Abstract
In light of the complex challenges facing our cities, this chapter challenges the current planning practices of the risk city that are aimed at countering climate change. Climate change and its resulting uncertainties, it argues, call into question the practices, concepts, procedures, and scope of conventional approaches to planning, creating a need to rethink and revise current planning methods. In the following pages, we propose a conceptual planning framework for countering climate change in the urban context. Composed of six interlinking concepts, this new multifaceted easy-to-grasp frameworkâPlanning for Countering Climate Change (PCCC)-stands to help scholars, practitioners, and policy makers better comprehend the role of policies and programs in countering climate change at the city level. PCCC is a praxis, an integration of theory and practices, which synthesizes the knowledge and the skills necessary to effectively manage and cope with climate change in the urban context.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abbott, J. (2005). Understanding and managing the unknown: The nature of uncertainty in planning. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 24(2), 237â251.
Abbott, J. (2009). Planning for complex metropolitan regions: A better future or a more certain one? Journal of Planning Education and Research, 28, 503â517.
Adger, W. N. (2001). Scales of governance and environmental justice for adaptation and mitigation of climate change. Journal of International Development, 13(7), 921â931.
Adger, W. N., Paavola, J., Huq, S., & Mace, M. J. (2006). Fairness in adaptation to climate change. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Adger, W. N., Eakin, H., & Winkels, A. (2007). Nested and networked vulnerabilities in South East Asia. In L. Lebel et al. (Eds.), Global environmental change and the south-east Asian region: An assessment of the state of the science. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.
Agyeman, J., Bullard, R. D., & Evans, B. (2002). Exploring the nexus: Bringing together sustainability, environmental justice and equity. Space and Polity, 6(1), 77â90.
Alberti, M. (2000). Urban form and ecosystem dynamics: Empirical evidence and practical implications. In K. Williams, E. Burton, & M. Jenks (Eds.), Achieving sustainable urban form (pp. 84â96). London: E & FN Spon.
Allman, L., Fleming, P., & Wallace, A. (2004). The progress of english and welsh local authorities in addressing climate change. Local Environment, 9, 271â283.
Alberti, M., Marzluff, J., Shulenberger, E., Bradley, G., Ryan, C., & Zumbrunnen, C. (2003). Integrating humans into ecology: Opportunities and challenges for urban ecology. BioScience 53(12), 1169.
Amin, A., & Thrift, N. (2002). Cities: Reimagining the urban. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Bai, X. (2007). Integrating global environmental concerns into urban management: The scale and readiness arguments. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 11, 15â29.
Beatley, T. (2000). Green urbanism: Learning from European cities. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.
Beatley, Timothy, & Kristy, Manning. (1997). Ecology of place: Planning for environment, economy, and community. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.
Beauregard, R., & Bounds, A. (2000). Urban citizenship. In E. F. Isin (Ed.), Democracy, citizenship and the global city (pp. 243â256). New York: Routledge.
Beer, A., Delshammar, T., & Schildwacht, P. (2003). A changing understanding of the role of greenspace in high-density housing: A European perspective. Built Environment, 29(2), 132â143.
Benford, R. D., & Snow, D. A. (2000). Framing processes and social movements: An overview and assessment. Annual Review of Sociology, 26, 611â639.
Betsill, M. M., & Bulkeley, H. (2007). Looking back and thinking ahead: A decade of cities and climate change research. Local Environment, 12, 447â456.
Bettencourt, L., & West, G. (2010) A unified theory of urban living. Nature, 467(7318), 912â913.
Biermann, F., & Pattberg, P. (2008). Global environmental governance: taking stock, moving forward. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 33, 277â294.
Blaikie, P., Cannon, T., Davis, I., & Wisner, B. (1994). At risk: Natural hazards, peopleâs vulnerability, and disasters. London: Routledge.
Bonta, M., & Protevi, J. (2004). Deleuze and geophilosophy: A guide and glossary. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Bosher, L. S. (2008). Hazards and the built environment: Attaining built-in resilience. London: Taylor & Francis.
Boyce, J. K., Klemer, A. R., Templet, P. H., & Willis, C. E. (1999). Power distribution, the environment, and public health: A state-level analysis. Ecological Economics, 29(1), 127â140.
Brenner, N., Marcuse, P., & Mayer, M. (Eds.). (2012). Cities for people, not for profit: critical urban theory and the right to the city. New York: Routledge.
Brodie, J. (2000). Imagining democratic urban citizenship. In E. Isin (Ed.), Democracy, citizenship and the global city (pp. 110â128). New York: Routledge.
