2006). When local troubles become transnational: The transformation of a Guatemalan indigenous rights movement. In H. Johnston & P. Almeida (Eds.), Latin American social movements: Globalization, democratization, and transnational networks (pp. 196–214). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
Tarrow, S. (1998). Power in movement: Social movements and contentious politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Thomas, M. (2012). Violence and colonial order. Police, workers and protest in the European colonial empires, 1918–1940. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Tilly, C. (1986). The contentious French. Cambridge: Belknap Press.
Trejo, G. (2012). Popular movements in autocracies: Religion, repression, and indigenous collective action in Mexico. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Valencia, E. (1984). El Movimiento Obrero Colombiano. In P. G. Casanova (Ed.), Historia del Movimiento Obrero en América Latina (pp. 9–151). México, D.F.: Siglo XXI.
Valenzuela, S. (2013). Unpacking the use of social media for protest behavior: The roles of information, opinion expression, and activism. American Behavioral Scientist, 57(7), 920–942.
Valenzuela, S., Arriagada, A., & Scherman, A. (2012). The social media basis of youth protest behavior: The case of Chile. Journal of Communication, 62(2), 299–314.
Vanden, H. E., & Prevost, G. (2009). Politics of Latin America. The power game. New York: Oxford University Press.
Villalón, R. (2008). Neoliberalims, corruption andlegacies of contention: Argentina’s social movements, 1993–2006. In R. Stahler-Sholk, H. E. Vanden, & G. D. Kuecker (Eds.), Latin American social movements in the twenty-first century: Resistance, power, and democracy (pp. 253–270). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
Viterna, J. (2006). Pulled, pushed and persuaded: Explaining women’s mobilization into the Salvadoran Guerrilla Army. American Journal of Sociology, 112(1), 1–45.
Viterna, J. (2013). Women in war: The micro-processes of mobilization in El Salvador. New York: Oxford University Press.
Walter, K. (1993). Regime of Anastasio Somoza, 1936–1956. Charlotte: The University of North Carolina Press.
Wiarda, H. J., & Kline, H. F. (2007). A concise introduction to Latin American politics and development. Boulder: Westview Press.
Wickham Crowley, T. P. (1992). Guerrillas and revolution in Latin America. A comparative study of insurgents and regimes since 1956. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Wickham Crowley, T. P. (2001). Winners, losers, and also-rans: Toward a comparative sociology of Latin American Guerrilla movements. In S. Eckstein (Ed.), Power and popular protest: Latin American social movements (pp. 132–181). Berkeley: University of California Press.
Wolfe, J. (1991). Anarchist ideology, worker practice: The 1917 general strike and the formation of Sao Paulo’s working class. Hispanic American Historical Review, 71, 809–846.
Wood, E. J. (2003). Insurgent collective action and Civil War in El Salvador. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Wright, T. C. (2007). State terrorism in Latin America. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
Wright, A. L., & Wolford, W. (2003). To inherit the earth: The landless movement and the struggle for a new Brazil. Oakland: Food First Books.
Ycaza, P. (1991). Historia del Movimiento Obrero Ecuatoriano II. Quito: Cedime-Ciudad.
Zapata, F. (2010). Movimientos Sociales y Conflicto Laboral en el Siglo XX. In I. Bizberg & F. Zapata (Eds.), Movimientos Sociales. Serie Los Grandes Problemas de México (pp. 61–100). México, D.F.: El Colegio de México.
Zibechi, R. (2010). Dispersing power: Social movements as anti-state forces. Oakland: AK Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ortiz, D. (2015). State Repression and Mobilization in Latin America. In: Almeida, P., Cordero Ulate, A. (eds) Handbook of Social Movements across Latin America. Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9912-6_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9912-6_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-017-9911-9
Online ISBN: 978-94-017-9912-6
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawSocial Sciences (R0)