Abstract
The analysis of a database composed of 166 cases of invertebrate and root trace fossils in paleosols allowed us to recognize four major evolutionary steps in the Phanerozoic evolution of paleosol ichnofaunas. Each step constitutes a revolution that is reflected in the appearance of a new ichnofacies. The emergence of the first vascular plants during the late Silurian–Early Devonian produced the most significant change in soil evolution, the appearance of rooted Histosols, Spodosols, Alfisols, Ultisols, and forest Oxisols through the Devonian and Carboniferous. The first revolution, then, occurred in the Early Devonian with these first paleosols that exhibit ichnoassemblages composed of rhizoliths. Paleosols bearing only rhizoliths constitute half of the cases in the Paleozoic and are recorded through the whole Phanerozoic. These cases may compose an archetypal ichnofacies termed the Rhizolith Ichnofacies. The Rhizolith Ichnofacies would be indicative of subaerial exposure and depending on needed studies on root morphology, probably would yield more precise and significative data on paleoenvironment and vegetation in the near future. Other cases of Paleozoic ichnoassemblages can be included in the Scoyenia Ichnofacies. The second revolution took place after the end-Permian mass extinction. It is characterized by the appearance of trace fossil assemblages that include or are dominated by earthworm and crayfish trace fossils. These ichnoassemblages are grouped in a new archetypal ichnofacies, the Camborygma Ichnofacies. The second revolution was followed by stasis that ended during the Cretaceous, when the third revolution occurred. By that time, the appearance and diversification of flowering plants triggered the diversification of groups of soil-inhabiting insects, such as ants, termites, bees, wasps, and certain beetles, which were capable of constructing linings and free-standing walls for their chambers and nests that consequently acquired a high potential of preservation. By the Late Cretaceous, the first recognizable insect trace fossils in paleosols appear as isolated examples, integrating the Camborygma Ichnofacies, or composing a new one: the Celliforma Ichnofacies. The fourth and most diverse revolution took place in the Middle Eocene, with the advent of grass-dominated habitats during the long-term cooling-drying period after the EECO, and the full establishment of all groups of modern insects, including the ball-making dung beetles. The spread of grasses produced the last step in soil evolution, that is, the appearance of soils with fine granular peds that derived in Mollisols. Traces of cicadas, dung beetles, bees, sphinx moths, ants, termites, cleptoparasites, and detritivores appear or diversify during this revolution composing the Coprinisphaera Ichnofacies. By the Oligocene, in closed-forest environments, the first assemblage dominated by termite trace fossils is recorded, composing the Termitichnus Ichnofacies. This last revolution is followed during the Neogene by a stasis only interrupted by the occasional appearance of new trace fossils from the same groups of insects.
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Acknowledgements
We thank Conrad Labandeira and Nicholas Minter for improving the original manuscript, and Gabriela Mángano and Luis Buatois for fruitful comments and also for inviting us to contribute to this book. The present research was supported by grant PICT 07/1972 and 2012/022 of the FONCYT of Argentina to J.F.G.
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Genise, J.F., Bedatou, E., Bellosi, E.S., Sarzetti, L.C., Sánchez, M.V., Krause, J.M. (2016). The Phanerozoic Four Revolutions and Evolution of Paleosol Ichnofacies. In: Mángano, M., Buatois, L. (eds) The Trace-Fossil Record of Major Evolutionary Events. Topics in Geobiology, vol 40. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9597-5_6
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