Abstract
Allium cepa L.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Selected References
Abdou IA, Abou-Zeid AA, El-Sherbeeny MR, Abou-El-Gheat ZH (1972) Antimicrobial activities of Allium sativum, Allium cepa, Raphanus sativus, Capsicum frutescens, Eruca sativa, Allium kurrat on bacteria. Qual Plant Mat Veg 22(1):29–35
Aboelhadid SM, Kamel AA, Arafa WM, Shokier KA (2013) Effect of Allium sativum and Allium cepa oils on different stages of Boophilus annulatus. Parasitol Res 112(5):1883–1890
Abu El Ezz NM (2005) Effect of Nigella sativa and Allium cepa oils on Trichinella spiralis in experimentally infected rats. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 35(2):511–523
Adhami VM, Syed DN, Khan N, Mukhtar H (2012) Dietary flavonoid fisetin: a novel dual inhibitor of PI3K/Akt and mTOR for prostate cancer management. Biochem Pharmacol 84(10):1277–1281
Albishi T, John JA, Al-Khalifa AS, Shahidi F (2013) Antioxidative phenolic constituents of skins of onion varieties and their activities. J Funct Foods 5(3):1191–1203
Albrand M, Dubois P, Etievant P, Gelin R, Tokarska B (1980) Identification of a new volatile compound in onion (Allium cepa) and leek (Allium porum): 3, 4-dimethyl-2, 5-dioxo-2, 5-dihydrothiophene. J Agric Food Chem 28(5):1037–1038
Ali M, Bordia T, Mustafa T (1999) Effect of raw versus boiled aqueous extract of garlic and onion on platelet aggregation. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fat Acids 60(1):43–47
Ali M, Thomson M, Afzal M (2000) Garlic and onions: their effect on eicosanoid metabolism and its clinical relevance. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fat Acids 62(2):55–73
Allardice P (1993) A- Z of companion planting. Angus & Robertson, London, 208 pp
Allouh MZ, Daradka HM, Al Barbarawi MM, Mustafa AG (2014) Fresh onion juice enhanced copulatory behavior in male rats with and without paroxetine-induced sexual dysfunction. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 239(2):177–182
Al-Nagdy SA, Abdel Rahman MO, Heiba HI (1986) Extraction and identification of different prostaglandins in Allium cepa. Comp Biochem Physiol C 85(1):163–166
Alpsoy S, Aktas C, Uygur R, Topcu B, Kanter M, Erboga M, Karakaya O, Gedikbasi A (2013a) Antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects of onion (Allium cepa) extract on doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. J Appl Toxicol 33(3):202–208
Alpsoy S, Uygur R, Aktas C, Topcu B, Kanter M, Erboga M, Karakaya O, Gedikbasi A (2013b) The effects of onion (Allium cepa) extract on doxorubicin-induced apoptosis in aortic endothelial cells. J Appl Toxicol 33(5):364–369
Alpsoy S, Kanter M, Aktas C, Erboga M, Akyuz A, Akkoyun DC, Oran M (2014) Protective effects of onion extract on cadmium-induced oxidative stress, histological damage, and apoptosis in rat heart. Biol Trace Elem Res 159:297–303
Antonious GF (2013) 2-undecanone and 2-tridecanone in field-grown onion. J Environ Sci Health B 48(4):302–307
Aoyagi M, Kamoi T, Kato M, Sasako H, Tsuge N, Imai S (2011) Structure and bioactivity of thiosulfinates resulting from suppression of lachrymatory factor synthase in onion. J Agric Food Chem 59(20):10893–10900
Arena A, Cislaghi C, Falagiani P (2000) Anaphylactic reaction to the ingestion of raw onion. A case report. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 28(5):287–289
Arnault I, Auger J (2006) Seleno-compounds in garlic and onion. J Chromatogr A 1112(1–2):23–30
Arung ET, Furuta S, Ishikawa H, Tanaka H, Shimizu K, Kondo R (2011a) Melanin biosynthesis inhibitory and antioxidant activities of quercetin-3′-O-beta-D-glucoside isolated from Allium cepa. Z Naturforsch C 66(5–6):209–214
Arung ET, Wijaya Kusuma I, Shimizu K, Kondo R (2011b) Tyrosinase inhibitory effect of quercetin 4′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside from dried skin of red onion (Allium cepa). Nat Prod Res 25(3):256–263
Asero R, Mistrello G, Roncarolo D, Amato S (2001) A case of onion allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 108(2):309–310
Attrep KA, Mariani JM Jr, Attrep M Jr (1973) Search for prostaglandin A1 in onion. Lipids 8(8):484–486
Auger J, Yang W, Arnault I, Pannier F, Potin-Gautier M (2004) High-performance liquid chromatographic-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric evidence for Se-“alliins” in garlic and onion grown in Se-rich soil. J Chromatogr A 1032(1–2):103–107
Augusti KT (1996) Therapeutic values of onion (Allium cepa L.) and garlic (Allium sativum L). Indian J Exp Biol 34(7):634–640
Augusti KT, Arathy SL, Asha R, Ramakrishanan J, Zaira J, Lekha V, Smitha S, Vijayasree VM (2001) A comparative study on the beneficial effects of garlic (Allium sativum Linn), amla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn) and onion (Allium cepa Linn) on the hyperlipidemia induced by butter fat and beef fat in rats. Indian J Exp Biol 39(8):760–766
Aziz AA, Edwards CA, Lean ME, Crozier A (1998) Absorption and excretion of conjugated flavonols, including quercetin-4′-O-beta-glucoside and isorhamnetin-4′-O-beta-glucoside by human volunteers after the consumption of onions. Free Radic Res 29(3):257–269
Babu PS, Srinivasan K (1997) Influence of dietary capsaicin and onion on the metabolic abnormalities associated with streptozotocin induced diabetes mellitus. Mol Cell Biochem 175(1–2):49–57
Bacon JSD (1957) The water soluble carbohydrates of onion, Allium cepa L. Biochem J Suppl 67:5–6
Bacon JSD (1959) The trisaccharide fraction of some monocotyledons. Biochem J 73:507–514
Bacon JR, Moates GK, Ng A, Rhodes MJC, Smith AC, Waldron KW (1999) Quantitative analysis of flavour precursors and pyruvate levels in different tissues and cultivars of onion (Allium cepa). Food Chem 64(2):257–261
Bajaj KL, Kaur G, Singh J, Gill SPS (1980) Chemical evaluation of some important varieties of onion (Allium cepa L.). Plant Food Hum Nutr 30(2):117–122
Bakhshaeshi M, Khaki A, Fathiazad F, Khaki AA, Ghadamkheir E (2012) Anti-oxidative role of quercetin derived from Allium cepa on aldehyde oxidase (OX-LDL) and hepatocytes apoptosis in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2(7):528–531
Bakht J, Khan S, Shafi M (2014) In vitro antimicrobial activity of Allium cepa (dry bulbs) against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria and fungi. Pak J Pharm Sci 27(1):139–145
Ban JO, Hwang IG, Kim TM, Hwang BY, Lee US, Jeong HS, Yoon YW, Kimz DJ, Hong JT (2007) Anti-proliferate and pro-apoptotic effects of 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyranone through inactivation of NF-kappaB in human colon cancer cells. Arch Pharm Res 30(11):1455–1463
Bang MA, Kim HA, Cho YJ (2009) Alterations in the blood glucose, serum lipids and renal oxidative stress in diabetic rats by supplementation of onion (Allium cepa. Linn). Nutr Res Pract 3(3):242–246
Bayer T, Breu W, Seligmann O, Wray V, Wagner H (1989) Biologically active thiosulphinates and α-sulphinyldisulphides from Allium cepa. Phytochemistry 28(9):2373–2377
Belman S (1983) Onion and garlic oils inhibit tumor promotion. Carcinogenesis 4(8):1063–1065
Benítez V, Mollá E, Martín-Cabrejas MA, Aguilera Y, López-Andréu FJ, Cools K, Terry LA, Esteban RM (2011) Characterization of industrial onion wastes (Allium cepa L.): dietary fibre and bioactive compounds. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 66(1):48–57
Benkeblia N (2004) Antimicrobial activity of essential oil extracts of various onions (Allium cepa) and garlic (Allium sativum). LWT Food Sci Technol 37(2):263–268
Benkeblia N, Onodera S, Yoshihira T, Kosaka S, Shiomi N (2004) Effect of temperature on soluble invertase activity, and glucose, fructose and sucrose status of onion bulbs (Allium cepa) in store. Int J Food Sci Nutr 55(4):325–331
Benkeblia N, Onodera S, Shiomi N (2005) Variation in 1-fructo-exohydrolase (1-FEH) and 1-kestose-hydrolysing (1-KH) activities and fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) status in onion bulbs. Influence of temperature and storage time. J Sci Food Agric 85(2):227–234
Benmalek Y, Yahia OA, Belkebir A, Fardeau ML (2013) Anti-microbial and anti-oxidant activities of Illicium verum, Crataegus oxyacantha ssp. monogyna and Allium cepa red and white varieties. Bioengineered 4(4):244–248
Bernhard RA (1968) Comparative distribution of volatile aliphatic disulfides derived from fresh and dehydrated onions. J Food Sci 33:298–304
Bernhard RA (1969) The sulfur components of Allium species as flavoring matter. Plant Food Hum Nutr 18(1):72–84
Bhandari PR (1970) Detection of kämpferol in onion peels (Allium cepa Linn.). Naturwissenschaften 53(3):82–83 (In German)
Bhanot A, Shri R (2010) A comparative profile of methanol extracts of Allium cepa and Allium sativum in diabetic neuropathy in mice. Pharmacogn Res 2(6):374–384
Bianchini F, Vainio H (2001) Allium vegetables and organosulfur compounds: do they help prevent cancer? Environ Health Perspect 109:893–902
Block E (1992) The organosulfur chemistry of the genus Allium – implications for the organic-chemistry of sulfur. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 31:1135–1178
Block E, Naganathan S, Putman D, Zhao SH (1992) Allium chemistry: HPLC analysis of thiosulfinates from onion, garlic, wild garlic (ramosoms), leek, scallion, shallot, elephant (great-headed) garlic, chive, and Chinese chive. Uniquely high allyl to methyl rations in some garlic samples. J Agric Food Chem 40:2418–2430
Boelens M, De Valois PJ, Wobben HJ, Van der Gen A (1971) Volatile flavor compounds from onion. J Agric Food Chem 19(5):984–991
Bonaccorsi P, Caristi C, Gargiulli C, Leuzzi U (2005) Flavonol glucoside profile of southern Italian red onion (Allium cepa L.). J Agric Food Chem 53(7):2733–2740
Bordia T, Mohammed N, Thomson M, Ali M (1996) An evaluation of garlic and onion as antithrombotic agents. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fat Acids 54(3):183–186
Borjihan B, Ogita A, Fujita K, Doe M, Tanaka T (2010) The cyclic organosulfur compound zwiebelane A from onion (Allium cepa) functions as an enhancer of polymyxin B in fungal vacuole disruption. Planta Med 76(16):1864–1866
Bose S, Shirivastava AN (1961) Soluble carbohydrates from onion (Allium cepa L.). Sci Cult 27:253
Boyer J, Brown D, Liu RH (2004) Uptake of quercetin and quercetin 3-glucoside from whole onion and apple peel extracts by Caco-2 cell monolayers. J Agric Food Chem 52(23):7172–7179
Boyle SP, Dobson VL, Duthie SJ, Kyle JA, Collins AR (2000) Absorption and DNA protective effects of flavonoid glycosides from an onion meal. Eur J Nutr 39(5):213–223
Brandwein BJ (1965) The pigments in three cultivars of the common onion (Allium cepa). J Food Sci 30:680–685
Brankovic S, Radenkovic M, KiticD VS, Ivetic V, Pavlovic D, Miladinovic B (2011) Comparison of the hypotensive and bradycardic activity of ginkgo, garlic, and onion extracts. Clin Exp Hypertens 33(2):95–99
Brewster JL (1994) Onions and other vegetable alliums. CAB International, Wallingford, 236 pp
Briggs WH, Folts JD, Osman HE, Goldman IL (2001) Administration of raw onion inhibits platelet-mediated thrombosis in dogs. J Nutr 131(10):2619–2622
Brodnitz MH, Pascale JV (1971) Thiopropanal S-oxide: a lachrymatory factor in onions. J Agric Food Chem 19(2):269–272
