Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are among the most versatile viruses, in terms of host range, pathogenesis, route of transmission, transmissibility efficiency, and evolutionary dynamics. Several IAVs are recognized pathogens of a wide range of avian and mammalian species. On the one hand, they cause mild or asymptomatic infections of the intestinal tract in wild water birds, their natural reservoirs, resulting in annual epidemic cycles fueled by IAV fecal-oral transmission in watershed habitats. On the other hand, they may cause disease manifestations in poultry and mammalian species, including humans, upon sporadic cross-species transmission and during self-limiting outbreaks or large-scale airborne epidemics. In these spill-over host species, clinical signs and symptoms range from inapparent to severe and often fatal respiratory and extra-respiratory conditions. A feature of IAVs in domestic spill-over hosts and humans is their ability to adapt to these new species to eventually be maintained independently of new introductions from their natural host reservoirs. In humans, IAVs of animal origin can be the precursors of pandemic influenza viruses. These pandemic viruses eventually evolve into seasonal influenza viruses that cause recurring epidemics of seasonal influenza. Through their versatile nature, IAVs are a striking example of the flexible nature of zoonotic threats and of the richness of avenues zoonotic pathogens can take to burden public health.
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Alexander DJ (2007) An overview of the epidemiology of avian influenza. Vaccine 25(30):5637–5644
Bodewes R, de Mutsert G, van der Klis FR, Ventresca M, Wilks S, Smith DJ, Koopmans M, Fouchier RA, Osterhaus AD, Rimmelzwaan GF (2011) Prevalence of antibodies against seasonal influenza A and B viruses in children in Netherlands. Clin Vaccine Immunol 18(3):469–476
Brown IH (2000) The epidemiology and evolution of influenza viruses in pigs. Vet Microbiol 74(1–2):29–46
Callan RJ, Early G, Kida H, Hinshaw VS (1995) The appearance of H3 influenza viruses in seals. J Gen Virol 76(1):199–203
CDC (2013) Case count: detected U.S. human infections with H3N2v by state since August 2011. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Chen R, Holmes EC (2006) Avian influenza virus exhibits rapid evolutionary dynamics. Mol Biol Evol 23(12):2336–2341
Chen H, Smith GJ, Li KS, Wang J, Fan XH, Rayner JM, Vijaykrishna D, Zhang JX, Zhang LJ, Guo CT, Cheung CL, Xu KM, Duan L, Huang K, Qin K, Leung YH, Wu WL, Lu HR, Chen Y, Xia NS, Naipospos TS, Yuen KY, Hassan SS, Bahri S, Nguyen TD, Webster RG, Peiris JS, Guan Y (2006) Establishment of multiple sublineages of H5N1 influenza virus in Asia: implications for pandemic control. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103(8):2845–2850
Chou YY, Albrecht RA, Pica N, Lowen AC, Richt JA, Garcia-Sastre A, Palese P, Hai R (2011) The M segment of the 2009 new pandemic H1N1 influenza virus is critical for its high transmission efficiency in the guinea pig model. J Virol 85(21):11235–11241
Chutinimitkul S, van Riel D, Munster VJ, van den Brand JM, Rimmelzwaan GF, Kuiken T, Osterhaus AD, Fouchier RA, de Wit E (2010) In vitro assessment of attachment pattern and replication efficiency of H5N1 influenza A viruses with altered receptor specificity. J Virol 84(13):6825–6833
Connor RJ, Kawaoka Y, Webster RG, Paulson JC (1994) Receptor specificity in human, avian, and equine H2 and H3 influenza virus isolates. Virology 205(1):17–23
Crawford PC, Dubovi EJ, Castleman WL, Stephenson I, Gibbs EP, Chen L, Smith C, Hill RC, Ferro P, Pompey J, Bright RA, Medina MJ, Johnson CM, Olsen CW, Cox NJ, Klimov AI, Katz JM, Donis RO (2005) Transmission of equine influenza virus to dogs. Science 310(5747):482–485
Daly JM, Blunden AS, Macrae S, Miller J, Bowman SJ, Kolodziejek J, Nowotny N, Smith KC (2008) Transmission of equine influenza virus to English foxhounds. Emerg Infect Dis 14(3):461–464
Daoust PY, Kibenge FS, Fouchier RA, van de Bildt MW, van Riel D, Kuiken T (2011) Replication of low pathogenic avian influenza virus in naturally infected Mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) causes no morphologic lesions. J Wildl Dis 47(2):401–409
