Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Biodiversity, Genetic Diversity, and Genetic Resources of Date Palm

  • Chapter
Date Palm Genetic Resources and Utilization

Abstract

Phoenix dactylifera L. is composed of genetically discrete clones representing thousands of cultivars without the benefits of a dynamic mutation-recombination system; its genetic resources are the most important component of biodiversity in its natural habitats; these include modern cultivars, landraces, obsolete cultivars, breeding lines, and related wild species. Cultivated Phoenix is closely related to a variable aggregate of wild and feral palms distributed over a wide desert belt across the Middle East and North Africa. Genetic diversity and genetic structure of the species gene pool complex have been shaped and greatly altered by human and natural selection, clonal propagation, and spatiotemporal exchange of germplasm. The mixed sexual-clonal propagation system acted on the sexual traits, impacted the genetic structure of populations, and may have resulted in the accumulation of domesticated traits in the date palm. Traditional oases continue to play a vital role in the maintenance and enrichment of date palm biodiversity, genetic diversity, and genetic resources through multiple processes and dynamic conservation practices. However, with the advent of modern plantations emphasizing elite cultivars, a better understanding of the intraspecific genetic variation of date palm and its distribution in oasis agroecosystems is essential for the conservation and sustainable utilization of its biodiversity and genetic resources. In-depth assessment of the genetic vulnerability of date palm to biotic and abiotic stress requires knowledge of the extent and distribution of its genetic diversity, both of which depend on the species evolution and its unique breeding system, past genetic bottlenecks, and ecological, environmental, and anthropogenic factors.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ahmed M, Bouna Z, Lemine F et al (2011) Use of multivariate analysis to assess phenotypic diversity of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars. Sci Hortic 127:367–371

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed TA, Alhadidi SH, Alqaradawi AY, Radwan O (2013) Determination of inter- and intra-specific genetic variations among Qatari date palm cultivars using inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. Afr J Biotechnol 12:2540–2546

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akkak A, Scariot V, Marinoni DT et al (2009) Development and evaluation of microsatellite markers in Phoenix dactylifera L. and their transferability to other Phoenix species. Biol Plant 53:164–166

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Bahrany AM, Al-Khayri JM (2012) Optimizing in vitro cryopreservation of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Biotechnology 11:59–66

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aldous EK, George B, Al-Mahmoud ME et al (2011) De novo genome sequencing and comparative genomics of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Nat Biotechnol 29:521–528

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alghamdi AS (2001) Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) germplasm bank in King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Survival and adaptability of tissue cultured plantlets. Acta Hortic 450:241–244

    Google Scholar 

  • Alhudaib K, Arocha Y, Wilson M, Jones P (2007) Identification and molecular characterization of a phytoplasma associated with Al-Wajim disease of date palm in Saudi Arabia. Arab J Plant Prot 25:116–122

    Google Scholar 

  • Alkhalifah NS, Askari E (2003) Molecular phylogeny of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars from Saudi Arabia by DNA fingerprinting. Theor Appl Genet 107:1266–1270

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alkhalifah NS, Askari E, Khan AES (2012) Molecular and morphological identification of some elite varieties of date palms grown in Saudi Arabia. Emir J Food Agric 24:456–461

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Khayri JM, Niblett C (2012) Envision of an international consortium for palm research. Emir J Food Agric 24(5):470–479

    Google Scholar 

  • Allam A, Cheloufi H (2012) Biodiversity of fruit species in the valley of Oued Righ: the case of the area of Touggourt (Algeria). Fruits 67:1–5

    Google Scholar 

  • Alquraini F, Khan S, Alhemaid FM et al (2011) Assessing molecular signature for some potential date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars from Saudi Arabia, based on chloroplast DNA sequences rpoB and psbA-trnH. Int J Mol Sci 12:6871–6880

    Google Scholar 

  • Alsaoud A, Ajlan A (2013) Effect of date fruits quantity on the numbers of red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Oliver), captured in aggregation pheromone traps. Agric Biol J North Am. doi:10.5251/abjna.2013.4.4.496.503

    Google Scholar 

  • Alyahyai R, Alkhanjari S (2008) Biodiversity of date palm in the Sultanate of Oman. Afr J Agric Res 3:389–395