Brodnitz MH, Pollock CL, Vallon PP (1969) Flavor components of onion oil. J Agric Food Chem 17(4):760–763
Campanati A, Savelli A, Sandroni L, Marconi B, Giuliano A, Giuliodori K, Ganzetti G, Offidani A (2010) Effect of Allium cepa-allantoin-pentaglycan gel on skin hypertrophic scars: clinical and video-capillaroscopic results of an open-label, controlled, nonrandomized clinical trial. Dermatol Surg 36(9):1439–1444
Campos KE, Diniz YS, Cataneo AC, Faine LA, Alves MJ, Novelli EL (2003) Hypoglycaemic and antioxidant effects of onion, Allium cepa: dietary onion addition, antioxidant activity and hypoglycaemic effects on diabetic rats. Int J Food Sci Nutr 54(3):241–246
Carson JF, Wong FF (1961a) Isolation of (+) S-methyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide and of (+) Sn-propyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide from onions as their N-2, 4-dinitrophenyl derivatives. J Org Chem 26(12):4997–5000
Carson JF, Wong FF (1961b) Onion flavor and odor, the volatile flavor components of onions. J Agric Food Chem 9(2):140–143
Castro M (1996) Complete homeopathy handbook. Pan Macmillan, Bolton, 544 pp
Cavagnaro PF, Galmarini CR (2012) Effect of processing and cooking conditions on onion (Allium cepa L.) induced antiplatelet activity and thiosulfinate content. J Agric Food Chem 60(35):8731–8737
Chae JI, Cho JH, Lee KA, Choi NJ, Seo KS, Kim SB, Lee SH, Shim JH (2012) Role of transcription factor Sp1 in the quercetin-mediated inhibitory effect on human malignant pleural mesothelioma. Int J Mol Med 30(4):835–841
Challier B, Perarnau JM, Viel JF (1998) Garlic, onion and cereal fibre as protective factors for breast cancer: a French case-control study. Eur J Epidemiol 14(8):737–747
Chevallier A (1996) The encyclopedia of medicinal plants. Dorling Kindersley, London, 336 pp
Chiej R (1984) Encyclopaedia of medicinal plants. MacDonald, Edinburgh, 447 pp
Cho JW, Cho SY, Lee SR, Lee KS (2010) Onion extract and quercetin induce matrix metalloproteinase-1 in vitro and in vivo. Int J Mol Med 25(3):347–352
Choi EY, Cho YO (2006) Allium vegetable diet can reduce the exercise-induced oxidative stress but does not alter plasma cholesterol profile in rats. Ann Nutr Metab 50(2):132–138
Chung VQ, Kelley L, Marra D, Jiang SB (2006) Onion extract gel versus petrolatum emollient on new surgical scars: prospective double-blinded study. Dermatol Surg 32(2):193–197
Ciska M, Masuda K, Díaz M, de la Espina S (2013) Lamin-like analogues in plants: the characterization of NMCP1 in Allium cepa. J Exp Bot 64(6):1553–1564
Coley-Smith JR (1986) A comparison of flavor and odor compounds of onion, leek and garlic and Allium fistulosum in relation to germination of sclerotia of Sclerotium cepivorum. Plant Pathol 35:370–376
Colina-Coca C, González-Peña D, Vega E, de Ancos B, Sánchez-Moreno C (2013) Novel approach for the determination of volatile compounds in processed onion by headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS GC-MS). Talanta 103:137–144
Colina-Coca C, Ancos B, Sánchez-Moreno C (2014) Nutritional composition of processed onion: s-alk(en)yl-l-cysteine sulfoxides, organic acids, sugars, minerals, and vitamin C. Foods Bioprocess Technol 7(1):289–298
Corea G, Fattorusso E, Lanzotti V, Capasso R, Izzo AA (2005) Antispasmodic saponins from bulbs of red onion. Allium cepa L. var. Tropea. J Agric Food Chem 53(4):935–940
Corzo-Martínez M, Corzo N, Villamiel M (2007) Biological properties of onions and garlic. Trends Food Sci Technol 18(12):609–625
Cruz JR, Díaz M, de la Espina S (2009) Subnuclear compartmentalization and function of actin and nuclear myosin I in plants. Chromosoma 118(2):193–207
Cui P, Díaz M, de la Espina S (2003) Sm and U2B” proteins redistribute to different nuclear domains in dormant and proliferating onion cells. Planta 217(1):21–31
Dan H, Du WT, Fan XJ (2011) Study of flavonoids extracted from onion on the blood-brain barrier permeation and neuroprotective effects. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 31(12):1674–1679 (In Chinese)
Dankert J, Tromp TF, de Vries H, Klasen HJ (1979) Antimicrobial activity of crude juices of Allium ascalonicum, Allium cepa and Allium sativum. Zentralbl Bakteriol Orig A 245(1–2):229–239
Darbyshire B, Henry RJ (1978) The distribution of fructans in onions. New Phytol 81(1):29–34
Darbyshire B, Henry RJ (1981) Differences in fructan content and synthesis in some Allium species. New Phytol 87:249–256
Day AJ, Mellon F, Barron D, Sarrazin G, Morgan MR, Williamson G (2001) Human metabolism of dietary flavonoids: identification of plasma metabolites of quercetin. Free Radic Res 35(6):941–952
De Miniac M (1970) Application de la chromatographic en phase gazeuse à l’étude des glucides du bulbe d’oignon (Allium cepa L.) var. jaune paille des certus. C R Acad Sci Paris D 270(12):1583
de Pascual-Teresa S, Johnston KL, DuPont MS, O’Leary KA, Needs PW, Morgan LM, Clifford MN, Bao Y, Williamson G (2004) Quercetin metabolites downregulate cyclooxygenase-2 transcription in human lymphocytes ex vivo but not in vivo. J Nutr 134(3):552–557
Deshimaru M, Watanabe A, Suematsu K, Hatano M, Terada S (2003) Purification, amino acid sequence, and cDNA cloning of trypsin inhibitors from onion (Allium cepa L.) bulbs. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 67(8):1653–1659
Dini I, Tenore GC, Dini A (2008) S-alkenyl cysteine sulfoxide and its antioxidant properties from Allium cepa var. tropeana (red onion) seeds. J Nat Prod 71(12):2036–2037
Dion ME, Agler M, Milner JA (1997) S-allyl cysteine inhibits nitrosomorpholine formation and bioactivation. Nutr Cancer 28(1):1–6
Donner H, Gao L, Mazza G (1997) Separation and characterization of simple and malonylated anthocyanins in red onions, Allium cepa L. Food Res Int 30(8):637–643
Dorant E, van den Brandt PA, Goldbohm RA (1996a) A prospective cohort study on the relationship between onion and leek consumption, garlic supplement use and the risk of colorectal carcinoma in The Netherlands. Carcinogenesis 17(3):477–484
Dorant E, van den Brandt PA, Goldbohm RA, Sturmans F (1996b) Consumption of onions and a reduced risk of stomach carcinoma. Gastroenterology 110(1):12–20
Dorsch W, Weber J (1984) Prevention of allergen-induced bronchial obstruction in sensitized guinea pigs by crude alcoholic onion extract. Agents Actions 14(5–6):626–629
Dorsch W, Ettl M, Hein G, Scheftner P, Weber J, Bayer T, Wagner H (1987) Antiasthmatic effects of onions. Inhibition of platelet-activating factor-induced bronchial obstruction by onion oils. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 82(3–4):535–536
Dorsch W, Wagner H, Bayer T, Fessler B, Hein G, Ring J, Scheftner P, Sieber W, Strasser T, Weiss E (1988) Anti-asthmatic effects of onions: Alk (en) ylsulfinothioic acid alk (en) yl-esters inhibit histamine release, leukotriene and thromboxane biosynthesis in vitro and counteract paf and allergen-induced bronchial obstruction in vivo. Biochem Pharmacol 37(23):4479–4486
Dorsch W, Scharff J, Bayer T, Wagner H (1989) Antiasthmatic effects of onions. Prevention of platelet-activating factor induced bronchial hyperreactivity to histamine in guinea pigs by diphenylthiosulfinate. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 88(1–2):228–230
Dorsch W, Schneider E, Bayer T, Breu W, Wagner H (1990) Anti-inflammatory effects of onions: inhibition of chemotaxis of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes by thiosulfinates and cepaenes. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 92:39–42
Downes K, Terry LA (2010) A new acetonitrile-free mobile phase method for LC-ELSD quantification of fructooligosaccharides in onion (Allium cepa L.). Talanta 82(1):118–124
Draelos ZD (2008) The ability of onion extract gel to improve the cosmetic appearance of postsurgical scars. J Cosmet Dermatol 7(2):101–104
Du CT, Wang PL, Francis FJ (1974) Cyanidin‐3‐laminariobioside in Spanish red onion (Allium cepa. L.). J Food Sci 39(6):1265–1266
Duangjit J, Welsh K, Wise ML, Bohanec B, Havey MJ (2014) Genetic analyses of anthocyanin concentrations and intensity of red bulb color among segregating haploid progenies of onion. Mol Breed 34:75–85
Eady CC, Kamoi T, Kato M, Porter NG, Davis S, Shaw M, Kamoi A, Imai S (2008) Silencing onion lachrymatory factor synthase causes a significant change in the sulfur secondary metabolite profile. Plant Physiol 147(4):2096–2106
Ebrahimi-Mamaghani M, Saghafi-Asl M, Pirouzpanah S, Asghari-Jafarabadi M (2014) Effects of raw red onion consumption on metabolic features in overweight or obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized controlled clinical trial. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 40(4):1067–1076
Edwards ML, Kerkut GA, Munday KA, Leach K (1961) Effect of temperature on the concentration of free radicals in melanins from Allium cepa. Nature 190:1005–1006
Edwards RL, Lyon T, Litwin SE, Rabovsky A, Symons JD, Jalili T (2007) Quercetin reduces blood pressure in hypertensive subjects. J Nutr 137(11):2405–2411
El-Aasr M, Fujiwara Y, Takeya M, Ikeda T, Tsukamoto S, Ono M, Nakano D, Okawa M, Kinjo J, Yoshimitsu H, Nohara T (2010) Onionin A from Allium cepa inhibits macrophage activation. J Nat Prod 73(7):1306–1308
El-Demerdash FM, Yousef MI, El-Naga NIA (2005) Biochemical study on the hypoglycemic effects of onion and garlic in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Food Chem Toxicol 43(1):57–63
Elberry AA, Mufti S, Al-Maghrabi J, Adel Sattar E, Ghareib SA, Mosli HA, Gabr SA (2014) Immunomodulatory effect of red onion (Allium cepa Linn) scale extract on experimentally induced atypical prostatic hyperplasia in Wistar rats. Mediat Inflamm 2014, 640746
Elnima EI, Ahmed SA, Mekkawi AG, Mossa JS (1983) The antimicrobial activity of garlic and onion extracts. Pharmazie 38(11):747–748
FAO (2013) FAOSTAT. Food and Agricultural Organization of United Nations: Economic and Social Department: the Statistical Division. http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567#ancor
Farkas P, Hradský P, Kovác M (1992) Novel flavour components identified in the steam distillate of onion (Allium cepa L.). Z Lebensm Unters Forsch 195(5):459–462
Ferary S, Thibout E, Auger J (1996) Direct analysis of odors emitted by freshly cut Allium using combined high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 10:1327–1332
Ferreres F, Gil MI, Tomás-Barberán FA (1996) Anthocyanins and flavonoids from shredded red onion and changes during storage in perforated films. Food Res Int 29(3):389–395
Fossen T, Andersen ØM (2003) Anthocyanins from red onion, Allium cepa, with novel aglycone. Phytochemistry 62(8):1217–1220
Fossen T, Andersen ØM, Øvstedal DO, Pedersen AT, Raknes Å (1996) Characteristic anthocyanin pattern from onions and other Allium spp. J Food Sci 61(4):703–706
Fossen T, Pedersen AT, Andersen OM (1998) Flavonoids from red onion (Allium cepa). Phytochemistry 47:281–285
Fossen T, Slimestad R, Andersen ØM (2003) Anthocyanins with 4′-glucosidation from red onion, Allium cepa. Phytochemistry 64(8):1367–1374
Freeman GG, Whenham RJ (1975) A rapid spectrophotometric method of determination of thiopropanal S‐oxide (lachrymator) in onion (Allium cepa L.) and its significance in flavour studies. J Sci Food Agric 26(10):1529–1543
