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The End-Cretaceous Extinction and Ecosystem Change

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The Trace-Fossil Record of Major Evolutionary Events

Part of the book series: Topics in Geobiology ((TGBI,volume 40))

Abstract

Examination of fossil plant–insect associations in the continental realm and trace fossils in the marine realm provide considerable data for understanding organismic response to major ecological crises, such as the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K-Pg) event. For the continental realm, terrestrial data from the Williston Basin of North Dakota records plant–insect interactions representing 183 m of strata, 2.2 million years, 106 distinctive stratigraphic levels, 143 localities (floras), and 13,441 specimens that were collected, analyzed, and interpreted. Williston data indicate a major ecological restructuring of plant–insect interactions after the K-Pg event. There was general continuity of generalized interactions but a major decline in host-specialized feeding diversity and abundance across the K-Pg boundary, with recovery occurring ca. 107 years later. These results were not captured in earlier diversity studies of insect body fossils.

In the marine realm, four intensively documented stratigraphic sections representing open-water shelf habitats were examined from the K-Pg boundary interval of Spain and France. Substrate–ichnofossil relationships were assessed to document the extent and timing of tracemaker colonization of macrobenthic environments immediately after the K-Pg event. The results indicate a modest effect of the K-Pg event on macrobenthic trace-making organisms and minor effects in the environment-wide disruption of habitats inhabited by deposit-feeders. A quick recovery is manifested by the record of iron oxide spherules in Thalassinoides burrow infillings, by the highly bioturbated fabric of the K-Pg boundary layer, and by multiple substrate colonization events immediately after the crisis. This rapid recovery is associated with an almost instantaneous return on the order of 102–103 years to pre-impact environmental conditions.

From both studies we identify eight benefits of using ichnologic approaches. Methodological, empirical, and theoretical advances include: (1) application of previously unused methods to quantify ichnologic data; (2) assembly of new matrices with abundant, and rich data; (3) access to novel ecological data, particularly associational and behavioral data; and (4) because of developments 1–3, generation of new paleoecological hypotheses. More phenomenologically based accomplishments are: (5) use of both the preserved and nonpreserved aspects of the fossil record to infer patterns of colonization and recovery; (6) generation of ichnologic data with increased biostratigraphic resolution; (7) capture of ichnologically reworked sediments to provide important, highly resolved data to address catastrophic vs. gradualistic responses accompanying the K-Pg event; and (8) employing effects of the K-Pg event to better understand organismic response to major, future ecologic transformation.

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Acknowledgments

We extend our gratitude to Gabriela Mángano and Luis Buatois for inviting us to provide this contribution to the volume. Reviewers Karen Chin and Charles Savrda provided critical remarks that improved the paper. We thank Finnegan Marsh for producing Figs. 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, and 12.4. Research by Rodríguez-Tovar was carried out with financial support of the Research Projects CGL2008-03007, and CGL2012-33281 (Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad), P08-RNM-03715 and the Research Group RNM-178 (Junta de Andalucía). A. Uchman received additional support from the Jagiellonian University (DS funds). This is contribution 260 of the Evolution of Terrestrial Ecosystems consortium at the National Museum of Natural History, in Washington, D.C.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Paleobiology, MRC-121, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC, 200013-7012, USA

    Conrad C. Labandeira

  2. Department of Geology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa

    Conrad C. Labandeira

  3. Department of Entomology and BEES Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 21740, USA

    Conrad C. Labandeira

  4. College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China

    Conrad C. Labandeira

  5. Department of Stratigraphy and Paleontology, University of Granada, Granada, 18007, Spain

    Francisco J. Rodríguez-Tovar

  6. Institute of Geological Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, 30-063, Poland

    Alfred Uchman

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  3. Alfred Uchman
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Correspondence to Conrad C. Labandeira .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada

    M. Gabriela Mángano

  2. Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada

    Luis A. Buatois

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Labandeira, C.C., Rodríguez-Tovar, F.J., Uchman, A. (2016). The End-Cretaceous Extinction and Ecosystem Change. In: Mángano, M., Buatois, L. (eds) The Trace-Fossil Record of Major Evolutionary Events. Topics in Geobiology, vol 40. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9597-5_5

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