    Google Scholar 

  • Arpaia S, Battafarano R, Chen L-Y et al (2012) Assessment of transgene flow in tomato and potential effects of genetically modified tomato expressing Cry3Bb1 toxins on bumblebee feeding behavior. Ann Appl Biol 161:151–160

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Askari E, Al-Khalifah NS, Ohmura T et al (2003) Molecular phylogeny of seven date palm cultivars by DNA fingerprinting. Pak J Bot 35:323–330

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ataga CD, Mohammed AH, Yusuf AO (2012) Status of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) genetic resources in Nigeria. Int J Life Sci Pharm Res 2:L46–L51

    Google Scholar 

  • Barfod AS, Hagen M, Borchsenius F (2011) Twenty-five years of progress in understanding pollination mechanisms in palms (Arecaceae). Ann Bot 108:1503–1516

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barrow SC (1998) A monograph of Phoenix L. (Palmae: Coryphoideae). Kew Bull 53:513–575

    Google Scholar 

  • Battesti V (2013) L’agrobiodiversité du dattier (Phoenix dactylifera L.) dans l’oasis de Siwa (Égypt): entre ce qui se dit, s’écrit et s’oublie. La Rev d’Ethnoécol, hal-00707908 version 3. http://hal.archives-ouveretes.fr/hal-00707908

  • Bekheet SA, Taha HS, Saker MM (2001) In vitro long-term storage of date palm. Biol Plant 45(1):121–124

    Google Scholar 

  • Bekheet SA, Taha HS, Elbahr MK (2005) Preservation of date palm cultures using encapsulated somatic embryos. Arab J Biotechnol 8(2):319–328

    Google Scholar 

  • Bekheet SA, Taha HS, Solliman ME, Hassan NA (2007) Cryopreservation of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) culture in vitro. Acta Hortic 736:283–291

    Google Scholar 

  • Bettencourt E, Hazekamp T, Perry MC (1992) Directory of germplasm collections. 6.1. Tropical and subtropical fruits and tree nuts. IBPGR, Rome

    Google Scholar 

  • Bodian A, Elhoumaizi MA, Ndoye Ndir K et al (2012) Genetic diversity analysis of date palm cultivars from Figuig oasis (Morocco) using SSR markers. Int J Sci Adv Technol 2(3):96–104

    Google Scholar 

  • Chao CCT, Krueger RR (2007) The date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.): overview of biology, uses, and cultivation. Hortic Sci 42:1077–1082

    Google Scholar 

  • Charlesworth D (2013) Plant sex chromosome evolution. J Exp Bot 64:405–420

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cherif E, Zehdi S, Castillo K et al (2012) Male-specific DNA markers provide genetic evidence of an XY chromosome system, a recombination arrest and allow the tracing of parental lineages in date palm. New Phytol 197:409–415

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chevalier A (1952) Recherches sur les Phoenix africains. Rev Int Bot Appl 32:205–236

    Google Scholar 

  • Cruz-Cruz CA, González-Arnao MT, Engelmann F (2013) Biotechnology and conservation of plant biodiversity. Resources 2:73–95

    Google Scholar 

  • Dawson TP, Jackson ST, House JI et al (2011) Beyond predictions: biodiversity conservation in a changing climate. Science 332:53–58

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Grenade R (2013) Date palm as a keystone species in Baja California peninsula, Mexico oases. J Arid Environ 94:59–67

    Google Scholar 

  • Dhanapal AP (2012) Genomics of crop plant genetic resources. Adv Biosci Biotechnol 3:378–385

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dhieb A, Elleuch A, Kriaa W et al (2012) Molecular characterization and in silico analysis of RNA polymerase alpha subunit gene (rpoA) in date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cv. Deglet Nour. Genet Genomics 34:599–608

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diaz S, Pire C, Ferrer J, Bonete MJ (2003) Identification of Phoenix dactylifera L. varieties based on amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. Cell Mol Biol Lett 8:891–899

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dransfield J, Uhl NW, Assmusen CB et al (2008) Genera Palmarum: the evolution and classification of palms. Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew

    Google Scholar 

  • Eissa EA, Abdelrazak AB, Elsharabishi SF, Rizk RM (2009) Morphological and molecular genetic characterization of soft date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars in Egypt. Egypt J Genet Cytol 38:269–284

    Google Scholar 

  • Elhoumaizi MA, Devanand PS, Fang J, Chao CCT (2006) Confirmation of “Medjool” date as a landrace variety through genetic analysis of “Medjool” accessions in Morocco. J Am Soc Hortic 13:403–407

