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The Influence of Hydrology on Lacustrine Sediment Contaminant Records

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Environmental Contaminants

Part of the book series: Developments in Paleoenvironmental Research ((DPER,volume 18))

Abstract

The way water flows to a lake, through streams, as runoff, or as groundwater, can control the distribution and mass of sediment and contaminants deposited. Whether a lake is large or small, deep or shallow, open or closed, the movement of water to a lake and the circulation patterns of water within a lake control how and where sediment and contaminants are deposited. Particle-associated contaminants may stay close to the input source of contamination or be transported by currents to bathymetric lows. A complex morphology of the lake bottom or shoreline can also affect how contaminants will be distributed. Dissolved contaminants may be widely dispersed in smaller lakes, but may be diluted in large lakes away from the source. Although dissolved contaminants may not be deposited in lake sediments, the impact of dissolved contaminants (such as nitrogen) may be reflected by the ecosystem. For instance, increased phosphorus and nitrogen may increase organic content or algal biomass, and contribute to eutrophication of the lake over time. Changes in oxidation-reduction potential at the sediment-water interface may either release some contaminants to the water column or conversely deposit other contaminants to the sediment depending on the compound’s chemical characteristics. Changes in land use generally affect the hydrology of the watershed surrounding a lake, providing more runoff if soil binding vegetation is removed or if more impervious cover (roads and buildings) is increased. Groundwater inputs may change if pumping of the aquifer connected to the lake occurs. Even if groundwater is only a small portion of the volume of water entering a lake, if contaminant concentrations in the aquifer are high compared to surface water inputs, the mass of contaminants from groundwater may be as, or more, important than surface water contributions.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    No attempt is made to quantify the terms large, deep, small or shallow lakes. This is because the degree to which a hydrologic process is important will vary depending on the combination of these measures of size.

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Acknowledgements

This manuscript was approved for publication by the U.S. Geological Survey. The use of brand names is for information purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the author or the U.S. Geological Survey. The author would like to thank Bill Gibbs, USGS, for drafting Figs. 1 and 2. U.S. Geological Survey reviewers Kyle Juracek and Josh Koch, an anonymous colleague reviewer, and editorial reviews by Jules Blais and John Smol provided excellent comments that improved the manuscript considerably.

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  1. U.S. Geological Survey, 2730 North Deer Run Road, 89701, Carson City, NV, USA

    Michael R. Rosen

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Correspondence to Michael R. Rosen .

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  1. Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

    Jules M. Blais

  2. US Geological Survey, Carson City, Nevada, USA

    Michael R. Rosen

  3. Paleoecological Environmental Assessment & Research Lab. (PEARL), Queen's University Dept. Biology, Kingston, Ontario, Canada

    John P. Smol

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Rosen, M. (2015). The Influence of Hydrology on Lacustrine Sediment Contaminant Records. In: Blais, J., Rosen, M., Smol, J. (eds) Environmental Contaminants. Developments in Paleoenvironmental Research, vol 18. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9541-8_2

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