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Epigenetic of Retinoic Acid Receptor β2 Gene in Breast Cancer

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Epigenetics Territory and Cancer

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Abstract

This chapter is aimed to focus on the multi-disciplinary nature of Retinoic acid receptor β2 (RARβ2) gene in breast cancer (BC) and highlighting the basic information as an evolutionay insight. The antiproliferative and proapoptotic capacities of Retinoids, derivatives of vitamin, play the crucial role in biological processes and chemopreventive agents against BC. Cause of the pyramid growth and progression in cancers has its roots in minor subpopulations of cancer stem cells. It is highlighted that in cancer stem cell model, the classical structure of tumorigenic and nontumorigenic cells is due to the native epigenetic diversity within the cancer cell populations. Altered expression of RARβ2 could lead to tumorigenesis and retinoid resistance. Hypermethylation of RARβ2 interact with ERα/PR/HER2 as a triangle target genes in BC patients. Different environmental factors are considered as predisposing/stimulator factors for methylation in ERα gene. Cancer family history as a preliminary risk factor, was inversely associated with the hypermethylated RARβ2.

Hypermethylation of specific involved genes in BC may lead to scilecing of those genes which have influential impact on carcinogenic and progressive processes. Moreover, diagnostic and therapeutic paradigms rely on the a bridging system between epigenetic profiling and clinical characteristics of cancer patients. Performance of multi-target strategy by considering pedigree based analysis and molecular/cellular genetics, subsequently, bridging plan will be translated to the clinc. In this chapter, it was aimed to ladder the main facts in molecular and cell biological paradigm about RARβ2 in BC which may lead to establish the more complementary prognostic based insights in direction of biomarker innovation, therapeutic strategy and more reliable clinical management for breast cancer patients.

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Abbreviations

AML:

Acute myelocytic leukemia

AOE:

Axolotl oocyte extracts

ATRA:

All-trans retinoic acid

AHPN or CD437:

-[3-(1-adamantyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]-2-naphthalene carboxylic acid

APC:

Adenomatous polyposis coli

BC:

Breast cancer

BRCA1:

Breast cancer susceptibility gene 1

CTAG1 and CTAG2:

Cancer testis antigen 1,2

CBS:

Cell based strategy

CCND2:

Cyclin D2

CCV:

Complementary/confirmative/validitative

CDK2:

Cyclin-dependent kinase 2

CDKN2A (p16INK4A):

Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A, multiple tumor suppressor 1

CDH1:

E-cadherin

CrbpI:

Cellular retinol binding protein I

CSCs:

Cancer stem cells

CST6:

Cystatin-6 gene

DR5:

Direct repeat five

DNMT3A:

DNA methyltransferase gene

ES:

Embryonic stem

EMT:

Epithelial to mesenchymal transition

Er:

Estrogen receptor

ES:

Embryonic stem

EMT:

Epithelial to mesenchymal transition

Er:

Estrogen receptor

ERP:

Epigenetic regulatory proteins

EZH2:

Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase/enhancer of zeste

FISH:

Fluorescence in situ hubridization

GSTP1:

Glutathione S-transferase P1

4-HPR:

N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide

HA:

Histone acetylation

HAT:

Histone acetyltransferases

HDAC:

Histone deacetylases

Her2:

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (ERBB2 or CD340)

HMEC:

Human mammary epithelial cell

HDAC:

Histone deacetylase

HM:

Histone methylation

HOXA PCDH BMI-1:

HOXA gene polycomb protein group homolog Bmi-1

H3K27me3:

Histone H3 lysine (K) 27

iPSCs:

Induced pluripotent stem cells

IDH:

Isocitrate dehydrogenase IDH2

IDH:

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

IF:

Immunofluoresence

IKK:

IkappaB kinase

LSD2:

Lysine-specific histone demethylases 1 (LSD1) and 2

LXN:

Regulator latexin

MINT:

Methylated-IN-tumor

MDS:

Mmyelodysplastic Myelodysplastic syndromes

MET:

Mesenchymal to epithelial transition EMT

MDS:

Myelodysplastic syndromes

Pr (Pgr):

Progestron receptor

NES1:

Normal epithelial cell-specific 1 or kallikrein 10

OncomiRs:

Oncogenic miRNAs PPP: Prognosis, prediction and prevention

PaC:

Pancreatic and

PC:

Prostate cancer

PRC:

Polycomb repressive complex

RA:

Retinoic acid receptors

RARRES1:

Retinoic acid receptor responder 1

RASSF1A:

RAS association domain family 1A

RARβ2:

Retinoic acid receptor-β2

RARs:

Retinoic acid receptors

RARg:

Retinoic acid receptor g

TSG:

Tumor suppressor gene

RXRs:

Retinoid X receptors

RARα:

Retinoic acid receptor Alfa

Rbp1:

Retinol-binding protein, type 1

RIG-I/DDX58:

Retinoic acid-inducible gene 1/DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp) Box polypeptide 58

SHR:

Steroid hormone receptors

SUZ12:

Suppressor of zeste 12 homolog

TSGS:

Transcriptional tumor suppressor genes silencing

TET2:

Tet Methylcytosine dioxygenase 2

TWIST:

Human basic helix-loop-helix DNA binding protein

TSG:

Tumor-suppressor gene

TNBC:

Triple negative breast cancer

TLR3:

Toll-like receptor 3

TYRP1:

Tyrosinase-related protein 1

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Mehdipour, P. (2015). Epigenetic of Retinoic Acid Receptor β2 Gene in Breast Cancer. In: Mehdipour, P. (eds) Epigenetics Territory and Cancer. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9639-2_11

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