Fritsch RM, Friesen N (2002) 1 Evolution, domestication and taxonomy. In: Rabinowitch HD, Currah L (eds) Allium crop science: recent advances. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, pp 5–30
Fritsch RM, Keusgen M (2006) Occurrence and taxonomic significance of cysteine sulphoxides in the genus Allium L. (Alliaceae). Phytochemistry 67:1127–1135
Fujishima M, Sakai H, Ueno K, Takahashi N, Onodera S, Benkeblia N, Shiomi N (2005) Purification and characterization of a fructosyltransferase from onion bulbs and its key role in the synthesis of fructo-oligosaccharides in vivo. New Phytol 165(2):513–524
Fukushima S, Takada N, Hori T, Wanibuchi H (1997) Cancer prevention by organosulfur compounds from garlic and onion. J Cell Biochem Suppl 27:100–105
Fuleki T (1971) Anthocyanins in red onion, Allium cepa. J Food Sci 36:101–104
Furusawa M, Tanaka T, Nakaya K, Inuma M, Tuchiya H (2002) A novel glucoside from onion. Heterocycles 57(11):2175–2177
Furusawa M, Tsuchiya H, Nagayama M, Tanaka T, Nakaya KI, Iinuma M (2003) Anti-platelet and membrane-rigidifying flavonoids in brownish scale of onion. J Health Sci Tokyo 49(6):475–480
Gafiţanu E, Tătărîngă G, Ghiciuc C, Lupuşoru CE, Hăncianu M (2006) Research concerning the characterization of Allium cepa based ointments. Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi 110(1):215–218 (In Romanian)
Galeone C, Pelucchi C, Levi F, Negri E, Franceschi S, Talamini R, Giacosa A, La Vecchia C (2006) Onion and garlic use and human cancer. Am J Clin Nutr 84(5):1027–1032
Galeone C, Pelucchi C, Talamini R, Negri E, Dal Maso L, Montella M, Ramazzotti V, Franceschi S, La Vecchia C (2007) Onion and garlic intake and the odds of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urology 70(4):672–676
Galeone C, Pelucchi C, Dal Maso L, Negri E, Montella M, Zucchetto A, Talamini R, La Vecchia C (2009) Allium vegetables intake and endometrial cancer risk. Public Health Nutr 12(9):1576–1579
Galetto WG, Hoffman PG (1976) Synthesis and flavor evaluation of some alkylthiophenes. Volatile components of onion. J Agric Food Chem 24(4):852–854
Galleto WG, Bednarcyzk AA (1975) Flavour contribution of individual volatile components of the oil of onion. J Food Sci 40:1165–1167
Gao CM, Takezaki T, Ding JH, Li MS, Tajima K (1999) Protective effect of Allium vegetables against both esophageal and stomach cancer: a simultaneous case-referent study of a high-epidemic area in Jiangsu Province, China. Jpn J Cancer Res 90(6):614–621
Gawlik-Dziki U, Świeca M, Dziki D, Baraniak B, Tomiło J, Czyż J (2013) Quality and antioxidant properties of breads enriched with dry onion (Allium cepa L.) skin. Food Chem 138(2–3):1621–1628
Gennaro L, Leonardi C, Esposito F, Salucci M, Maiani G, Quaglia G, Fogliano V (2002) Flavonoid and carbohydrate contents in tropea red onions: effects of homelike peeling and storage. J Agric Food Chem 50(7):1904–1910
Geoffriau E, Kahane R, Martin‐Tanguy J (2006) Polyamines are involved in the gynogenesis process in onion. Physiol Plant 127(1):119–129
Geoghegan F, Tsui VW, Wong RW, Rabie AB (2008) Inhibitory effect of quercetin on periodontal pathogens. Ann R Australas Coll Dent Surg 19:157–158
Geoghegan F, Wong RW, Rabie AB (2010) Inhibitory effect of quercetin on periodontal pathogens in vitro. Phytother Res 24(6):817–820
German Commission E (1998) The complete German Commission E monographs, therapeutic guide to herbal medicines, 1st edn. Integrative Medicine Communications, Boston
Ghahfarokhi MS, Goodarzi M, Abyaneh MR, Al-Tiraihi T, Seyedipour G (2004) Morphological evidences for onion-induced growth inhibition of Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Fitoterapia 75(7–8):645–655
Gharadaghi Y, Shojaee S, Khaki A, Hatef A, Ahmadi Ashtiani HR, Rastegar H, Fathiazad F (2012) Modulating effect of Allium cepa on kidney apoptosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii. Adv Pharm Bull 2(1):1–6
Gîtin L, Dinică R, Neagu C, Dumitrascu L (2014) Sulfur compounds identification and quantification from Allium spp. fresh leaves. J Food Drug Anal http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2014.04
Gokce AF, Kaya C, Serce S, Ozgen M (2010) Effect of scale color on the antioxidant capacity of onions. Sci Hortic 123(4):431–435
Gołaszweska B, Bednarska E (1999) Immunocyto-chemical localization of pectins in the maturing anther of Allium cepa L. Folia Histochem Cytobiol 37(3):199–208
Goldman IL, Kopelberg M, Debaene JE, Schwartz BS (1996) Antiplatelet activity in onion (Allium cepa) is sulfur dependent. Thromb Haemost 76(3):450–452
Golovchenko VV, Khramova DS, Ovodova RG, Shashkov AS, Ovodov YS (2012) Structure of pectic polysaccharides isolated from onion Allium cepa L. using a simulated gastric medium and their effect on intestinal absorption. Food Chem 134(4):1813–1822
González-Peña D, Colina-Coca C, Char CD, Cano MP, de Ancos B, Sánchez-Moreno C (2013) Hyaluronidase inhibiting activity and radical scavenging potential of flavonols in processed onion. J Agric Food Chem 61(20):4862–4872
González-Sáiz JM, Esteban-Díez I, Rodríguez-Tecedor S, Pizarro C (2008a) Valorization of onion waste and by-products: MCR-ALS applied to reveal the compositional profiles of alcoholic fermentations of onion juice monitored by near-infrared spectroscopy. Biotechnol Bioeng 101(4):776–787
González-Sáiz JM, Esteban-Díez I, Sánchez-Gallardo C, Pizarro C (2008b) Monitoring of substrate and product concentrations in acetic fermentation processes for onion vinegar production by NIR spectroscopy: value addition to worthless onions. Anal Bioanal Chem 391(8):2937–2947
Gorinstein S, Leontowicz H, Leontowicz M, Namiesnik J, Najman K, Drzewiecki J, Cvikrová M, Martincová O, Katrich E, Trakhtenberg S (2008) Comparison of the main bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities in garlic and white and red onions after treatment protocols. J Agric Food Chem 56(12):4418–4426
Gorinstein S, Leontowicz H, Leontowicz M, Jastrzebski Z, Najman K, Tashma Z, Katrich E, Heo BG, Cho JY, Park YJ, Trakhtenberg S (2010) The influence of raw and processed garlic and onions on plasma classical and non-classical atherosclerosis indices: investigations in vitro and in vivo. Phytother Res 24(5):706–714
Grae I (1974) Nature’s colors – dyes from plants. MacMillan Publishing Co, New York
Graf BA, Mullen W, Caldwell ST, Hartley RC, Duthie GG, Lean ME, Crozier A, Edwards CA (2005) Disposition and metabolism of [2-14C]quercetin-4′-glucoside in rats. Drug Metab Dispos 33(7):1036–1043
Granroth B (1970) Biosynthesis and decomposition of cysteine derivatives in onion and other Allium species. Ann Acad Sci Fenn Ser A. 2, 154: 1
Granroth B, Virtanen AI (1967) S-(2-carboxypropyl)-cysteine and its sulfoxide as precursors in the biosynthesis of cycloalliin. Acta Chem Scand 21:1654–1656
Granvogl M, Christlbauer M, Schieberle P (2004) Quantitation of the intense aroma compound 3-mercapto-2-methylpentan-1-ol in raw and processed onions (Allium cepa) of different origins and in other Allium varieties using a stable isotope dilution assay. J Agric Food Chem 52(10):2797–2802
Grieve M (1971) A modern herbal, vol 2, Penguin. Dover, New York, 919 pp
Griffiths G, Trueman L, Crowther T, Thomas B, Smith B (2002) Onions – a global benefit to health. Phytother Res 16(7):603–615
Grman M, Misak A, Cacanyiova S, Kristek F, Tomaskova Z, Bertova A, Ondrias K (2011) The aqueous garlic, onion and leek extracts release nitric oxide from S-nitrosoglutathione and prolong relaxation of aortic rings. Gen Physiol Biophys 30(4):396–402
Gross M, Pfeiffer M, Martini M, Campbell D, Slavin J, Potter J (1996) The quantitation of metabolites of quercetin flavonols in human urine. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 5(9):711–720
Gu YG, Liu YY, Yang XH, Chen D, Fu FH (1988) Effect of Allium cepa L. var. agrogatum Don and Allium macrostemon Bunge on arachidonic acid metabolism. Yao Xue Xue Bao 23(1):8–11 (In Chinese)
Guan L, Chung HY, Su Y, Jiao R, Peng C, Chen ZY (2010) Hypocholesterolemic activity of onion is mediated by enhancing excretion of fecal sterols in hamsters. Food Funct 1(1):84–89
Guarrera PM (2005) Traditional phytotherapy in central Italy (Marche, Abruzzo, and Latium). Fitoterapia 76(1):1–25
Haidari F, Rashidi MR, Eshraghian MR, Mahboob SA, Shahi MM, Keshavarz SA (2008a) Hypouricemic and antioxidant activities of Allium cepa Lilliaceae and quercetin in normal and hyperuricemic rats. Saudi Med J 29(11):1573–1579
Haidari F, Rashidi MR, Keshavarz SA, Mahboob SA, Eshraghian MR, Shahi MM (2008b) Effects of onion on serum uric acid levels and hepatic xanthine dehydrogenase/xanthine oxidase activities in hyperuricemic rats. Pak J Biol Sci 11(14):1779–1784
Han SY, Hu Y, Anno T, Yanagita T (2002) S-propyl cysteine reduces the secretion of apolipoprotein B100 and triacylglycerol by HepG2 cells. Nutrition 18(6):505–509
Hanelt P (1990) Taxonomy, evolution and history. In: Rabinowitch HD, Brewster JL (eds) Onions and allied crops, vol 1, Botany, physiology and genetics. CRC Press, Boca Raton, p 26
Hannan A, Humayun T, Hussain MB, Yasir M, Sikandar S (2010) In vitro antibacterial activity of onion (Allium cepa) against clinical isolates of Vibrio cholerae. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 22(2):160–163
Hansen EA, Folts JD, Goldman IL (2012) Steam-cooking rapidly destroys and reverses onion-induced antiplatelet activity. Nutr J 11:76
Harborne JB (1965) Plant polyphenols—XIV: characterization of flavonoid glycosides by acidic and enzymic hydrolyses. Phytochemistry 4(1):107–120
Havey MJ (1995) Onions and other cultivated Alliums. In: Smartt J, Simmonds NW (eds) Evolution of crop plants, 2nd edn. Longman Scientific and Technicals, Burnt Mill, pp 344–350
Helen A, Rajasree CR, Krishnakumar K, Augusti KT, Vijayammal PL (1999) Antioxidant role of oils isolated from garlic (Allium sativum Linn) and onion (Allium cepa Linn) on nicotine-induced lipid peroxidation. Vet Hum Toxicol 41(5):316–319
Helen A, Krishnakumar K, Vijayammal PL, Augusti KT (2000) Antioxidant effect of onion oil (Allium cepa. Linn) on the damages induced by nicotine in rats as compared to alpha-tocopherol. Toxicol Lett 116(1–2):61–68
Herrmann K (1956) Quercetin glycosides of the onion (Allium cepa). Naturwissenschaften 43:158
Herrmann K (1958) Flavonols & phenols in onions (Allium cepa L.). Arch Pharm Ber Dtsch Pharm Ges 291/63(5):238–247 (in German)
Hertog MG, Hollman PCH, Katan MB (1992) Content of potentially anticarcinogenic flavonoids of 28 vegetables and fruits commonly consumed in The Netherlands. J Agric Food Chem 40:2379–2383
Hertog MG, Feskens EJ, Hollman PC, Katan MB, Kromhout D (1994) Dietary flavonoids and cancer risk in the Zutphen Elderly Study. Nutr Cancer 22(2):175–184
Hirota S, Shimoda T, Takahama U (1998) Tissue and spatial distribution of flavonol and peroxidase in onion bulbs and stability of flavonol glucosides during boiling of the scales. J Agric Food Chem 46(9):3497–3502
Hollman PC, de Vries JH, van Leeuwen SD, Mengelers MJ, Katan MB (1995) Absorption of dietary quercetin glycosides and quercetin in healthy ileostomy volunteers. Am J Clin Nutr 62(6):1276–1282
Horiuchi J, Kanno T, Kobayashi M (1999) New vinegar production from onions. J Biosci Bioeng 88(1):107–109
Hosnuter M, Payasli C, Isikdemir A, Tekerekoglu B (2007) The effects of onion extract on hypertrophic and keloid scars. J Wound Care 16(6):251–254