    Google Scholar 

  • Eljuhani LI (2010) Degradation of date palm trees and date production in Arab countries: causes and potential rehabilitation. Aust J Basic Appl Sci 4:3998–4010

    Google Scholar 

  • Elkhishin DA, Adawy SS, Hussein EHA, Elitriby HA (2003) AFLP fingerprinting of some Egyptian date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars. Arab J Biotechnol 6:223–234

    Google Scholar 

  • Elmeer K, Mattat I (2012) Marker-assisted sex differentiation in date palm using simple sequence repeats. 3 Biotech 2:241–247

    PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Elmeer K, Sarwath H, Malek J et al (2011) New microsatellite markers for assessment of genetic diversity in date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.). 3 Biotech 1:91–97

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elshibli S, Korpelainen H (2008) Microsatellite markers reveal high genetic diversity in date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) germplasm from Sudan. Genetica 134:251–260

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elshibli S, Korpelainen H (2009a) Excess heterozygosity and scarce genetic differentiation in the populations of Phoenix dactylifera L.: human impact or ecological determinants. Plant Genet Res 7:95–104

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elshibli S, Korpelainen H (2009b) Biodiversity of the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) in Sudan: chemical, morphological and DNA polymorphisms of selected cultivars. Plant Genet Res 7:194–203

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eltarras A, Tawatti N, Almaliki F (2002) Genetic fingerprinting of some KSA date palm using modern molecular biotechnological techniques. Egypt J Hortic 29:217–228

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ezebilo EE, Elasafi M, Garkava-Gustavsson L (2013) On-farm diversity of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) in Sudan: a potential genetic resources conservation strategy. Sustainability 5:338–356

    Google Scholar 

  • Fang Y, Wu H, Zhang T et al (2012) A complete sequence and trascriptomic analyses of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) mitochondrial genome. PLoS One 7:e37164. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0037164

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • FAOSTAT (2012) http://faostat.fao.org/

  • Fernandez D, Ouinten M, Tantaoui A, Geiger J-P (1997) Molecular records of micro-evolution within the Algerian population of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis during its spread to new oases. Eur J Plant Pathol 103:485–490

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fiaboe KKM, Peterson AT, Kairo MTK, Roda AL (2012) Predicting the potential worldwide distribution of the red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) using ecological niche modeling. Florida Entomol 95:659–673

    Google Scholar 

  • Francisco-Ortega J, Santos-Guerra A, Kim S-C, Crawford DJ (2000) Plant genetic diversity in the Canary Islands: a conservation perspective. Am J Bot 87:909–919

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frison EA, Putter CAJ, Diekmann M (1993) FAO-IBPGR technical guidelines for safe movement of coconut germplasm. D/T0870E/1/1.94/4000. FAO-IBPGR, Rome

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaitto FA, Grattapaglia D, Vencovsky R (2003) Genetic structure, mating system, and long-distance gene flow in heart of palm (Euterpe edulis Mart.). J Hered 94:399–406

    Google Scholar 

  • Gao Q, Yue G, Li W et al (2012) Recent progress using high-throughput sequencing technologies in plant molecular biology. J Integr Plant Biol 54:215–227

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gebauer J, Luedeling E, Hammer K et al (2007) Mountain oases in northern Oman: an environment for evolution and in situ conservation of plant genetic resources. Genet Res Crop Evol 54:465–481

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldschmidt EE (2013) The evolution of fruit productivity: a review. Econ Bot 67(1):51–62

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • González-Benito ME, Clavero-Ramírez I, López-Arnada JM (2004) The use of cryopreservation for germplasm conservation of vegetatively propagated crops. Span J Agric Res 2(3):341–351

    Google Scholar 

  • González-Perez MA, Caujape-Castells J, Sosa PA (2004) Molecular evidence of hybridization between the endemic Phoenix canariensis and the widespread Phoenix dactylifera L. with random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Plant Syst Evol 247:165–175

    Google Scholar 

  • Gotor E, Alercia A, Rao VR et al (2008) The scientific information activity of Bioversity International: the descriptor lists. Genet Res Crop Evol 55:757–772

    Google Scholar 

  • Gschwend AR, Weingratner LA, More RC, Ming R (2012) The sex-specific region of sex chromosome in animals and plants. Chromosome Res 20:57–69