Bruce, J. P., Lee, H., & Haites, E. F. (Eds.). (1996). Climate change 1995: Economic and social dimensions of climate change: Contribution of working group III to the second assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bulkeley, H., & Newell, P. (2010). Governing climate change. London: Routledge.
Bulkeley, H., Schroeder, H., Janda, K., Zhao, J., Armstrong, A., Chu, S. Y., & Ghosh, S. (2009). Cities and climate change: The role of institutions, governance and urban planning. Paper presented at the World Bank 5th Urban Symposium on Climate Change, June, Marseille.
Carl, P. (2000). Urban density and block metabolism. In K. Steemers & S. Yannas (Eds.), Proceedings of PLEA 2000 Architecture, City, Environment (pp. 343â347). London: James & James.
CCCâCommittee on Climate Change Adaptation. (2010). How Well Prepared is the UK for Climate Change? www.theccc.org.uk.
CECâThe Commission of the European Communities. (2009). White paper: Adapting to climate change: Towards a European framework for action. Brussels.
Cervero, R. (1998). The transit metropolis: A global inquiry. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.
Church, J. A., Woodworth, P. L., Aarup, T., & Wilson, W. S. (2010). Understanding sea-level rise and variability. New York: Wiley.
Clercq, F., & Bertolini, L. (2003). Achieving sustainable accessibility: An evaluation of policy measures in the Amsterdam area. Built Environment, 29(1), 36â47.
Coaffee, J., & Bosher, L. (2008). Integrating counter-terrorist resilience into sustainability. Proceeding of the Institute of Civil Engineering: Urban Design and Planning, 161(DP2), 75â84.
Corfee-Morlot, J., Kamal-Chaoui, L., Donovan, M. G., Cochran, I., Robert, A., & Teasdale, P. J. (2009). Cities, climate change and multilevel governance. OECD Environmental Working Papers 14: 2009, OECD publishing.
Cutter, S. L., Boruff, B. J., & Shirley, W. L. (2003). Social vulnerability to environmental hazards. Social Science Quarterly, 84(2), 242â261.
Dainty, A. R. J., & Bosher, L. S. (2008). Afterword: Integrating resilience into construction practice. In L. S. Bosher (Ed.), Hazards and the built environment: Attaining built-in resilience. London: Taylor & Francis.
Davies, M., Guenther, B., Leavy, J., Mitchell, T., & Tanner, T. (2008). Climate change adaptation, disaster risk reduction and social protection: Complementary Roles in agriculture and rural growth? Institute of Development Studies Centre for Social Protection and Climate Change and Disasters Group. IDS: Institute of Developing Studies. http://www.climategovernance.org/docs/SP-CC-DRR_idsDFID_08final.pdf.
de Geus, M. (1999). Ecological Utopias: Envisioning the sustainable society. International Books.
Deleuze, G., & Guattari, F. (1991). What is philosophy?. New York: Columbia University Press.
Dumreicher, H., Levine, R. S., & Yanarella, Ernest J. (2000). The appropriate scale for âlow energyâ: Theory and practice at the Westbahnhof. In K. Steemers & S. Yannas (Eds.), Proceedings of PLEA Architecture, City, Environment 2000 (pp. 359â363). London: James & James.
EC-The European Commission. (2010). Commission staff working document. Brussels, 26.5.2010. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/climat/pdf/26-05-2010working_doc.pdf.
Elden S. (2004). Understanding Henri Lefebvre: Theory and the Possible. New York: Continuum.
Elkin, T., McLauren, D., & Hillman, M. (1991). Reviving the city: Towards sustainable urban development, policy studies. London: Institute/Friends of the Earth.
EPAâUnited States Environmental Protection Agency. (2001). Our built and natural environments: A technical review of the interactions between land use, transportation, and environmental quality. EPA 231-R-01â002. Online http://www.smartgrowth.org/.
Executive Office of the President, Council of Economic Advisers (2010). The Economic Impact of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, Second Quarterly Report. January 13, 2010. http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/economic-impact-american-recovery-and-reinvestment-act-2009-second-quarterly-report.
Fainstein, S. (2009). Planning and the just city. In P. Marcuse, J. Connolly, J. Novy, I. Olivo, C. Potter, & J. Steil (Eds.), Searching for the just city: Debate in urban theory and practice (pp. 19â39). New York: Routledge.