Huang TH, Mühlbauer RC, Tang CH, Chen HI, Chang GL, Huang YW, Lai YT, Lin HS, Yang WT, Yang RS (2008) Onion decreases the ovariectomy-induced osteopenia in young adult rats. Bone 42(6):1154–1163
Hubbard GP, Stevens JM, Cicmil M, Sage T, Jordan PA, Williams CM, Lovegrove JA, Gibbins JM (2003) Quercetin inhibits collagen-stimulated platelet activation through inhibition of multiple components of the glycoprotein VI signaling pathway. J Thromb Haemost 1(5):1079–1088
Hubbard GP, Wolffram S, Lovegrove JA, Gibbins JM (2004) Ingestion of quercetin inhibits platelet aggregation and essential components of the collagen-stimulated platelet activation pathway in humans. J Thromb Haemost 2(12):2138–2145
Hubbard GP, Wolffram S, de Vos R, Bovy A, Gibbins JM, Lovegrove JA (2006) Ingestion of onion soup high in quercetin inhibits platelet aggregation and essential components of the collagen-stimulated platelet activation pathway in man: a pilot study. Br J Nutr 96(3):482–488
Hung H (2007) Dietary quercetin inhibits proliferation of lung carcinoma cells. Forum Nutr 60:146–157
Hur SJ, Lee SJ, Kim DH, Chun SC, Lee SK (2013) Onion extract structural changes during in vitro digestion and its potential antioxidant effect on brain lipids obtained from low- and high-fat-fed mice. Free Radic Res 47(12):1009–1015
Hwang IK, Lee CH, Yoo KY, Choi JH, Park OK, Lim SS, Kang IJ, Kwon DY, Park J, Yi JS, Bae YS, Won MH (2009) Neuroprotective effects of onion extract and quercetin against ischemic neuronal damage in the gerbil hippocampus. J Med Food 12(5):990–995
Hyun SW, Jang M, Park SW, Kim EJ, Jung YS (2013) Onion (Allium cepa) extract attenuates brain edema. Nutrition 29(1):244–249
Ichikawa M, Mizuno I, Yoshida J, Ide N, Ushijima M, Kodera Y, Hayama M, Ono K (2006) Pharmacokinetics of cycloalliin, an organosulfur compound found in garlic and onion, in rats. J Agric Food Chem 54(26):9811–9819
Ige SF, Akhigbe RE (2013) Common onion (Allium cepa) extract reverses cadmium-induced organ toxicity and dyslipidaemia via redox alteration in rats. Pathophysiology 20(4):269–274
Ige SF, Salawu EO, Olaleye SB, Adeeyo OA, Badmus J, Adeleke AA (2009) Onion (Allium cepa) extract prevents cadmium induced renal dysfunction. Indian J Nephrol 19(4):140–144
Ige SF, Olaleye SB, Akhigbe RE, Akanbi TA, Oyekunle OA, Udoh UA (2012) Testicular toxicity and sperm quality following cadmium exposure in rats: Ameliorative potentials of Allium cepa. J Hum Reprod Sci 5(1):37–42
Imai S, Tsuge N, Tomotake M, Nagatome Y, Sawada H, Nagata T, Kumagai H (2002) An onion enzyme that makes the eyes water. Nature 419(6908):685 af
Ioku K, Aoyama Y, Tokuno A, Terao J, Nakatani N, Takei Y (2001) Various cooking methods and the flavonoid content in onion. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 47(1):78–83
Ishii S (1982) Enzymatic extraction and linkage analysis of pectic polysaccharides from onion. Phytochemistry 21(3):778–780
Islam MS, Choi H, du Loots T (2008) Effects of dietary onion (Allium cepa L.) in a high-fat diet streptozotocin-induced diabetes rodent model. Ann Nutr Metab 53(1):6–12
Izawa H, Kohara M, Aizawa K, Suganuma H, Inakuma T, Watanabe G, Taya K, Sagai M (2008) Alleviative effects of quercetin and onion on male reproductive toxicity induced by diesel exhaust particles. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 72(5):1235–1241
Izgi B, Gucer S, Jaćimović R (2006) Determination of selenium in garlic (Allium sativum) and onion (Allium cepa) by electro thermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Food Chem 99(3):630–637
Jaime L, Martín-Cabrejas MA, Mollá E, López-Andréu FJ, Esteban RM (2001) Effect of storage on fructan and fructooligosaccharide of onion (Allium cepa L.). J Agric Food Chem 49(2):982–988
Jaime L, Mollá E, Fernández A, Martín-Cabrejas MA, López-Andréu FJ, Esteban RM (2002) Structural carbohydrate differences and potential source of dietary fiber of onion (Allium cepa L.) tissues. J Agric Food Chem 50(1):122–128
Jalili T, Carlstrom J, Kim S, Freeman D, Jin H, Wu TC, Litwin SE, David Symons J (2006) Quercetin-supplemented diets lower blood pressure and attenuate cardiac hypertrophy in rats with aortic constriction. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 47(4):531–541
Janisch KM, Williamson G, Needs P, Plumb GW (2004) Properties of quercetin conjugates: modulation of LDL oxidation and binding to human serum albumin. Free Radic Res 38(8):877–884
Janssen K, Mensink RP, Cox FJ, Harryvan JL, Hovenier R, Hollman PC, Katan MB (1998) Effects of the flavonoids quercetin and apigenin on hemostasis in healthy volunteers: results from an in vitro and a dietary supplement study. Am J Clin Nutr 67(2):255–262
Järvenpää EP, Zhang Z, Huopalahti R, King JW (1998) Determination of fresh onion (Allium cepa L.) volatiles by solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Z Lebensm Unters Forsch A 207(1):39–43
Jatzlau A, Abdel-Ghaffar F, Gliem G, Mehlhorn H (2014) Nature helps: food addition of micronized coconut and onion reduced worm load in horses and sheep and increased body weight in sheep. Parasitol Res 113(1):305–310
Javadzadeh A, Ghorbanihaghjo A, Bonyadi S, Rashidi MR, Mesgari M, Rashtchizadeh N, Argani H (2009) Preventive effect of onion juice on selenite-induced experimental cataract. Indian J Ophthalmol 57(3):185–189
Jelodar GA, Maleki M, Motadayen MH, Sirus S (2005) Effect of fenugreek, onion and garlic on blood glucose and histopathology of pancreas of alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Indian J Med Sci 59(2):64–69
Jenwitheesuk K, Surakunprapha P, Jenwitheesuk K, Kuptarnond C, Prathanee S, Intanoo W (2012) Role of silicone derivative plus onion extract gel in presternal hypertrophic scar protection: a prospective randomized, double blinded, controlled trial. Int Wound J 9(4):397–402
Jones HA, Mann LK (1962) Onions and their allies. Leonard Hill, London, 286 pp
Jones MG, Hughes J, Tregova A, Milne J, Tomsett AB, Collin HA (2004) Biosynthesis of the flavour precursors of onion and garlic. J Exp Bot 55(404):1903–1918
Jung YS, Kim MH, Lee SH, Baik EJ, Park SW, Moon CH (2002) Antithrombotic effect of onion in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fat Acids 66(4):453–458
Jung SK, Lee KW, Byun S, Kang NJ, Lim SH, Heo YS, Bode AM, Bowden GT, Lee HJ, Dong Z (2008) Myricetin suppresses UVB-induced skin cancer by targeting Fyn. Cancer Res 68(14):6021–6029
Jung SK, Lee KW, Byun S, Lee EJ, Kim JE, Bode AM, Dong Z, Lee HJ (2010a) Myricetin inhibits UVB-induced angiogenesis by regulating PI-3 kinase in vivo. Carcinogenesis 31(5):911–917
Jung SK, Lee KW, Kim HY, Oh MH, Byun S, Lim SH, Heo YS, Kang NJ, Bode AM, Dong Z, Lee HJ (2010b) Myricetin suppresses UVB-induced wrinkle formation and MMP-9 expression by inhibiting Raf. Biochem Pharmacol 79(10):1455–1461
Jung JY, Lim Y, Moon MS, Kim JY, Kwon O (2011) Onion peel extracts ameliorate hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in high fat diet/streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Nutr Metab (Lond) 8(1):18
Kaiser P, Youssouf MS, Tasduq SA, Singh S, Sharma SC, Singh GD, Gupta VK, Gupta BD, Johri RK (2009) Anti-allergic effects of herbal product from Allium cepa (bulb). J Med Food 12(2):374–382
Kalus U, Pindur G, Jung F, Mayer B, Radtke H, Bachmann K, Mrowietz C, Koscielny J, Kiesewetter H (2000) Influence of the onion as an essential ingredient of the Mediterranean diet on arterial blood pressure and blood fluidity. Arzneimittelforschung 50(9):795–801
Kang NJ, Jung SK, Lee KW, Lee HJ (2011) Myricetin is a potent chemopreventive phytochemical in skin carcinogenesis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1229:124–132
Kawamoto E, Sakai Y, Okamura Y, Yamamoto Y (2004) Effects of boiling on the antihypertensive and antioxidant activities of onion. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 50(3):171–176
Kendler BS (1987) Garlic (Allium sativum) and onion (Allium cepa): a review of their relationship to cardiovascular disease. Prev Med 16(5):670–685
Khaki A, Fathiazad F, Nouri M, Khaki AA, Khamenehi HJ, Hamadeh M (2009) Evaluation of androgenic activity of Allium cepa on spermatogenesis in the rat. Folia Morphol (Warsz) 68(1):45–51
Khiari Z, Makris DP (2012) Stability and transformation of major flavonols in onion (Allium cepa) solid wastes. J Food Sci Technol 49(4):489–494
Kiassos E, Stefania Mylonaki S, Dimitris P, Makris DP, Panagiotis Kefalas P (2009) Implementation of response surface methodology to optimise extraction of onion (Allium cepa) solid waste phenolics. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol 10(2):246–252
Kim JH (1997) Anti-bacterial action of onion (Allium cepa L.) extracts against oral pathogenic bacteria. J Nihon Univ Sch Dent 39(3):136–141
Kim GN, Lee MK, Park I (2002) Acid and heat stability of the anticoagulative activity of an onion extract. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 66(4):859–861
Kim JW, Kim YS, Kyung KH (2004a) Inhibitory activity of essential oils of garlic and onion against bacteria and yeasts. J Food Prot 67(3):499–504
Kim SG, Binzel M, Park SH, Yoo KS, Pike LM (2004b) Inactivation of DFR (Dihydroflavonol 4-reductase) gene transcription results in blockage of anthocyanin production in yellow onions (Allium cepa). HortSci 39(4):889–889
Kim MH, Jo SH, Jang HD, Lee MS, Kwon YI (2010) Antioxidant activity and α-glucosidase inhibitory potential of onion (Allium cepa L.) extracts. Food Sci Biotechnol 19(1):159–164
Kim SH, Jo SH, Kwon YI, Hwang JK (2011) Effects of onion (Allium cepa L.) extract administration on intestinal α-glucosidases activities and spikes in postprandial blood glucose levels in SD rats model. Int J Mol Sci 12(6):3757–3769
Kim OY, Lee SM, Do H, Moon J, Lee KH, Cha YJ, Shin MJ (2012) Influence of quercetin-rich onion peel extracts on adipokine expression in the visceral adipose tissue of rats. Phytother Res 26(3):432–437
Kim JM, Kim JS, Park EJ (2013) Antioxidative and antigenotoxic effects of onion peel extracts in non-cellular and cellular systems. Food Sci Biotechnol 22(5):1–8
Koc E, Arca E, Surucu B, Kurumlu Z (2008) An open, randomized, controlled, comparative study of the combined effect of intralesional triamcinolone acetonide and onion extract gel and intralesional triamcinolone acetonide alone in the treatment of hypertrophic scars and keloids. Dermatol Surg 34(11):1507–1514
Kocić-Tanackov SD, Dimić GP, Tepić AN, Vujičić BL (2009) Influence of Allium ampeloprasum L. and Allium cepa L. essential oils on the growth of some yeasts and moulds. Zbornik Matice Srpske Za Prirodne Nauke 116:121–130
Kocić-Tanackov S, Dimić G, Lević J, Tanackov I, Tepić A, Vujičić B, Gvozdanović-Varga J (2012) Effects of onion (Allium cepa L.) and garlic (Allium sativum L.) essential oils on the Aspergillus versicolor growth and sterigmatocystin production. J Food Sci 77(5):M278–M284
Koeppen BH, Van Der Spuy JE (1961) Microbial hydrolysis of quercetin glycosides from the inner scales of the onion Allium cepa L. S. Afr J Agric Sci 4:557–563
Kook S, Kim GH, Choi K (2009) The antidiabetic effect of onion and garlic in experimental diabetic rats: meta-analysis. J Med Food 12(3):552–560
Kravchuk Z, Perkovs’ka HI, Dmytriiev OP (2003) Role of active forms of oxygen in the induction of phytoalexin synthesis in Allium cepa cells. Tsitol Genet 37(3):30–35 (In Ukrainian)
Kravets SD, Vollerner YS, Gorovits MB, Abubakirov NK (1990) Steroids of the spirostan and furostan series from plants of the genus Allium. Khim Prir Soedin 4:429–443
Kulikova OG, Iamskova VP, Il’ina AP, Margasiuk DV, Moliavka AA, Iamskov IA (2011) Identification of a new bioregulator acting in ultralow doses in bulb onion (Allium cepa L.). Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol 47(4):397–401 (In Russian)
Kumari K, Augusti KT (2002) Antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of S-methyl cysteine sulfoxide isolated from onions (Allium cepa Linn) as compared to standard drugs in alloxan diabetic rats. Indian J Exp Biol 40(9):1005–1009
Kumari K, Augusti KT (2007) Lipid lowering effect of S-methyl cysteine sulfoxide from Allium cepa Linn in high cholesterol diet fed rats. J Ethnopharmacol 109(3):367–371
Kumari K, Mathew BC, Augusti KT (1995) Antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effects of S-methyl cysteine sulfoxide isolated from Allium cepa Linn. Indian J Biochem Biophys 32(1):49–54
Kuon J, Bernhard RA (1963) An examination of the free amino acids of the common onion (Allium cepa). J Food Sci 28:298–304
Lai WW, Hsu SC, Chueh FS, Chen YY, Yang JS, Lin JP, Lien JC, Tsai CH, Chung JG (2013) Quercetin inhibits migration and invasion of SAS human oral cancer cells through inhibition of NF-κB and matrix metalloproteinase-2/-9 signaling pathways. Anticancer Res 33(5):1941–1950
Lancaster JE, Shaw ML (1989) γ-glutamyl peptides in the biosynthesis of S-alk(en)yl-L-cysteine sulphoxides (flavour precursors) in Allium. Phytochemistry 28(2):455–460
Lancaster JE, Shaw ML (1991) Metabolism of γ-glutamyl peptides during development, storage and sprouting of onion bulbs. Phytochemistry 30(9):2857–2859
Lancaster JE, Shaw ML, Joyce MD, McCallum JA, McManus MT (2000) A novel alliinase from onion roots. Biochemical characterization and cDNA cloning. Plant Physiol 122(4):1269–1279
Lanzotti V (2006) The analysis of onion and garlic. J Chromatogr A 1112(1–2):3–22
Lanzotti V, Romano A, Lanzuise S, Bonanomi G, Scala F (2011) Antifungal saponins from bulbs of white onion, Allium cepa L. Phytochemistry 74:133–139
Lata S, Saxena KK, Bhasin V, Saxena RS, Kumar A, Srivastava VK (1991) Beneficial effects of Allium sativum, Allium cepa and Commiphora mukul on experimental hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis – a comparative evaluation. J Postgrad Med 37(3):132–135
Le Marchand L, Murphy SP, Hankin JH, Wilkens LR, Kolonel LN (2000) Intake of flavonoids and lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 92(2):154–160
Lee J, Mitchell AE (2011) Quercetin and isorhamnetin glycosides in onion (Allium cepa L.): varietal comparison, physical distribution, coproduct evaluation, and long-term storage stability. J Agric Food Chem 59(3):857–863
Lee J, Mitchell AE (2012) Pharmacokinetics of quercetin absorption from apples and onions in healthy humans. J Agric Food Chem 60(15):3874–3881
Lee SU, Lee JH, Choi SH, Lee JS, Ohnisi-Kameyama M, Kozukue N, Levin CE, Friedman M (2008) Flavonoid content in fresh, home-processed, and light-exposed onions and in dehydrated commercial onion products. J Agric Food Chem 56(18):8541–8548
Lee EJ, Yoo KS, Jifon J, Patil BS (2009) Characterization of shortday onion cultivars of 3 pungency levels with flavor precursor, free amino acid, sulfur, and sugar contents. J Food Sci 74(6):C475–C480
Lee B, Jung JH, Kim HS (2012a) Assessment of red onion on antioxidant activity in rat. Food Chem Toxicol 50(11):3912–3919
Lee SM, Moon J, Do HJ, Chung JH, Lee KH, Cha YJ, Shin MJ (2012b) Onion peel extract increases hepatic low-density lipoprotein receptor and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 messenger RNA expressions in Sprague-Dawley rats fed a high-fat diet. Nutr Res 32(3):210–217
Lee SM, Moon J, Chung JH, Cha YJ, Shin MJ (2013) Effect of quercetin-rich onion peel extracts on arterial thrombosis in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 57:99–105
Lee KA, Kim KT, Kim HJ, Chung MS, Chang PS, Park H, Pai HD (2014) Antioxidant activity of onion (Allium cepa L.) peel extracts produced by ethanol, hot water, and subcritical water extraction. Food Sci Biotechnol 23(2):615–621
Li W, Tang CS, Jin HF, Du JB (2011) Effects of onion extract on endogenous vascular H2S and adrenomedulin in rat atherosclerosis. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 12(9):1427–1439
Liakopoulou-Kyriakides M, Sinakos ZA, Kyriakidis DA (1985) Identification of alliin, a constituent of Allium cepa with an inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation. Phytochemistry 24(3):600–601
Lindahl S, Liu J, Khan S, Karlsson EN, Turner C (2013) An on-line method for pressurized hot water extraction and enzymatic hydrolysis of quercetin glucosides from onions. Anal Chim Acta 785:50–59
Løkke MM, Edelenbos M, Larsen E, Feilberg A (2012) Investigation of volatiles emitted from freshly cut onions (Allium cepa L.) by real time proton-transfer reaction-mass spectrometry (PTR-MS). Sensors 12(12):16060–16076
Lu X, Ross CF, Powers JR, Rasco BA (2011) Determination of quercetins in onion (Allium cepa) using infrared spectroscopy. J Agric Food Chem 59(12):6376–6382
Lukes TM (1971) Thin‐layer chromatography of cysteine derivatives of onion flavor compounds and the lacrimatory factor. J Food Sci 36(4):662–664
Lust JB (1974) The herb book. Bantam Books, New York
Ly TN, Hazama C, Shimoyamada M, Ando H, Kato K, Yamauchi R (2005) Antioxidative compounds from the outer scales of onion. J Agric Food Chem 53(21):8183–8189
Makheja AN, Vanderhoek JY, Bailey JM (1979) Effects of onion (Allium cepa) extract on platelet aggregation and thromboxane synthesis. Prostag Med 2(6):413–424
Malviya N, Jain S, Gupta VB, Vyas S (2013) Management of drug induced sexual dysfunction in male rats by ethyl acetate fraction of onion. Acta Pol Pharm 70(2):317–322
Mankarios AT, Hall MA, Jarvis MC, Threlfall DR, Friend J (1980) Cell wall polysaccharides from onions. Phytochemistry 19(8):1731–1733
Mantawy MI (2001) Potential effect of Allium cepa and Allium sativum on haemolymph of Biomphalaria alexandrina, the intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 31(3):711–723
Mantawy MM, Mahmoud AH (2002) Effect of Allium cepa and Allium sativum feeding on glucose, glycogen, protein bands profile and phenol oxidase activity in Biomphalaria alexandrina. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 32(1):271–283
Mantawy MM, Ali HF, Rizk MZ (2011) Therapeutic effects of Allium sativum and Allium cepa in Schistosoma mansoni experimental infection. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 53(3):155–163
Mantawy MM, Ali HF, Zayed N, Fahmy ZH (2012) Antioxidant and schistosomicidal effect of Allium sativum and Allium cepa against Schistosoma mansoni different stages. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 16(Suppl 3):69–80
Marotti M, Piccaglia R (2002) Characterization of flavonoids in different cultivars of onion (Allium cepa L.). J Food Sci 67(3):1229–1232
Matejko C, Dahlhelm H (1991) Polyamine synthesis and its relation to dormancy in Allium cepa L. Biochem Physiol Pflanzen 187(3):217–226
Mathew PT, Augusti KT (1975) Hypoglycaemic effects of onion. Allium cepa Linn. on diabetes mellitus - a preliminary report. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 19(4):213–217
Matikkala EJ, Virtanen AI (1965) gamma-Glutamylpeptidase in sprouting onion bulbs. Acta Chem Scand 19:1258–1261
Matikkala EJ, Virtanen AI (1967) On the quantitative determination of the amino acids and γ-glutamyl peptides of onion. Acta Chem Scand 21:2891–2893
Mayer B, Kalus U, Grigorov A, Pindur G, Jung F, Radtke H, Bachmann K, Mrowietz C, Koscielny J, Wenzel E, Kiesewetter H (2001) Effects of an onion-olive oil maceration product containing essential ingredients of the Mediterranean diet on blood pressure and blood fluidity. Arzneimittelforschung 51(2):104–111
McAnlis GT, McEneny J, Pearce J, Young IS (1999) Absorption and antioxidant effects of quercetin from onions, in man. Eur J Clin Nutr 53(2):92–96
Mehlhorn H, Al-Quraishy S, Al-Rasheid KA, Jatzlau A, Abdel-Ghaffar F (2011) Addition of a combination of onion (Allium cepa) and coconut (Cocos nucifera) to food of sheep stops gastrointestinal helminthic infections. Parasitol Res 108(4):1041–1046
Menon IS (1969) Fresh onion and blood fibrinolysis. Br Med J 1(5647):845–845
Menon IS (1970) Onions and blood fibrinolysis. Br Med J 2(5706):421–421
Menon IS, Kendal RY, Dewar HA, Newell DJ (1968) Effect of onions on blood fibrinolytic activity. Br Med J 3(5614):351–352
Mete R, Oran M, Topcu B, Oznur M, Seber ES, Gedikbasi A, Yetisyigit T (2013) Protective effects of onion (Allium cepa) extract against doxorubicin-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Toxicol Ind Health (in press)
Michalska-Kacymirow M, Kurek E, Smolis WM, Bulska E (2014) Biological and chemical investigation of Allium cepa L. response to selenium inorganic compounds. Anal Bioanal Chem 406(15):3717–3722
Miller HE, Rigelhof F, Marquart L, Prakash A, Kanter M (2000) Antioxidant content of whole grain breakfast cereals, fruits and vegetables. J Am Coll Nutr 19:1–8
Millet A, Lamy E, Jonas D, Stintzing F, Mersch-Sundermann V, Merfort I (2012) Fermentation enhances the biological activity of Allium cepa bulb extracts. J Agric Food Chem 60(9):2148–2156
Mínguez A, de la Espina MDS (1993) Immunological characterization of lamins in the nuclear matrix of onion cells. J Cell Sci 106(Pt 1):431–439
Mirabeau TY, Samson ES (2012) Effect of Allium cepa and Allium sativum on some immunological cells in rats. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 9(3):374–379
Mohamad GA (2008) Alliuocide G, a new flavonoid with potent α-amylase inhibitory activity from Allium cepa L. ARKIVOC 11:202–209
Mondy N, Naudin A, Christides JP, Mandon N, Auger J (2001) Comparison of GC-MS and HPLC for the analysis of Allium volatiles. Chromatographia 53(1):S356–S360
Mondy N, Duplat D, Christides JP, Arnault I, Auger J (2002) Aroma analysis of fresh and preserved onions and leek by dual solid-phase microextraction-liquid extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 963(1–2):89–93
Moon CH, Jung YS, Kim MH, Lee SH, Baik EJ, Park SW (2000a) Mechanism for antiplatelet effect of onion: AA release inhibition, thromboxane A2 synthase inhibition and TXA2/PGH2 receptor blockade. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fat Acids 62(5):277–283
Moon JH, Nakata R, Oshima S, Inakuma T, Terao J (2000b) Accumulation of quercetin conjugates in blood plasma after the short-term ingestion of onion by women. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 279(2):R461–R467
Moon J, Do HJ, Kim OY, Shin MJ (2013) Antiobesity effects of quercetin-rich onion peel extract on the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and the adipogenesis in high fat-fed rats. Food Chem Toxicol 58:347–354
Morgan EJ (1946) Pyruvic acid in the juice of onion (Allium cepa). Nature 157:512
Mullen W, Boitier A, Stewart AJ, Crozier A (2004) Flavonoid metabolites in human plasma and urine after the consumption of red onions: analysis by liquid chromatography with photodiode array and full scan tandem mass spectrometric detection. J Chromatogr A 1058(1–2):163–168
Muminova BA, Batirov EK, Yuldashev MP, Inamova ZG (2006) Kaempferol glycosides from Allium cepa and Raphanus sativus. Chem Nat Comp 41(1):110–111
Murota K, Hotta A, Ido H, Kawai Y, Moon JH, Sekido K, Hayashi H, Inakuma T, Terao J (2007) Antioxidant capacity of albumin-bound quercetin metabolites after onion consumption in humans. J Investig Med 54(3–4):370–374
Nagda KK, Ganeriwal SK, Nagda KC, Diwan AM (1983) Effect of onion and garlic on blood coagulation and fibrinolysis in vitro. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 27(2):141–145
Nakayama H, Tsuge N, Sawada H, Higashi Y (2013) Chronic intake of onion extract containing quercetin improved postprandial endothelial dysfunction in healthy men. J Am Coll Nutr 32(3):160–164
Naseri MK, Arabian M, Badavi M, Ahangarpour A (2008) Vasorelaxant and hypotensive effects of Allium cepa peel hydroalcoholic extract in rat. Pak J Biol Sci 11(12):1569–1575
Nemeth K, Piskula MK (2007) Food content, processing, absorption and metabolism of onion flavonoids. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 47(4):397–409
Ng A, Parker ML, Parr AJ, Saunders PK, Smith AC, Waldron KW (2000) Physicochemical characteristics of onion (Allium cepa L.) tissues. J Agric Food Chem 48(11):5612–5617
Niegisch WD, Stahl WH (1956) The onion: gaseous emanation products. J Food Sci 21:657–665
Nuutila AM, Puupponen-Pimiä R, Aarni M, Oksman-Caldentey KM (2003) Comparison of antioxidant activities of onion and garlic extracts by inhibition of lipid peroxidation and radical scavenging activity. Food Chem 81(4):485–493
Obioha UE, Suru SM, Ola-Mudathir KF, Faremi TY (2009) Hepatoprotective potentials of onion and garlic extracts on cadmium-induced oxidative damage in rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 129(1–3):143–156
Ola-Mudathir KF, Suru SM, Fafunso MA, Obioha UE, Faremi TY (2008) Protective roles of onion and garlic extracts on cadmium-induced changes in sperm characteristics and testicular oxidative damage in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 46(12):3604–3611
Olsson ME, Gustavsson KE, Vågen IM (2010) Quercetin and isorhamnetin in sweet and red cultivars of onion (Allium cepa L.) at harvest, after field curing, heat treatment, and storage. J Agric Food Chem 58(4):2323–2330
Omidiji O (1993) Flavonol glycosides in the wet scale of the deep purple onion. Discov Innov 5(2):139–141
O’Reilly JD, Sanders TA, Wiseman H (2000) Flavonoids protect against oxidative damage to LDL in vitro: use in selection of a flavonoid rich diet and relevance to LDL oxidation resistance ex vivo? Free Radic Res 33(4):419–426
O’Reilly JD, Mallet AI, McAnlis GT, Young IS, Halliwell B, Sanders TA, Wiseman H (2001) Consumption of flavonoids in onions and black tea: lack of effect on F2-isoprostanes and autoantibodies to oxidized LDL in healthy humans. Am J Clin Nutr 73(6):1040–1044
Osmont KS, Arnt CR, Goldman IL (2003) Temporal aspects of onion-induced antiplatelet activity. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 58(1):27–40
Ostrowska E, Gabler NK, Sterling SJ, Tatham BG, Jones RB, Eagling DR, Jois M, Dunshea FR (2004) Consumption of brown onions (Allium cepa var. cavalier and var. destiny) moderately modulates blood lipids, haematological and haemostatic variables in healthy pigs. Br J Nutr 91(2):211–218
Othman FFC, Zahir Idid S, Koya MS, Rehan AM, Kamarudin KR (2011) Antioxidant study of garlic and red onion: a comparative study. Pertanika J Trop Sci 34(2):253–261
Panisset B, Tissut M (1983) Metabolisme des flavonols dans les funiques isolees de hint varietes d’oignon: effect d’un traitement par 1’acide gibberelique et et l’amonozide. Physiol Veg 21:49–57 (In French)
Park YK, Lee CY (1996) Identification of isorhamnetin 4′-glucoside in onions. J Agric Food Chem 44(1):34–36
Park JY, Kim JH, Kim MK (2007) Onion flesh and onion peel enhance antioxidant status in aged rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 53(1):21–29
Park S, Kim MY, Lee DH, Lee SH, Baik EJ, Moon CH, Park SW, Ko EY, Oh SR, Jung YS (2009) Methanolic extract of onion (Allium cepa) attenuates ischemia/hypoxia-induced apoptosis in cardiomyocytes via antioxidant effect. Eur J Nutr 48(4):235–242
Pascoal GB, Filisetti TMCC, Alvares EP, Lajolo FM, Menezes EW (2013) Impact of onion (Allium cepa L) fructans fermentation on the cecum of rats and the use of in vitro biomarkers to assess in vivo effects. Bioact Carbohydr Diet Fibre 1(1):89–97
Patil BS, Pike LM, Yoo KS (1995) Variation in the quercetin content in different colored onions (Allium cepa L.). J Am Soc Hortic Sci 120(6):909–913
Patra P, Sen IK, Bhanja SK, Nandi AK, Samanta S, Das D, Devi KS, Maiti TK, Islam SS (2013) Pectic polysaccharide from immature onion stick (Allium cepa): structural and immunological investigation. Carbohydr Polym 92(1):345–352
Perchellet JP, Perchellet EM, Belman S (1990) Inhibition of DMBA-induced mouse skin tumorigenesis by garlic oil and inhibition of two tumor-promotion stages by garlic and onion oils. Nutr Cancer 14(3–4):183–193
Pérez-Munive C, Blumenthal SS, de la Espina SM (2012) Characterization of a 65 kDa NIF in the nuclear matrix of the monocot Allium cepa that interacts with nuclear spectrin-like proteins. Cell Biol Int 36(12):1097–1105
Pikuła M, Żebrowska ME, Pobłocka-Olech L, Krauze-Baranowska M, Sznitowska M, Trzonkowski P (2014) Effect of enoxaparin and onion extract on human skin fibroblast cell line – therapeutic implications for the treatment of keloids. Pharm Biol 52(2):262–267
Prakash D, Singh BN, Upadhyay G (2007) Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of phenols from onion (Allium cepa). Food Chem 102(4):1389–1393
Price KR, Rhodes MJC (1997) Analysis of the major flavonol glycosides present in four varieties of onion (Allium cepa) and changes in composition resulting from autolysis. J Sci Food Agric 74:331–339
Qin R, Jiang WS, Liu DH (2013) Aluminum can induce alterations in the cellular localization and expression of three major nucleolar proteins in root tip cells of Allium cepa var. agrogarum L. Chemosphere 90(2):827–834
Radford JE, White RG (1998) Localization of a myosin-like protein to plasmodesmata. Plant J 14(6):743–750
Ramos FA, Takaishi Y, Shirotori M, Kawaguchi Y, Tsuchiya K, Shibata H, Higuti T, Tadokoro T, Takeuchi M (2006) Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of quercetin oxidation products from yellow onion (Allium cepa) skin. J Agric Food Chem 54(10):3551–3557
Randle WM, Lancaster JE, Shaw ML, Sutton KH, Hay RL, Bussard ML (1995) Quantifying onion flavor compounds responding to sulfur fertility-sulfur increases levels of alk (en) yl cysteine sulfoxides and biosynthetic intermediates. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 120(6):1075–1081
Randle WM, Kopsell DE, Kopsell DA, Snyder RL (1999) Total sulfur and sulfate accumulation in onion is affected by sulfur fertility. J Plant Nutr 22(1):45–51
Reddy RR, Srinivasan K (2011) Dietary fenugreek and onion attenuate cholesterol gallstone formation in lithogenic diet-fed mice. Int J Exp Pathol 92(5):308–319
Rhodes MJ, Price KR (1996) Analytical problems in the study of flavonoid compounds in onions. Food Chem 57(1):113–117
Rodrigues AS, Fogliano V, Graziani G, Mendes S, Vale AP, Goncalves C (2003) Nutritional value of onion regional varieties in Northwest Portugal. Electron J Environ Agric Food Chem 2:519–524
Rodríguez Galdón B, Rodríguez Rodríguez EM, Díaz Romero C (2008a) Flavonoids in onion cultivars (Allium cepa L.). J Food Sci 73(8):C599–C605
Rodríguez Galdón B, Tascón Rodríguez C, Rodríguez Rodríguez E, Díaz Romero C (2008b) Organic acid contents in onion cultivars (Allium cepa L.). J Agric Food Chem 56(15):6512–6519
Rodríguez Galdón B, Tascón Rodríguez C, Rodríguez Rodríguez EM, Díaz Romero C (2009) Fructans and major compounds in onion cultivars (Allium cepa). J Food Compos Anal 22(1):25–32
Rogovskiĭ VS, Matiushin AI, Shimanovskiĭ NL, Semeĭkin AV, Kukhareva TS, Koroteev AM, Koroteev MP, Nifant’ev EE (2010) Antiproliferative and antioxidant activity of new dihydroquercetin derivatives. Eksp Klin Farmakol 73(9):39–42 (In Russian)
Roldán E, Sánchez-Moreno C, de Ancos B, Cano MP (2008) Characterisation of onion (Allium cepa L.) by-products as food ingredients with antioxidant and antibrowning properties. Food Chem 109(3):907–916
Rose P, Whiteman M, Moore PK, Zhu YZ (2005) Bioactive S-alk(en)yl cysteine sulfoxide metabolites in the genus Allium: the chemistry of potential therapeutic agents. Nat Prod Rep 22:351–368
Roussos AP, Hirsch AR (2014) Alliaceous migraines. Headache 54(2):378–382
Sadeghi-Nejad B, Saki J (2014) Effect of aqueous Allium cepa and Ixora brachiata root extract on Leishmania major promastigotes. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod 9(2):e15442
Sakai Y, Murakami T, Yamamoto Y (2003) Antihypertensive effects of onion on NO synthase inhibitor-induced hypertensive rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 67(6):1305–1311
Sakakibara H, Yoshino S, Kawai Y, Terao J (2008) Antidepressant-like effect of onion (Allium cepa L.) powder in a rat behavioral model of depression. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 72(1):94–100
Salami HA, John AI, Ekanem AU (2012) The effect of aqueous preparation of Allium cepa (onion) and Allium sativa (garlic) on erythrocyte osmotic fragility in Wistar rats: in vivo and in vitro studies. Niger J Physiol Sci 27(1):29–34
Saleheen D, Ali SA, Yasinzai MM (2004) Antileishmanial activity of aqueous onion extract in vitro. Fitoterapia 75(1):9–13
Santas J, Almajano MP, Carbó R (2010) Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of crude onion (Allium cepa, L.) extracts. Int J Food Sci Technol 45(2):403–409
Scheer T, Wichtl M (1987) On the occurrence of kaempferol-4′-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside in Filipendula ulmaria and Allium cepa. Planta Med 53(6):573–574
Schmidt JS, Nyberg NT, Staerk D (2014) Assessment of constituents in Allium by multivariate data analysis, high-resolution α-glucosidase inhibition assay and HPLC-SPE-NMR. Food Chem 161:192–198
Schulz H, Krüger H, Liebmann J, Peterka H (1998) Distribution of volatile sulfur compounds in an interspecific hybrid between onion (Allium cepa L.) and leek (Allium porrum L.). J Agric Food Chem 46(12):5220–5224
Schwimmer S, Austin SJ (1971) Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase of sprouted onion. J Food Sci 36(5):807–811
Schwimmer S, Guadagni DG (1968) Kinetics of the enzymatic development of pyruvic acid and odor in frozen onions treated with cysteine C-S lyase. J Food Sci 33:193–196
Sebastian KL, Zacharias NT, Philip B, Augusti KT (1979) The hypolipidemic effect of onion (Allium cepa Linn) in sucrose fed rabbits. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 23(1):27–30
Seki T, Tsuji K, Hayato Y, Moritomo T, Ariga T (2000) Garlic and onion oils inhibit proliferation and induce differentiation of HL-60 cells. Cancer Lett 160(1):29–35
Sellappan S, Akoh CC (2002) Flavonoids and antioxidant capacity of Georgia-grown Vidalia onions. J Agric Food Chem 50(19):5338–5342
Setiawan VW, Yu GP, Lu QY, Lu ML, Yu SZ, Mu L, Zhang JG, Kurtz RC, Cai L, Hsieh CC, Zhang ZF (2005) Allium vegetables and stomach cancer risk in China. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 6(3):387–395
Shabana S, Kawai A, Kai K, Akiyama K, Hayashi H (2010) Inhibitory activity against urease of quercetin glycosides isolated from Allium cepa and Psidium guajava. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 74(4):878–880
Shaik YB, Castellani ML, Perrella A, Conti F, Salini V, Tete S, Madhappan B, Vecchiet J, De Lutiis MA, Caraffa A, Cerulli G (2006) Role of quercetin (a natural herbal compound) in allergy and inflammation. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents 20(3–4):47–52
Shams-Ghahfarokhi M, Shokoohamiri MR, Amirrajab N, Moghadasi B, Ghajari A, Zeini F, Sadeghi G, Razzaghi-Abyaneh M (2006) In vitro antifungal activities of Allium cepa, Allium sativum and ketoconazole against some pathogenic yeasts and dermatophytes. Fitoterapia 77(4):321–323
Sharaf A (1967) Some hormone-like properties of Allium cepa L. (onion). Qual Plant Mat Veg 14(3):267–275
Sharma K, Assefa AD, Ko EY, Lee ET, Park SW (2013) Quantitative analysis of flavonoids, sugars, phenylalanine and tryptophan in onion scales during storage under ambient conditions. J Food Sci Technol. doi:10.1007/s13197-013-1225-2
Sharma K, Assefa AD, Kim S, Ko EY, Lee ET, Park SW (2014) Evaluation of total phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant activity of eighteen Korean onion cultivars: a comparative study. J Sci Food Agric 94(8):1521–1529
Sharquie KE, Al-Obaidi HK (2002) Onion juice (Allium cepa L.), a new topical treatment for alopecia areata. J Dermatol 29(6):343–346
Shaw ML, Pither-Joyce MD, McCallum JA (2005) Purification and cloning of a gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase from onion (Allium cepa). Phytochemistry 66(5):515–522
Sheela CG, Kumud K, Augusti KT (1995) Anti-diabetic effects of onion and garlic sulfoxide amino acids in rats. Planta Med 61(4):356–357
Shim SM, Yi HL, Kim YS (2011) Bioaccessibility of flavonoids and total phenolic content in onions and its relationship with antioxidant activity. Int J Food Sci Nutr 62(8):835–838
Shiomi N (1989) Properties of fructosyltransferase involved in the synthesis of fructan in Liliaceous plants. J Plant Physiol 134:151–155
Shiomi N, Kido H, Kiriyama S (1985) Purification and properties of sucrose: sucrose 1F-β-d-fructosyltransferase in onion seeds. Phytochemistry 24:695–698
Shiomi N, Onodera S, Chatterton NJ, Harrison PA (1991) Separation of fructooligosaccharide isomers by anion exchange chromatography. Agric Biol Chem 55(5):1427–1428
Shiomi N, Onodera S, Sakai H (1997) Fructo-oligosaccharide content and fructosyltransferase activity during growth of onion bulbs. New Phytol 136(1):105–113
Shon MY, Choi SD, Kahng GG, Nam SH, Sung NJ (2004) Antimutagenic, antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of ethyl acetate extracts from white, yellow and red onions. Food Chem Toxicol 42(4):659–666
Shri R, Singh Bora K (2008) Neuroprotective effect of methanolic extracts of Allium cepa on ischemia and reperfusion-induced cerebral injury. Fitoterapia 79(2):86–96
Siddiq M, Roidoung S, Sogi DS, Dolan KD (2013) Total phenolics, antioxidant properties and quality of fresh-cut onions (Allium cepa L.) treated with mild-heat. Food Chem 136(2):803–806
Singh BN, Singh BR, Singh RL, Prakash D, Singh DP, Sarma BK, Upadhyay G, Singh HB (2009) Polyphenolics from various extracts/fractions of red onion (Allium cepa) peel with potent antioxidant and antimutagenic activities. Food Chem Toxicol 47(6):1161–1167
Slimestad R, Fossen T, Vågen IM (2007) Onions: a source of unique dietary flavonoids. J Agric Food Chem 55(25):10067–10080
Smoczkiewicz MA, Nitschke D, Wielądek H (1982) Microdetermination of steroid and triterpene saponin glycosides in various plant materials I. Allium Species Microchim Acta 78(1–2):43–53
Soininen TH, Jukarainen N, Auriola SOK, Julkunen-Tiitto R, Karjalainen R, Vepsäläinen JJ (2014) Quantitative metabolite profiling of edible onion species by NMR and HPLC-MS. Food Chem 165(15):499–505
Spåre CG, Virtanen AI (1961) The volatile carbonyls and alcohols in the flavor substances of onion (Allium cepa). Acta Chem Scand 15(6):1280–1284
Spare CG, Virtanen AI, Munch-Petersen J, Kvande PC, Meisingseth E (1963) On the lachrymatory factor in onion (Allium cepa) vapours and its precursor. Acta Chem Scand 17(3):641–650
Sparnins VL, Barany G, Wattenberg LW (1988) Effects of organosulfur compounds from garlic and onions on benzo[a]pyrene-induced neoplasia and glutathione S-transferase activity in the mouse. Carcinogenesis 9(1):131–134
Srivastava KC (1986) Onion exerts antiaggregatory effects by altering arachidonic acid metabolism in platelets. Prostaglandins Leukot Med 24(1):43–50
Starke H, Herrmann K (1975) Flavonols and flavones of vegetables. VI. On the changes of the flavonols of onions. Z Lebensm Unters Forsch 161(2):137–142
Starkenmann C, Niclass Y, Troccaz M (2011) Nonvolatile S-alk(en)ylthio-L-cysteine derivatives in fresh onion (Allium cepa L. cultivar). J Agric Food Chem 59(17):9457–9465
Suhara T (1962) Detection of thiothiamine in onions and cabbages. J Vitaminol (Kyoto) 8:37–40
Suru SM (2008) Onion and garlic extracts lessen cadmium-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Biometals 21(6):623–633
Swieca M, Gawlik-Dziki U, Dziki D, Baraniak B, Czyż J (2013) The influence of protein-flavonoid interactions on protein digestibility in vitro and the antioxidant quality of breads enriched with onion skin. Food Chem 141(1):451–458
Syed DN, Adhami VM, Khan MI, Mukhtar H (2013) Inhibition of Akt/mTOR signaling by the dietary flavonoid fisetin. Anti Cancer Agents Med Chem 13(7):995–1001
Tahraoui A, El-Hilaly J, Israili ZH, Lyoussi B (2007) Ethnopharmacological survey of plants used in the traditional treatment of hypertension and diabetes in south-eastern Morocco (Errachidia province). J Ethnopharmacol 110(1):105–117
Taj Eldin IM, Ahmed EM, Elwahab HMA (2010) Preliminary study of the clinical hypoglycemic effects of Allium cepa (red onion) in type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients. Environ Health Insights 4:71–77
Takada N, Kitano M, Chen T, Yano Y, Otani S, Fukushima S (1994a) Enhancing effects of organosulfur compounds from garlic and onions on hepatocarcinogenesis in rats: association with increased cell proliferation and elevated ornithine decarboxylase activity. Jpn J Cancer Res 85(11):1067–1072
Takada N, Matsuda T, Otoshi T, Yano Y, Otani S, Hasegawa T, Nakae D, Konishi Y, Fukushima S (1994b) Enhancement by organosulfur compounds from garlic and onions of diethylnitrosamine-induced glutathione S-transferase positive foci in the rat liver. Cancer Res 54(11):2895–2899
Takahashi M, Shibamoto T (2008) Chemical compositions and antioxidant/anti-inflammatory activities of steam distillate from freeze-dried onion (Allium cepa L.) sprout. J Agric Food Chem 56(22):10462–10467
Tang CH, Huang TH, Chang CS, Fu WM, Yang RS (2009) Water solution of onion crude powder inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis through ERK, p38 and NF-kappaB pathways. Osteoporos Int 20(1):93–103
Tătărîngă G, Hăncianu M, Aprotosoaie C, Poiată A, Vasilescu M, Gafiţanu E (2005) Phytochemical and microbiological characterization of two Allium cepa L. extracts in order to include in dermo-cosmetics. Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi 109(3):676–679 (In Romanian)
Tătărîngă G, Miron A, Păduraru I, Hăncianu M, Gafiţanu E, Stănescu U (2008) Characterization of some extractive fractions isolated from raw Allium cepa L. bulbs. Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi 112(2):522–524
Terahara N, Yamaguchi M, Honda T (1994) Malonylated anthocyanins from bulbs of red onion, Allium cepa L. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 58(7):1324–1325
Terao J, Kawai Y, Murota K (2008) Vegetable flavonoids and cardiovascular disease. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 17(Suppl 1):291–293
Teshima Y, Ikeda T, Imada K, Sasaki K, El-Sayed MA, Shigyo M, Tanaka S, Ito S (2013) Identification and biological activity of antifungal saponins from shallot (Allium cepa L. Aggregatum group). J Agric Food Chem 61(31):7440–7445
Teyssier C, Amiot MJ, Mondy N, Auger J, Kahane R, Siess MH (2001) Effect of onion consumption by rats on hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes. Food Chem Toxicol 39(10):981–987
The Plant List (2014) Allium cepa L. http://www.theplantlist.org
Thomson M, Alnaqeeb MA, Bordia T, Al-Hassan JM, Afzal M, Ali M (1998) Effects of aqueous extract of onion on the liver and lung of rats. J Ethnopharmacol 61(2):91–99
Thomson M, Mustafa T, Ali M (2000) Thromboxane-B(2) levels in serum of rabbits receiving a single intravenous dose of aqueous extract of garlic and onion. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fat Acids 63(4):217–221
Thomson SJ, Rippon P, Butts C, Olsen S, Shaw M, Joyce NI, Eady CC (2013) Inhibition of platelet activation by lachrymatory factor synthase (LFS)-silenced (tearless) onion juice. J Agric Food Chem 61(44):10574–10581
Tissut M (1972) La synthese flavonique dans les tuniques en survie de bulbe d’oignon. Physiol Veg 10:381–391 (In French)
Tocmo R, Lin Y, Huang DJ (2014) Effect of processing conditions on the organosulfides of shallot (Allium cepa L. Aggregatum Group). J Agric Food Chem 62(23):5296–5304
Tokitomo Y (1995) Flavor constituents of roasted onions of different cultivars, and comparison of their aroma patterns. Nippon Shokuhin Kagaku Kogaku Kaishi 42(12):1003–1011
Tsiaganis MC, Laskari K, Melissari E (2006) Fatty acid composition of Allium species lipids. J Food Compos Anal 19(6–7):620–627
Tsuji M, Yamamoto H, Sato T, Mizuha Y, Kawai Y, Taketani Y, Kato S, Terao J, Inakuma T, Takeda E (2009) Dietary quercetin inhibits bone loss without effect on the uterus in ovariectomized mice. J Bone Miner Metab 27(6):673–681
Tsushida T, Suzuki M (1995) Isolation of flavonoid-glycosides in onion and identification by chemical synthesis of the glycosides. Nippon Shokuhin Kagaku Kaishi 42:100–108
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) (2014) USDA national nutrient database for standard reference, release 26. Nutrient data laboratory home page. http://www.ars.usda.gov/ba/bhnrc/ndl
Ustünes L, Claeys M, Laekeman G, Herman AG, Vlietinck AJ, Ozer A (1985) Isolation and identification of two isomeric trihydroxy octadecenoic acids with prostaglandin E-like activity from onion bulbs (Allium cepa). Prostaglandins 29(5):847–865
Vågen IM, Slimestad R (2008) Amount of characteristic compounds in 15 cultivars of onion (Allium cepa L.) in controlled field trials. J Sci Food Agric 88(3):404–411
Van der meer QP, Leong AC (1994) Allium cepa L. cv. Group common onion. In: Siemonsma JS, Piluek K (eds) Plant resources of South-East Asia, vol 8. Vegetables Pudoc, Wageningen, pp 86–71
Vázquez-Gutiérrez JL, Plaza L, Hernando I, Sánchez-Moreno C, Quiles A, de Ancos B, Cano MP (2013) Changes in the structure and antioxidant properties of onions by high pressure treatment. Food Funct 4(4):586–591
Vidyashankar S, Sambaiah K, Srinivasan K (2009) Dietary garlic and onion reduce the incidence of atherogenic diet-induced cholesterol gallstones in experimental mice. Br J Nutr 101(11):1621–1629
Vidyashankar S, Sambaiah K, Srinivasan K (2010a) Effect of dietary garlic and onion on biliary proteins and lipid peroxidation which influence cholesterol nucleation in bile. Steroids 75(3):272–281
Vidyashankar S, Sambaiah K, Srinivasan K (2010b) Regression of preestablished cholesterol gallstones by dietary garlic and onion in experimental mice. Metabolism 59(10):1402–1412
Vijn I, Van Dijken A, Sprenger N, Van Dun K, Weisbeek P, Wiemken A, Smeekens S (1997) Fructan of the inulin neoseries is synthesized in transgenic chicory plants (Cichorium intybus L.) habouring onion (Allium cepa L.) fructan: fructan 6G-fructosyltransferase. Plant J 11:387–398
Virtanen AI, Matikkala EJ (1959a) The isolation of S-methylcysteinesulfoxide and S-n-propylcysteinesulfoxide from Onion (Allium cepa) and the antibiotic activity of crushed onion. Acta Chem Scand 13:1898–1900
Virtanen AI, Matikkala EJ (1959b) The structure and synthesis of cycloalliin isolated from Allium cepa. Acta Chem Scand 13:623–626
Votto AP, Domingues BS, de Souza MM, da Silva Júnior FM, Caldas SS, Filgueira DM, Clementin RM, Primel EG, Vallochi AL, Furlong EB, Trindade GS (2010) Toxicity mechanisms of onion (Allium cepa) extracts and compounds in multidrug resistant erythroleukemic cell line. Biol Res 43(4):429–437
Vu QH, Hang TTM, Yaguchi S, Ono Y, Pham TMP, Yamauchi N, Shigyo M (2013) Assessment of biochemical and antioxidant diversities in a shallot germplasm collection from Vietnam and its surrounding countries. Genet Resour Crop Evol 60(4):1297–1312
Wagner H, Dorsch W, Bayer T, Breu W, Willer F (1990) Antiasthmatic effects of onions: inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase in vitro by thiosulfinates and “Cepaenes”. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fat Acids 39(1):59–62
Wan LH, Xing M (1998) Immunolocalization of actin in intact and DNA- and histone-depleted nuclei and chromosomes of Allium cepa. Cell Res 8(1):51–62
Wananukul S, Chatpreodprai S, Peongsujarit D, Lertsapcharoen P (2013) A prospective placebo-controlled study on the efficacy of onion extract in silicone derivative gel for the prevention of hypertrophic scar and keloid in median sternotomy wound in pediatric patients. J Med Assoc Thai 96(11):1428–1433
Wang HX, Ng TB (2004) Isolation of allicepin, a novel antifungal peptide from onion (Allium cepa) bulbs. J Pept Sci 10(3):173–177
Wang Y, Xing M, Yan S (2000) ScII-like protein is localized in the nuclei, chromosomes and chromosome scaffolds of Allium cepa. Yi Chuan Xue Bao 27(10):896–901 (In Chinese)
Wang Y, Tian WX, Ma XF (2012) Inhibitory effects of onion (Allium cepa L.) extract on proliferation of cancer cells and adipocytes via inhibiting fatty acid synthase. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 13(11):5573–5579
Weidmann AE (2012) Dihydroquercetin: more than just an impurity? Eur J Pharmacol 684(1–3):19–26
Weissenböck G, Schnabl H, Scharf H, Sachs G (1987) On the properties of fluorescing compounds in guard and epidermal cells of Allium cepa L. Planta 171(1):88–95
Wenzel U, Herzog A, Kuntz S, Daniel H (2004) Protein expression profiling identifies molecular targets of quercetin as a major dietary flavonoid in human colon cancer cells. Proteomics 4(7):2160–2174
Wetli HA, Brenneisen R, Tschudi I, Langos M, Bigler P, Sprang T, Schürch S, Mühlbauer RC (2005) A gamma-glutamyl peptide isolated from onion (Allium cepa L.) by bioassay-guided fractionation inhibits resorption activity of osteoclasts. J Agric Food Chem 53(9):3408–3414
Whitaker JR (1976) Development of flavor, odor and pungency in onion and garlic. Adv Food Res 22:73–133
Whiting SD, Guinea ML (1998) Treating stingray wounds with onions. Med J Aust 168(11):584
Wiczkowski W, Romaszko J, Bucinski A, Szawara-Nowak D, Honke J, Zielinski H, Piskula MK (2008) Quercetin from shallots (Allium cepa L. var. aggregatum) is more bioavailable than its glucosides. J Nutr 138(5):885–888
Widder S, Sabater Lüntzel C, Dittner T, Pickenhagen W (2000) 3-Mercapto-2-methylpentan-1-ol, a new powerful aroma compound. J Agric Food Chem 48(2):418–423
Williamson G, Plumb GW, Uda Y, Price KR, Rhodes MJ (1996) Dietary quercetin glycosides: antioxidant activity and induction of the anticarcinogenic phase II marker enzyme quinone reductase in Hepalclc7 cells. Carcinogenesis 17(11):2385–2387
Wittig J, Herderich M, Graefe EU, Veit M (2001) Identification of quercetin glucuronides in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 753(2):237–243
Wong RW, Rabie AB (2008) Effect of quercetin on bone formation. J Orthop Res 26(8):1061–1066
Wu XJ, Stahl T, Hu Y, Kassie F, Mersch-Sundermann V (2006) The production of reactive oxygen species and the mitochondrial membrane potential are modulated during onion oil-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in A549 cells. J Nutr 136(3):608–613
Xiao H, Parkin KL (2006) Isolation and identification of phase II enzyme-inducing agents from nonpolar extracts of green onion (Allium spp.). J Agric Food Chem 54(22):8417–8424
Xiao H, Parkin KL (2007) Isolation and identification of potential cancer chemopreventive agents from methanolic extracts of green onion (Allium cepa). Phytochemistry 68(7):1059–1067
Xu J, Kamelin RV (2000) Allium Linnaeus. In: Wu ZY, Raven PH (eds) Flora of China. Vol. 24 (Flagellariaceae through Marantaceae), vol 24. Science Press, Beijing; Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis
Xue YL, Ahiko T, Miyakawa T, Amino H, Hu F, Furihata K, Kita K, Shirasawa T, Sawano Y, Tanokura M (2011) Isolation and Caenorhabditis elegans lifespan assay of flavonoids from onion. J Agric Food Chem 59(11):5927–5934
Yagami M, Kawakishi S, Namiki M (1980) Identification of intermediates in the formation of onion flavor. Agric Biol Chem (Jpn) 44(11):2533–2538
Yaguchi S, McCallum J, Shaw M, Pither-Joyce M, Onodera S, Shiomi N, Yamauchi N, Shigyo M (2008) Biochemical and genetic analysis of carbohydrate accumulation in Allium cepa L. Plant Cell Physiol 49(5):730–739
Yamada K, Naemura A, Sawashita N, Noguchi Y, Yamamoto J (2004) An onion variety has natural antithrombotic effect as assessed by thrombosis/thrombolysis models in rodents. Thromb Res 114(3):213–220
Yanagita T, Han SY, Wang YM, Tsuruta Y, Anno T (2003) Cycloalliin, a cyclic sulfur imino acid, reduces serum triacylglycerol in rats. Nutrition 19(2):140–143
Yang W (2002) Studies on the stabilities of bioactive selenocompounds in selenium-enriched garlic and onion. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu 31(4):252–255 (In Chinese)
Yang XH, Liu YY, Liu LJ, Zhou XP, Toshio S (2000) A new flavonoid glycoside from Allium cepa L. var aggregatum Don. Yao Xue Xue Bao 35(10):752–755 (In Chinese)
Yang J, Meyers KJ, van der Heide J, Liu RH (2004) Varietal differences in phenolic content and antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of onions. J Agric Food Chem 52(22):6787–6793
Yang GL, Yang J, Zhang J, Xu YY, Wei QH, Sun XY, Gu XM, Zhang Y, Ding QP, Zheng YF, Yang J, Zhu XQ (2011) Effects of multiwall carbon nano-onions on platelet aggregation and hemostatic function. Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi 29(5):321–323 (In Chinese)
Yang EJ, Kim SI, Park SY, Bang HY, Jeong JH, So JH, Rhee IK, Song KS (2012a) Fermentation enhances the in vitro antioxidative effect of onion (Allium cepa) via an increase in quercetin content. Food Chem Toxicol 50(6):2042–2048
Yang J, Yang GL, Xu YY, Zhang J, Zheng YF, Zhu XQ (2012b) Effects of multi-walled carbon nano onions on platelet adhesion and experimental thrombogenesis in rats. Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi 30(10):735–738 (In Chinese)
Ye CL, Dai DH, Hu WL (2013) Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oil from onion (Allium cepa L.). Food Control 30(1):48–53
Yoo KS, Pike LM (1998) Determination of flavor precursor compound S-alk(en)yl-l-cysteine sulfoxides by an HPLC method and their distribution in Allium species. Sci Hortic 75(1–2):1–10
Yoo KS, Lee EJ, Patil BS (2010) Quantification of quercetin glycosides in 6 onion cultivars and comparisons of hydrolysis-HPLC and spectrophotometric methods in measuring total quercetin concentrations. J Food Sci 75(2):C160–C165
Yoo KS, Lee EJ, Patil BS (2012) Changes in flavor precursors, pungency, and sugar content in short-day onion bulbs during 5-month storage at various temperatures or in controlled atmosphere. J Food Sci 77(2):C216–C221
Yoshinari O, Shiojima Y, Igarashi K (2012) Anti-obesity effects of onion extract in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Nutrients 4(10):1518–1526
Yoshizumi M, Tsuchiya K, Kirima K, Kyaw M, Suzaki Y, Tamaki T (2001) Quercetin inhibits Shc- and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-mediated c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation by angiotensin II in cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells. Mol Pharmacol 60(4):656–665
You WC, Blot WJ, Chang YS, Ershow A, Yang ZT, An Q, Henderson BE, Fraumeni JF Jr, Wang TG (1989) Allium vegetables and reduced risk of stomach cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 81(2):162–164
Yu CS, Lai KC, Yang JS, Chiang JH, Lu CC, Wu CL, Lin JP, Liao CL, Tang NY, Wood WG, Chung JG (2010) Quercetin inhibited murine leukemia WEHI-3 cells in vivo and promoted immune response. Phytother Res 24(2):163–168
Yuan L, Ji TF, Wang AG, Yang JB, Su YL (2008a) Studies on chemical constituents of the seeds of Allium cepa. Zhong Yao Cai 31(2):222–223 (In Chinese)
Yuan L, Ji TF, Wang AG, Yang JB, Su YL (2008b) Two new furostanol saponins from the seeds of Allium cepa L. Chin Chem Lett 19(4):461–464
Yuan L, Ji TF, Li CJ, Wang AG, Yang JB, Su YL (2009) Two new steroidal saponins from the seeds of Allium cepa L. J Asian Nat Prod Res 11(3):213–218
Zhang W, Xiao H, Parkin KL (2014) Apoptosis in MCF-7 breast cancer cells induced by S-alkenylmercaptocysteine (CySSR) species derived from Allium tissues in combination with sodium selenite. Food Chem Toxicol 68C:1–10
Zhou Y, Zhuang W, Hu W, Liu GJ, Wu TX, Wu XT (2011) Consumption of large amounts of Allium vegetables reduces risk for gastric cancer in a meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 141(1):80–89
Zielińska D, Nagels L, Piskuła MK (2008a) Determination of quercetin and its glucosides in onion by electrochemical methods. Anal Chim Acta 617(1–2):22–31
Zielinska D, Wiczkowski W, Piskula MK (2008b) Determination of the relative contribution of quercetin and its glucosides to the antioxidant capacity of onion by cyclic voltammetry and spectrophotometric methods. J Agric Food Chem 56(10):3524–3531
Zill-E-Huma, Abert Vian M, Maingonnat JF, Chemat F (2009) Clean recovery of antioxidant flavonoids from onions: optimising solvent free microwave extraction method. J Chromatogr A 1216(45):7700–7707
Zohri AN, Abdel-Gawad K, Saber S (1995) Antibacterial, antidermatophytic and antitoxigenic activities of onion (Allium cepa L.) oil. Microbiol Res 150(2):167–172
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lim, T.K. (2015). Allium cepa . In: Edible Medicinal and Non Medicinal Plants. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9511-1_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9511-1_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-017-9510-4
Online ISBN: 978-94-017-9511-1
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)