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hammadi H, Mokhtar R, Mokhtar E, Ali AF (2009) New approach for morphological identification of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars from Tunisia. Pak J Bot 41:2671–2681

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammadi H, Vendramin GG, Ali AF (2011) Microsatellite diversity among Tunisian date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) subpopulations. Pak J Bot 43:1257–1264

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamza H, Elbekkay M, Benabderrahim MA, Ferchichi Ali A (2011) Molecular and morphological analyses of date palm subpopulations in southern Tunisia. Span J Agric Res 9(2):484–493

    Google Scholar 

  • Hasnaoui A, Elhoumaizi MA, Hakkou A et al (2011) Physico-chemical characterization, classification and quality evaluation of date palm fruits of some Moroccan cultivars. J Sci Res 3:139–149

    Google Scholar 

  • Honnay O, Jacquemyn H (2008) A meta-analysis of the relation between mating system, growth form and genotypic diversity in clonal plant species. Evol Ecol 22:299–312

    Google Scholar 

  • IPCC (2007) Fourth Assessment Report. In: Parry ML, Canziani OF, Palutikof JP et al (eds) Climate change 2007. Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge/New York

    Google Scholar 

  • IPGRI (2005) Descripteurs du palmier dattier (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Institut International des Resources Phytogenetiques, Rome. http://ipgri.cgiar.org.et; http://www.magrebdatepalm.org

  • Iqbal M, Munir M, Khan M (2009) Floral characteristics of the different male date palms and their response to fruit setting and yield of cv Dhakki. Pak J Agric Res 22:36–41

    Google Scholar 

  • Iqbal M, Munir M, Niamatullah M (2011) Physico-chemical characteristics of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars at various maturity stages under environmental conditions of Dera Ismail Khan. J Agric Res 49:249–259

    Google Scholar 

  • Isbell F, Reich B, Tilman D et al (2013) Nutrient enrichment, biodiversity loss, and consequent declines in ecosystem productivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci 110:11911–11916, www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1310880110

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jain SM (2010) Date palm genetic diversity conservation for sustainable production. Acta Hortic 882:785–792

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaradat AA (2011) Biodiversity of date palm. Land use, land cover and soil sciences. In: Encyclopedia of life support systems (EOLSS), developed under the auspices of the UNESCO. Eolss Publishers, Oxford. Available: http://www.eolss.net. 1 Apr 2013

  • Jaradat AA (2013) Multilevel analysis of date palm biodiversity and genetic diversity. Proceedings of the fifth date palm conference, Al Hassa, 3–5 Nov 2013

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaradat AA, Zaid A (2004) Quality traits of date palm fruits in a center of origin and center of diversity. J Food Agric Environ 2:208–217

    Google Scholar 

  • Jubrael JMS (2005) Assessment of AFLP-based genetic relationships among date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) varieties of Iraq. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 130:442–447

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karim K, Chokri B, Amel S et al (2010) Genetic diversity of Tunisian date palm germplasm using ISSR markers. Int J Bot 6:182–186

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khanam S, Sham A, Bennetzen JL, Aly MAM (2012) Analysis of molecular marker-based characterization and genetic variation in date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Aust J Crop Sci 6:1236–1244

    Google Scholar 

  • Khieralla HSM, Bader SM, Baum M, Hamwieh A (2011a) Assessment of genetic diversity of some Iraqi date palms (Phoenix dactylifera L.) using AFLP markers. Afr J Biotechnol 10:9570–9575

    Google Scholar 

  • Khieralla HSM, Bader SM, Baum M, Hamwieh A (2011b) Genetic diversity of Iraqi date palms revealed by microsatellite polymorphism. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 136:282–287

    Google Scholar 

  • Krueger RR (1998) Date palm germplasm: overview and utilization in USA. In: Proceedings first international conference on date palms. Al-Ain, March 1998, pp 2–37

    Google Scholar 

  • Krueger RR (2011) Date palm germplasm. In: Jain SM, Al-Khayri JM, Johnson DV (eds) Date palm biotechnology. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 313–336

    Google Scholar 

  • Malaurie B (2001) Medium- and long-term conservation and safe international exchange of germplasm from food and cash tropical crops. Acta Hortic 560:69–77