FMEâFederal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety. (2009). GreenTech made in Germany 2.0. http://www.bmu.de/files/pdfs/allgemein/application/pdf/greentech2009_en.pdf.
Forman, R. T. (2002). The missing catalyst: Design and planning with ecology. In B. T. Johnson & K. Hill (Eds.), Ecology and design: Frameworks for learning. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Fothergill, A., & Peek, L. (2004). Poverty and disasters in the United States: A review of recent sociological findings. Natural Hazards, 32(1), 89â110.
Friedmann, J. (2002). The prospect of cities. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
Geldrop, J., & Withagen, C. (2000). Natural capital and sustainability. Ecological Economics, 32(3), 445â455.
Godschalk, D. R. (2003). Urban hazards mitigation: Creating resilient cities. Natural Hazards Review, 4(3), 136â143.
Groisman, P. Y., Knight, R. W., & Zolina, O. G. (2013). Recent trends in regional and global intense precipitation patterns. In R. A. Pielke Sr. (Ed.), Climate vulnerability (pp. 25â55). Massachusetts: Academic Press.
Hamin, E. M., & Gurran, N. (2009). Urban form and climate change: Balancing adaptation and mitigation in the U.S. and Australia. Habitat International, 33(3), 238â246.
Handy, S. (1996). Methodologies for exploring the link between urban form and travel behavior. Transportation Research: Transport and Environment: D, 2(2), 151â165.
Harriet, B. (2010). Cities and the governing of climate change. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 35, 2.1â2.25.
Harvey, D. (2000). Space of Hope. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Harvey, D., & Potter, C. (2009). The right to the just city. In P. Marcuse, J. Connolly, J. Novy, I. Olivo, C. Potter, & J. Steil (Eds.), Searching for the just city: Debate in urban theory and practice (pp. 40â51). New York: Routledge.
Haughton, Graham. (1999). Environmental justice and the sustainable city. In D. Satterthwaite (Ed.), Sustainable cities. London: Earthscan.
Heltberg, R., Siegel, P. B., & Jorgensen, S. L. (2009). Addressing human vulnerability to climate change: Toward a âno-regretsâ approach. Global Environmental Change, 19(2009), 89â99.
Hildebrand, F. (1999). Designing the city: Towards a more sustainable urban form. London: E & FN Spon.
Holgate, C. (2007). Factors and actors in climate change mitigation: A tale of two South African cities. Local Environment, 12, 471â484.
Horton, R., G. Yohe, W. Easterling, R. Kates, M. Ruth, E. Sussman, A. Whelchel, D. Wolfe, & Lipschultz, F. (2014). Ch. 16: Northeast. Climate change impacts in the United States: The third national climate assessment. In J. M. Melillo, T. C. Richmond, & G. W. Yohe (Eds.), U.S. Global Change Research Program (pp. 371â395). doi:10.7930/J0SF2T3P.
Hsu, D. (2006). Sustainable New York city. New York City: Design trust for public space and the New York city office of environmental coordination. New York City: New York City Office of Environmental Coordination.
IPCCâIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2007). Climate change 2007: Fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
IPCCâIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2014). Climate change 2014: Impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. http://ipccwg2.gov/AR5/images/uploads/IPCC_WG2AR5_SPM_Approved.pdf.
Jabareen, Y. (2004). A knowledge map for describing variegated and conflict domains of sustainable development. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 47(4), 632â642.
Jabareen, Y. (2006). Sustainable urban forms: Their typologies, models, and concepts. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 26(1), 38â52.
Jabareen, Y. (2009). Building conceptual framework: Philosophy, definitions and procedure. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 8(4), 49â62.
Jacobs, J. (1961). The death and life of great American cities. New York: Random House.
Jenks, M. (2000). The acceptability of urban intensification. In K. Williams, E. Burton, & M. Jenks (Eds.), Achieving sustainable urban form. London: E & FN Spon.
Kasperson, R. E., & Kasperson, J. X. (2001). Climate change, vulnerability and social justice. Stockholm: Stockholm Environment Institute.
Kern, K., & Alber, G. (2008). Governing climate change in cities: modes of urban climate governance in multi-level systems. In OECD Conference Proceedings of Competitive Cities and Climate Change (pp. 171â196). Paris, Milan, Italy: OECD. October 9â10, 2008. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/54/63/42545036.pdf.
Kunkel, K. E., Stevens, L. E., Stevens, S. E., Sun, L., Janssen, E., Wuebbles, D., Rennells, J., DeGaetano, A., Dobson, J. G. (2013). Regional climate trends and scenarios for the U.S. national Climate assessment: Part 1.
