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The Historical Development of X-ray Absorption Fine Spectroscopy and of Its Applications to Materials Science

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A Bridge between Conceptual Frameworks

Part of the book series: History of Mechanism and Machine Science ((HMMS,volume 27))

Abstract

This essay sketches the development of X-ray Absorption Fine Spectroscopy (XAFS) ever since the second half of the twentieth century. At that time, synchrotrons started competing with X-ray discharge tubes as the sources of the excitation able to show the pre- and near-edge structures (XANES) and extended oscillations (EXAFS) that characterize the X-ray absorption edge of solid matter. Actually, modern XAFS began to be used after 1975, when the hard-X-ray synchrotron radiation derived from storage rings took over. Ever since, XAFS have greatly contributed to both technical refinement and to theoretical development of Materials Science. Although a unified theory of X-ray fine absorption has not been reached yet, many XAFS advancements benefited from theoretical models and complex calculations made possible by continuous growth of computing power, while contributing to developing new or previously never used materials.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    This sentence is in the autobiography Röntgen wrote at the time of the Nobel award, later translated into English and published in the Nobel Lectures (1967).

  2. 2.

    As early as on February 3, 1896, at Dartmouth Medical School and Hospital, Hanover, NH, USA, the first photographic image of the fractured wrist of a boy was taken (Spiegel 1995, p. 242) and the injured bone could be appropriately compounded: first clinical application of X-rays in the whole world.

  3. 3.

    Eine Aneinanderreihung von Flecken, die verschiedenen Wellenlängen entsprechen (Herweg 1913, p 556); un véritable spectre de raies, ayant tout à fait l’aspect des photographies de spectre lumineux, avec des raies fines or diffuses, des bandes, etc. (de Broglie 1913, p 925).

  4. 4.

    For the study of the chemistry of catalysts and other non-crystalline systems this technique may have a role comparable to that of X-ray and electron diffraction in crystalline systems (Van Nostrand 1960, p. 184). Indeed, he was wrong only in that he did not foresee that the technique could be applied just as successfully to natural samples that are significant for the oil and mining industries, and more recently to such environmental problems such as pollution by dust and aerosols.

  5. 5.

    The same paper (Eisenberger et al. 1974) shows in addition the Cu XANES spectrum recorded on a Cu-porphyrin: this is the first spectrum of an organic molecule ever recorded.

  6. 6.

    To date, there are 67 synchrotron radiation facilities (www.lightsources.org/) in operation across the world, with around 152 beam lines optimized for XAFS measurements: 61 in the Americas, 54 in Europe and 37 in Asia (H. Oyanagi, personal communication).

  7. 7.

    This acronym is credited explicitly by him to J.A. Prins (Lytle 1999, p. 130).

  8. 8.

    Synchrotron radiation revolutioned the experimental side of EXAFS, making it accessible to non-experts and attracting the largest number of users at synchrotron sources (Stern 2001, p. 51). Unfortunately, over-interpretation, in particular over-estimation of the spatial resolution, is the negative outcome of EXAFS enormous growth among such inexperienced people (ivi).

  9. 9.

    This acronym was used first by Antonio Bianconi (April 1, 1944) in 1980 while working at SSRL, Menlo Park, USA. It was published by him two years later (Bianconi et al. 1982).

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Acknowledgments

Our attempt at sketching the development of XAS and at clarifying more extensively its transition to XAFS up to the present time is based on more than two decades of readings and discussions with many people, whom we thank greatly for contributing to our effort. Among them, we particularly thank Antonio Bianconi , Maurizio Benfatto , Jesús Chaboy Nalda, Giannantonio Cibin, Ivan Davoli, Rino Natoli, Hiroyuki Oyanagi, Eleonora Paris, Piero Pianetta, Trevor Anthony Tyson, and Ziyu Wu. Nevertheless, the responsibility for this historical account, which necessarily involves selection and evaluation of persons and works, lies entirely upon us. We certainly have missed some related important research papers, but both the capacity of our memory and the length allowed to this contribution have limitations. We sincerely apologize to all colleagues whose worthy papers we neglected to quote.

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  1. Department of Geosciences, University of Roma Tre, Roma, Italy

    Annibale Mottana

  2. Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Italy

    Augusto Marcelli

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  1. Annibale Mottana
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Correspondence to Annibale Mottana .

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  1. Department of Physics, Lille 1 University Science and Technology, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France

    Raffaele Pisano

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Mottana, A., Marcelli, A. (2015). The Historical Development of X-ray Absorption Fine Spectroscopy and of Its Applications to Materials Science. In: Pisano, R. (eds) A Bridge between Conceptual Frameworks. History of Mechanism and Machine Science, vol 27. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9645-3_15

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