    Google Scholar 

  • Masmoudi-Allouchi F, Châari-Rkhis A, Kriâa W et al (2009) In vitro hermaphrodism induction in date palm female flower. Plant Cell Rep 28:1–10

    Google Scholar 

  • McKey D, Elias M, Pujol B, Duputie A (2010) The evolutionary ecology of clonally propagated domesticated plants. New Phytol 186:318–332

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meilleur BA, Hodgkin T (2004) In situ conservation of crop wild relatives: status and trends. Biodivers Conser 13:663–684

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer R, DuVal AE, Jensen HR (2012) Patterns and processes in crop domestication: an historical review and quantitative analysis of 203 global food crops. New Phytol 196:29–48

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mohamed BS, Rachid H (2006) Description phenopomologique de 15 cultivars tunisiens de palmier dattier (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Plant Genet Res News Lett 148:10–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Munier P (1981) Origine de la culture du palmier-dattier et sa propagation en Afrique: notes historiques sur les principales palmeraies africaines. Fruits 36:689–706

    Google Scholar 

  • Nabhan GP (2007) Agrobiodiversity change in a Saharan Desert Oasis, 1919–2005: historic shifts in Tasiwit (Berber) and Bedouin crop inventories of Siwa, Egypt. Econ Bot 61:31–43

    Google Scholar 

  • Nawar F, Mackay M (2010) A global information portal to facilitate and promote accessibility and rational utilization of ex situ plant genetic resources for food and agriculture. IAALD XIIIth World Congress, Montpellier, 26–29 Apr 2010

    Google Scholar 

  • Near East and North Africa Plant Genetic Resources Network (NENA-PGRN) (2011) A conservation and sustainable use of plant genetic resources: a strategy for the Near East and North Africa Region. Nov 2011

    Google Scholar 

  • Nixon RW (1951) The date palm: “tree of life” in subtropical deserts. Econ Bot 5:274–301

    Google Scholar 

  • Noriega IL, Halewood M, Lapeña I (2012) The multilateral system of access and benefit sharing: Case studies on implementation in Kenya, Morocco, Philippines and Peru. Bioversity International. http://biodiversityinternational.org/

  • Othmani A, Bayoudh C, Drira N et al (2009) Regeneration and molecular analysis of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) plantlets using RAPD markers. Afr J Biotechnol 8(5):813–820

    Google Scholar 

  • Ouarda HE, Walker DJ, Khoja ML (2012) Phenotypic and molecular DNA variation in Tunisian cultivars of date palm. Afr J Biotechnol 11(22):6034–6042

    Google Scholar 

  • Ould Mohamed Salem A, Trifi M, Sakka H et al (2001) Genetic inheritance analysis of four enzymes in date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Genet Res Crop Evol 48:361–368

    Google Scholar 

  • Ould Mohamed Salem A, Rhouma S, Zehdi S et al (2008) Morphological variability of Mauritanian date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars as revealed by vegetative traits. Acta Bot Croat 67:81–90

    Google Scholar 

  • Pauls SU, Nowak C, Balint M, Pfenninger M (2013) The impact of global climate change on genetic diversity within populations and species. Mol Ecol 22:925–946

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ponnuswami V (2010) Genetic diversity in palmyrah genotypes using morphological and molecular markers. Electr J Plant Breed 1(4):556–567

    Google Scholar 

  • Popenoe PB (1913) Date growing in the Old World and the New. West India Gardens, Altadena

    Google Scholar 

  • Racchi ML, Bove A, Turchi A et al (2013) Genetic characterization of Libyan date palm resources by microsatellite markers. 3 Biotech 4:21–32. doi:10.1007/s13205-013-0116-6

  • Rivas M, Barbieri RL, da Maia LC (2012) Plant breeding and in situ utilization of palm trees. Ciênc Rural, Santa Maria 42:261–269

    Google Scholar 

  • Rivera D, Obón de Castro C, Carreno E et al (2008) Morphological systematic of date palm diversity (Phoenix, Arecaceae) in Western Europe and some preliminary molecular results. Acta Hortic 799:97–104

    Google Scholar 

  • Sedra MH (2013) Genetic diversity analysis of Moroccan cultivar genotyping and rapid screening for bayoud disease resistance in date palm using molecular techniques. Acta Hortic 994:271–286