Lozano, E. E. (1990). Community design and the culture of cities: The crossroad and the wall. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lynch, Kevin. (1981). A theory of good city form. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
Marcuse, P. (2009). From justice planning to commons planning. In P. Marcuse, J. Connolly, J. Novy, I. Olivo, C. Potter, & J. Steil (Eds.), Searching for the just city: Debate in urban theory and practice (pp. 91â102). New York: Routledge.
Marcuse, P. (2012). Whose right(s), to what city? In N. Brenner, P. Marcuse, & M. Mayer (Eds.), Cities for people, not for profit: Critical urban theory and the right to the city (pp. 24â41). New York: Routledge.
Mirfenderesk, H., & Corkill, D. (2009). Sustainable management of risks associated with climate change. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 1(2), 146â159.
Mohai, P., Pellow, D., & Roberts, J. T. (2009). Environmental justice. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 34, 405â430.
Morrow, B. H. (1999). Identifying and mapping community vulnerability. Disasters, 23(1), 1â18.
Neumayer, E. (2001). Do countries fail to raise environmental standards? An evaluation of policy options addressing regulatory chill. International Journal of Sustainable Development, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, 4(3), 231â244.
Newman, P., & Kenworthy, J. (1989). Gasoline consumption and cities: A comparison of US cities with a global survey. Journal of the American Planning Association, 55, 23â37.
NYC-The City of New York, Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg. (2009). PlaNYC: Progress Report 2009.
NYS. (2013). NYS2100 commission: Recommendations to improve the strength and resilience of the empire stateâs infrastructure.
OâBrien, K., Leichenko, R., Kelkar, U., Venema, H., Aandahl, G., Tompkins, H., et al. (2004). Mapping vulnerability to multiple stressors: Climate change and globalization in India. Global Environmental Change, 14, 303â313.
Ojerio, R., Moseley, C., Lynn, K., & Bania, N. (2010). Limited involvement of socially vulnerable populations in federal programs to mitigate wildfire risk in Arizona. Natural Hazards Review, 12(1), 28â36.
Okereke, C., Bulkeley, H., & Schroeder, H. (2009). Conceptualizing climate governance beyond the international regime. Global Environmental Politics, 9, 58â78.
Owens, S. (1992). Energy, environmental sustainability and land-use planning. In B. Michael (Ed.), Sustainable development and urban form (pp. 79â105). London: Pion.
Paavola, J., & Adger, W. N. (2006). Fair adaptation to climate change. Ecological Economics, 56(4), 594â609.
Parker, T. (1994). The land useâair quality linkage: How land use and transportation affect air quality. Sacramento: California Air Resources Board.
Pearce, D., & Turner, R. K. (1990). Economics of natural resources and the environment. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Pearce, D., Edward, B., & Markandya, A. (1990). Sustainable development: Economics and environment in the third world. London: Earthscan Publications.
Pinder, D. (2010). Necessary dreaming: Uses of Utopia in urban planning. In J. Hillier & P. Healey (Eds.), The ashgate research companion to planning theory: Conceptual challenges for spatial planning (pp. 343â366).
Priemus, H., & Rietveld, P. (2009). Climate change, flood risk and spatial planning. Built Environment, 35(4), 425â431.
Rodin, J., & Rohaytn, F. G. (2013) NYS 2100 commission: Recommendations to improve the strength and resilience of the empire stateâs infrastructure. http://www.governor.ny.gov/sites/governor.ny.gov/files/archive/assets/documents/NYS2100.pdf.
Romero Lankao, P. (2007). How do local governments in Mexico City manage global warming? Local Environment, 12, 519â535.
Roy, A. (2010). Informality and the politics of planning. In J. Hillier & P. Healey (Eds.), Planning theory: Conceptual challenges for spatial planning (pp. 87â107). Farnham: Ashgate Publishing.
Satterthwaite, D. (2008). Climate change and urbanization: Effects and implications for urban governance. Presented at UN Expert Group Meeting Population Distribution, Urbanization, Internal Migration Devopment. UN/POP/EGMURB/2008/16/.
Schneider, S. H., Semenov, S., Patwardhan, A., Burton, I., Magadza, C. H. D., Oppenheimer, M., et al. (2007). Assessing key vulnerabilities and the risk from climate change. Climate change 2007: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. In M. L. Parry, O. F. Canziani, J. P. Palutikof, P. J. van der Linden, & C. E. Hanson (Eds.), Contribution of working group II to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change (pp. 779â810). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Solow, R. (1991) Sustainability: An economistâs perspective. The Eighteenth J. Seward Johnson Lecture. Woods Hole, MA: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
Stone B Jr. (2008). Urban sprawl and air quality in large US cities. Journal of Environmental Management, 86(4), 688â698.
