Abstract
While people living in poverty talk about isolation, shame, and humiliation as being key aspects of their lived experiences of suffering, until recently, there has been no international data on these aspects – making them “missing dimensions” within poverty analysis and within research into suffering. Drawing upon international fieldwork and datasets from Chile and Chad, this chapter examines the relevance of social isolation, shame and humiliation in contexts of poverty, to research on suffering. The chapter suggests that the use of particular indicators of shame, humiliation, and social isolation can better recognize distributions of suffering. It can also help identify individuals and sub-groups within those living in multidimensional poverty – or of the general population at large – that are affected by concrete and particularly hurtful situations. Consequently, they can help to identify levels of suffering which are higher within a specific population. We argue that these types of indicators could form the basis of more refined measures that help generate more concise data on suffering.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Alkire, S., & Santos, M. E. (2010). Acute multidimensional poverty: A new index for developing countries (OPHI Working Paper 38). Oxford: Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative.
Alkire, S., & Santos, M. E. (2013). Measuring acute poverty in the developing world: Robustness and scope of the multidimensional poverty index (OPHI Working Paper 59). Oxford: Oxford University.
Anderson, R. E. (2014). Human suffering and quality of life -conceptualizing stories and statistics. New York: Springer.
Baumeister, R. F., & Tice, D. M. (1990). Point-counterpoints: Anxiety and social exclusion. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 9(2), 165–195.
Berkman, L. F., & Glass, T. (2000). Social integration, social networks, social support, and health. In L. F. Berkman & I. Kawachi (Eds.), Social epidemiology (pp. 137–173). New York: Oxford University Press.
Biordi, D. L., & Nicholson, N. R. (2013). Social isolation. In I. M. A. L. Lubkin & P. D. Burlington (Eds.), Chronic illness: Impact and intervention. Boston: Jones and Bartlett.
Biswas-Diener, R., & Diener, E. (2001). Making the best of a bad situation: Satisfaction in the slums of Calcutta’. Social Indicators Research, 55(3), 329–352.
Biswas-Diener, R., & Diener, E. (2006). The subjective well-being of the homeless, and lessons for happiness. Social Indicators Research, 76, 185–205.
Brewer, M. B. (2005). The psychological impact of social isolation: Discussion and commentary. In K. D. Williams, J. P. Fogas, & W. Hippell (Eds.), The social outcast: Ostracism, social exclusion, rejection and bullying. New York/London: Taylor and Francis.
Cacioppo, J. T., & Patrick, W. (2008). Loneliness. New York/London: W.W. Norton & Company.
Cassidy, J., & Asher, S. (1992). Loneliness and peer relations in young children. Child Development, 63(2), 350–365.
Cole, S. W., Hawkley, L. C., Arevalo, J. M., Sung, C. Y., Rose, R. M., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2007). Social regulation of gene expression in human leukocytes. Genome Biology, 8(9), 189–189.
Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology, 94(Suppl. Organizations and Institutions: Sociological and Economic Approaches to the Analysis of Social Structure), 95–120.
de Jong Gierveld, J., & Van Tilburg, T. (2010). The De Jong Gierveld short scales for emotional and social loneliness: Tested on data from seven countries in the UN generations and gender surveys. European Journal of Ageing, 7(2), 121–130.
Easterly, W., Ritzen, J., & Woolcock, M. (2006). Social cohesion, institutions and growth. Economic and Politics, 18(2), 103–120.
Eisenberger, N. I., Lieberman, M., & Williams, K. D. (2003). Does rejection hurt? An fMRI study of social exclusion. Science, 302, 290–292.
Farmer, P. (2005). Pathologies of power: Health, human rights and the new war on the poor. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Fromm, E. (1942/2001). The fear of freedom. London/New York: Routledge.
Gonzalez de la Rocha, M. (2007). The construction of the myth of survival. Development and Change, 38(1), 45–66.
Grootaert, C. (1998). Social capital: The missing link? (Social capital initiative). Washington, DC: The World Bank.
Gustafsson, P. E., Janlert, U., Theorell, T., Westerlund, H., & Hammarström, A. (2012). Do peer relations in adolescence influence health in adulthood? Peer problems in the school setting and the metabolic syndrome in middle-age. PloS One, 7(6), e39385.
Hartling, L. M., & Luchetta, T. (1999). Humiliation: Assessing the impact of derision, degradation, and debasement. The Journal Primary Prevention, 19(4), 259–278.
Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2009). Loneliness. In H. R. S. Sprecher (Ed.), Encyclopedia of human relationships (pp. 985–990). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2010). Loneliness matters: A theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 40, 218–227.
Hawthorne, G. (2006). Measuring social isolation in older adults: Development and initial validation of the friendship scale. Indicators Research, 77, 521–548.
Helliwell, J. F., & Putnam, R. D. (2004). The social context of well-being. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 359(1449), 1435–1446.
Helliwell, J., Layard, R., & Sacks, J. (2012). World happiness report. New York: The Earth Institute, Colombia University.
Hortulanus, R., Machielse, A., & Meeuwesen, L. (2006). Social isolation in modern society. London/New York: Routledge.
House, J. S., Landis, K. R., & Umberson, D. (1988). Social relationships and health. Science, 241, 540–545.
Jackson, M. A. (1999). Distinguishing shame and humiliation. Doctoral dissertation, Department of Philosophy, University of Kentucky: Lexington, KY.
Leary, M. R. (1990). Responses to social exclusion: Social anxiety, jealousy, loneliness, depression, and low self-esteem. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 9(2), 221–229.
Lindner, E. G. (2007). ‘In times of globalization and human rights: Does humiliation become the most disruptive force?’, Journal of Human Dignity and Humiliation Studies, http://www.humiliationstudies.upeace.org/article.cfm
Lukes, S. (1997). Humiliation and politics of identity. Social Research, 64(1), 36–51.
MacDonald, G., & Leary, M. R. (2005). Why does social exclusion hurt? The relationship between social and physical pain. Psychological Bulletin, 131(2), 202–223.
Narayan, D., & Petesch, P. (2002). Voices of the poor: From many lands. New York: Oxford University Press for The World Bank.
Narayan, D., Chambers, R., Shah, M. K., & Petesch, P. (2000). Voices of the poor: Crying out for change. New York: Oxford University Press for the World Bank.
Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative. (2013). “Chad Country Briefing”, Multidimensional Poverty Index Databank. OPHI, University of Oxford. Available at http://www.ophi.org.uk/multidimensional-poverty-index/mpi-data-bank/mpi-country-briefings.
Perissinotto, C. M., Stijacic Cenzer, I., & Covinsky, K. E. (2012). Loneliness in older persons: A predictor of functional decline and death. Archives of Internal Medicine, 172(14), 1078–1084.
Putnam, R. (2000). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Russell, D. W. (1996). UCLA loneliness scale (version 3): Reliability, validity, and factor structure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 66(1), 20–40.
Sabini, J., & Silver, M. (1997). In defense of shame: Shame in the context of guilt and embarrassment. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 27(1), 1–15.
Schulz, R., Monin, J. K., Czaja, S. J., Lingler, J., Beach, S. R., Martire, L. M., Dodds, A., Hebert, R., Zdaniuk, B., & Cook, T. B. (2010). Measuring the experience and perception of suffering. The Gerontologist, 50(6), 774–784.
Sen, A. K. (1983). Poor, relatively speaking. Economic Papers, 35(2), 153–169.
Sen, A. K. (1985). A sociological approach to the measurement of poverty: A reply to Professor Peter Townsend. Economic Papers, 37(4), 669–676.
Sen, A. (2000). Social exclusion: Concept, application, and scrutiny (Social Development Papers Manila). Manila: Office of Environmental and Social Development. Asian Development Bank.
Stewart, F. (2001). ‘Horizontal inequalities: A neglected dimension of development’, paper given at WIDER 2001 Annual Development Lecture, 2001.
Stiglitz, J. E., Sen, A., & Fitoussi, J. P. (2009). Report by the commission on the measurement of economic performance and social progress. Paris: The Commission.
Stranahan, A. M., Khalil, D., & Gould, E. (2006). Social isolation delays the positive effects of running on adult neurogenesis. Nature Neuroscience, 9(4), 526–533.
Tangney, J. P. (2003). Shame and guilt. New York: The Guilford Press.
Westerlund, H., Gustafsson, P. E., Theorell, T., Janlert, U., & Hammarström, A. (2012). Social adversity in adolescence increases the physiological vulnerability to job strain in adulthood: A prospective population-based study. PloS One, 7(4), e35967.
White, S. C., Gaines, S. O., & Jha, S. (2012). Beyond subjective well-being: A critical review of the Stiglitz report approach to subjective perspectives on quality of life. Journal of International Development, 24, 763–776.
Wilson, R. S., Krueger, K. R., Arnold, S. E., Schneider, J. A., Kelly, J. F., Barnes, L. L., Tang, Y., & Bennett, D. A. (2007). Loneliness and risk of Alzheimer disease. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64, 234–240.
Woolcock, M. (1998). Social capital and economic development: Toward a theoretical synthesis and policy framework. Theory and Society, 27(2), 151–208.
Woolcock, M. (2001). The place of social capital in understanding social and economic outcomes. Canadian Journal of Policy Research, 2(1), 11–17.
World Bank Databank. http://data.worldbank.org/topic/poverty. Accessed 25 Feb 2014.
World-Health-Organization. (1993). WHOQOL Study Protocol. Geneva.
Zavaleta, D. (2007). The ability to go about without shame: A proposal for internationally comparable indicators of shame and humiliation. Oxford Development Studies, 35(4), 405–430.
Zavaleta, D., Samuel, K., & Mills, C. (2014). Social isolation: A conceptual and measurement proposal (OPHI Working Papers 67).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Mills, C., Zavaleta, D. (2015). Shame, Humiliation and Social Isolation: Missing Dimensions of Poverty and Suffering Analysis. In: Anderson, R. (eds) World Suffering and Quality of Life. Social Indicators Research Series, vol 56. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9670-5_19
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9670-5_19
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-017-9669-9
Online ISBN: 978-94-017-9670-5
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawSocial Sciences (R0)