    Google Scholar 

  • Sghaier-Hammami B, Drira N, Jorrin-Novo J (2009) Comparative 2-DE proteomic analysis of date palm somatic and zygotic embryos. J Proteomics 73:161–177

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shabani F, Kumar L, Taylor S (2012) Climate change impacts on the future distribution of date palms: a modeling exercise using CLIMAX. PLoS One 7:e48021. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048021

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shapcott A, Dowe JL, Ford H (2009) Low genetic diversity and recovery implications of the vulnerable Bankouale palm Livistona carinensis (Aracaceae), from north-eastern Africa and the southern Arabian Peninsula. Conserv Genet 10:317–327

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sherimon PC, Krishnan R, Vinu PV (2012) Knowledge sharing using ontology- a date palm model. Int J Adv Res Comput Sci Softw Eng 2(3):316–321

    Google Scholar 

  • Siljak-Yakovlev S, Benmalek S, Cerbah M et al (1996) Chromosomal sex determination and heterochromatin structure in date palm. Sex Plant Reprod 9:127–132

    Google Scholar 

  • Tengberg M (2012) Beginning and early history of date palm garden cultivation in the Middle East. J Arid Environ 86:139–147

    Google Scholar 

  • Terral J-F, Newton C, Ivorra S et al (2012) Insights into the historical biogeography of the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) using geometric morphometry of modern and ancient seed. J Biogeogr 39:929–941

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner WR, Bradley BA, Estes LD et al (2010) Climate change: helping nature survive the human response. Conserv Lett. doi:10.1111/j.1755-263X.2010.00128.x

    Google Scholar 

  • Walsborn R (2008) Date sector report and value chain development program. USAID/Iraq/Inma Agribusiness Program Contract No 267-C-00-07-00500-00. 59 pp. USAID. Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiblen GD, Oyama RK, Donoghue MJ (2000) Phylogenetic analysis of dioecy in monocotolydons. Am Nat 155:46–58

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wrigley G (1995) Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera). In: Smartt J, Simmonds NW (eds) The evolution of crop plants, 2nd edn. Longman, Essex

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang M, Zhang X, Liu G et al (2013) The complete chloroplast genome sequence of date palm. PLoS One 5:e12762. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012762

    Google Scholar 

  • Yin Y, Zhang X, Fang Y et al (2012) High-throughput sequencing-based gene profiling on multi-staged fruit development of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Plant Mol Biol 78:617–626

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Younis RAA, Ismail OM, Soliman SS (2008) Identification of sex-specific DNA markers for date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) using RAPD and ISSR techniques. Res J Agric Biol Sci 4:278–284

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zaid A, de Wet PF (2005) Botanical and systematic description of the date palm. http://www.fao.oeg/DOCREP/006/Y3460E/y3460e05.htm#bm05.3/

  • Zehdi S, Trifi M, Billotti N et al (2004a) Genetic diversity of Tunisian date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) revealed by nuclear microsatellite polymorphism. Hereditas 141:278–287

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zehdi S, Sakka H, Rhouma A, Ould Mohammed Salem A et al (2004b) Analysis of Tunisian date palm germplasm using simple sequence repeat primers. Afr J Biotechnol 3:215–219

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang G, Pan L, Liu W et al (2012) Large-scale collection and annotation of gene models for date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Plant Mol Biol 79:521–536

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao Y, Williams R, Prakash CS, He G (2013) Identification and characterization of gene-based SSR markers in date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.). BMC Plant Biol 12:237. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2229/12/237

  • Zohary D (2004) Unconscious selection and evolution of domesticated plants. Econ Bot 58:5–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Zohary D, Hopf M (2000) Domestication of plants in the Old World, 3rd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, USDA-ARS & University of Minnesota, 803 Iowa Ave., Morris, MN, USA

    Abdullah A. Jaradat

Authors
  1. Abdullah A. Jaradat
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Abdullah A. Jaradat .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, King Faisal University, Al-Hassa, Saudi Arabia

    Jameel M. Al-Khayri

  2. Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

    Shri Mohan Jain

  3. Cincinnati, Ohio, USA

    Dennis V. Johnson

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Jaradat, A.A. (2015). Biodiversity, Genetic Diversity, and Genetic Resources of Date Palm. In: Al-Khayri, J., Jain, S., Johnson, D. (eds) Date Palm Genetic Resources and Utilization. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9694-1_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation