Abstract
This chapter describes the use of geochemical models to assess the impacts of the deposition of metals on the concentrations of metals in soils and surface waters. We describe three dynamic models: SMART2-metals, SMARTml and CHUM-AM, each with their specific purpose and geographical scale of application. All three models include the most relevant metal fluxes and soil chemical processes, but with various level of detail related to their specific aim and scale. The ability of the models to simulate the long-term trends of metal fate was assessed by comparing model results and observations of either the present metal status, using hind cast simulations with historical deposition trends, or metal pools in chronosequences of afforested agricultural land of different stand age, or metal concentrations observed in a long-term monitoring study. The model simulations show the long times needed to approach equilibrium concentrations of metals due to changes in the atmospheric deposition of metals, sulphur and nitrogen. Dynamic models are therefore indispensable tools for the assessment of metal concentrations at changing levels of metal inputs to soil-water systems.
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Acknowledgements
Work on the Dutch and Swedish chronosequences was financed through the European Commission, 4th FP, contract no. FAIR-CT96-1983. We thank Mats Olsson from the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences for providing the data of the Swedish chronosequences. Figure 9.4 is reprinted from Environmental Pollution, Vol. 158, Tipping E, Rothwell JJ, Shotbolt L, Lawlor AJ, Dynamic modelling of atmospherically-deposited Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in Pennine catchments (northern England), Pages 1521–1529, Copyright 2010, with permission from Elsevier. Figure 9.5 is reprinted from Environmental Pollution, Vol. 159, Bonten LTC, Groenenberg JE, Meesenburg H, De Vries W, Using advanced surface complexation models for modelling soil chemistry under forests. The Solling case, Pages 2831–2839, Copyright 2011, with permission from Elsevier.
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Groenenberg, J., Tipping, E., Bonten, L., de Vries, W. (2015). Dynamic Geochemical Models to Assess Deposition Impacts of Metals for Soils and Surface Waters. In: de Vries, W., Hettelingh, JP., Posch, M. (eds) Critical Loads and Dynamic Risk Assessments. Environmental Pollution, vol 25. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9508-1_9
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