Storch, H., & Downes, N. K. (2011). A scenario-based approach to assess Ho Chi Minh Cityâs urban development strategies against the impact of climate change. Cities, 28(6), 517â526.
Stymne, S., & Jackson, T. (2000). Intra-generational equity and sustainable welfare: A time series analysis for the UK and Sweden. Ecological Economics, 33(2), 219â236.
Swanwick, C., Dunnett, N., & Woolley, H. (2003). Nature, role and value of green space in towns and cities: An overview. Built Environment, 29(2), 94â106.
Taylor, D. E. (2000). The rise of the environmental justice paradigm: injustice framing and the social construction of environmental discourses. American Behavioral Scientist, 43, 508â580.
Tearfund. (2008). Linking climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction. Web White Pap. http://www.tearfund.org/webdocs/Website/Campaigning/CCAandDRRweb.pdf.
Thomas, R. (2003). Building design. In R. Thomas & M. Fordham (Eds.), Sustainable urban design: An environmental approach (pp. 46â88). London: Spon Press.
Thorne, R., & Filmer-Sankey, W. (2003). Transportation. In T. Randall (Ed.), Sustainable urban design (pp. 25â32). London: Spon Press.
Turner, S. R. S., & Murray, M. S. (2001). Managing growth in a climate of urban diversity: South Floridaâs Eastward ho! Initiative. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 20, 308â328.
Ulrich, R. S. (1999). Effects of gardens on health outcomes: theory and research. In C. C. Marcus & B. Marni (Eds.), Healing gardens: Therapeutic benefits and design recommendations. New York: Wiley.
UN-HabitatâUnited Nations Human Settlements Programme (2014). The State of African Cities 2014: Re-imagining sustainable urban transitions. Nairobi: UN-Habitat.
UNEPâUnited Nations Environment Programme/New Economy Finance. (2009). Global trends in sustainable energy investment 2009. In Analysis of trends and issues in the financing of renewable energy and energy efficiency. UNEP.
UNIDO-United Nations Industrial Development Organization. (2009). Energy and climate change: Greening the industrial agenda. http://www.unido.org.
UNISDRâInternational Strategy for Disaster Reduction. (2010). Making cities resilient: My city is getting ready. 2010â2011 World Disaster Reduction Campaign.
United Nations Division for the Advancement of Women. (2001). Environmental management and the mitigation of natural disasters: A gender perspective. http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/csw/env_manage/documents/EGM-Turkey-final-report.pdf. July 7, 2009.
Van U. P., & Senior, M. (2000). The contribution of mixed land uses to sustainable travel in cities. In K. Williams, E. Burton & M. Jenks (Eds.), Achieving sustainable urban form (pp. 139â148). London: E & FN Spon.
Vellinga, P., Marinova, N. A., & van Loon-Steensma, J. M. (2009). Adaptation to climate change: A framework for analysis with examples from the Netherlands. Built Environment, 35(4), 452â470.
Walker, L., & William, R. (1997). Urban density and ecological footprintsâan analysis of Canadian households. In M. Roseland (Ed.), Eco-city dimensions: Healthy communities, healthy planet. Canada: New Society Publishers.
Wheeler, S. M. (2002). Constructing sustainable development/safeguarding our common future: Rethinnking sustainable development. Journal of the American Planning Association, 68(1), 110â111.
White House. (2009). http://www.whitehouse.gov/issues/Economy; see also http://www.recovery.gov/Pages/home.aspx.
Yannis, S. (1998). Living with the city: Urban design and environmental sustainability. In E. Maldonado & S. Yannas (Eds.), Environmentally friendly cities (pp. 41â48). London: James & James.
Yumkella, K. K. (2009). Forward in energy and climate change: Greening the industrial agenda (p. 1). UNIDO-United Nations Industrial Development Organization 2010. http://www.unido.org.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
Âİ 2015 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Jabareen, Y. (2015). Planning Practices for Cities Countering Climate Change. In: The Risk City. Lecture Notes in Energy, vol 29. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9768-9_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9768-9_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-017-9767-2
Online ISBN: 978-94-017-9768-9
eBook Packages: EnergyEnergy (R0)