de Jong JC, Smith DJ, Lapedes AS, Donatelli I, Campitelli L, Barigazzi G, Van Reeth K, Jones TC, Rimmelzwaan GF, Osterhaus AD, Fouchier RA (2007) Antigenic and genetic evolution of swine influenza A (H3N2) viruses in Europe. J Virol 81(8):4315–4322
de Wit E, Kawaoka Y, de Jong MD, Fouchier RAM (2008) Pathogenicity of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in mammals. Vaccine 26(Suppl 4):D54–58
Doherty PC, Turner SJ, Webby RG, Thomas PG (2006) Influenza and the challenge for immunology. Nat Immunol 7(5):449–455
Dugan VG, Chen R, Spiro DJ, Sengamalay N, Zaborsky J, Ghedin E, Nolting J, Swayne DE, Runstadler JA, Happ GM, Senne DA, Wang R, Slemons RD, Holmes EC, Taubenberger JK (2008) The evolutionary genetics and emergence of avian influenza viruses in wild birds. PLoS Pathog 4(5):e1000076
Gabriel G, Klingel K, Otte A, Thiele S, Hudjetz B, Arman-Kalcek G, Sauter M, Shmidt T, Rother F, Baumgarte S, Keiner B, Hartmann E, Bader M, Brownlee GG, Fodor E, Klenk HD (2011) Differential use of importin-alpha isoforms governs cell tropism and host adaptation of influenza virus. Nat Commun 2:156
Gaydos JC, Top FH Jr., Hodder RA, Russell PK (2006) Swine influenza A outbreak, Fort Dix, New Jersey, 1976. Emerg Infect Dis 12(1):23–28
Geraci JR, St Aubin DJ, Barker IK, Webster RG, Hinshaw VS, Bean WJ, Ruhnke HL, Prescott JH, Early G, Baker AS, Madoff S, Schooley RT (1982) Mass mortality of harbor seals: pneumonia associated with influenza A virus. Science 215(4536):1129–1131
Gilbert M, Xiao X, Domenech J, Lubroth J, Martin V, Slingenbergh J (2006) Anatidae migration in the western Palearctic and spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5NI virus. Emerg Infect Dis 12(11):1650–1656. doi:10.3201/eid1211.060223
Gill JS, Webby R, Gilchrist MJ, Gray GC (2006) Avian influenza among waterfowl hunters and wildlife professionals. Emerg Infect Dis 12(8):1284–1286
Goldfield M, Bartley JD, Pizzuti W, Black HC, Altman R, Halperin WE (1977) Influenza in New Jersey in 1976: isolations of influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus at Fort Dix. J Infect Dis 136 Suppl:S347–355
Gray GC, Trampel DW, Roth JA (2007) Pandemic influenza planning: shouldn’t swine and poultry workers be included? Vaccine 25(22):4376–4381
Gray GC, Ferguson DD, Lowther PE, Heil GL, Friary JA (2011) A national study of US bird banders for evidence of avian influenza virus infections. J Clin Virol 51(2):132–135
Guo Y, Wang M, Kawaoka Y, Gorman O, Ito T, Saito T, Webster RG (1992) Characterization of a new avian-like influenza A virus from horses in China. Virology 188(1):245–255
Hanson BA, Luttrell MP, Goekjian VH, Niles L, Swayne DE, Senne DA, Stallknecht DE (2008) Is the occurrence of avian influenza virus in Charadriiformes species and location dependent? J Wildl Dis 44(2):351–361
Herfst S, Chutinimitkul S, Ye J, de Wit E, Munster VJ, Schrauwen EJ, Bestebroer TM, Jonges M, Meijer A, Koopmans M, Rimmelzwaan GF, Osterhaus AD, Perez DR, Fouchier RA (2010) Introduction of virulence markers in PB2 of pandemic swine-origin influenza virus does not result in enhanced virulence or transmission. J Virol 84(8):3752–3758
Herfst S, Schrauwen EJ, Linster M, Chutinimitkul S, de Wit E, Munster VJ, Sorrell EM, Bestebroer TM, Burke DF, Smith DJ, Rimmelzwaan GF, Osterhaus AD, Fouchier RA (2012) Airborne transmission of influenza A/H5N1 virus between ferrets. Science 336(6088):1534–1541
Higgins DA, Shortridge KF, Ng PL (1987) Bile immunoglobulin of the duck (Anas platyrhynchos). II. Antibody response in influenza A virus infections. Immunology 62(3):499–504
Hinshaw VS, Bean WJ, Webster RG, Rehg JE, Fiorelli P, Early G, Geraci JR, St Aubin DJ (1984) Are seals frequently infected with avian influenza viruses? J Virol 51(3):863–865
Hulse-Post DJ, Sturm-Ramirez KM, Humberd J, Seiler P, Govorkova EA, Krauss S, Scholtissek C, Puthavathana P, Buranathai C, Nguyen TD, Long HT, Naipospos TS, Chen H, Ellis TM, Guan Y, Peiris JS, Webster RG (2005) Role of domestic ducks in the propagation and biological evolution of highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza viruses in Asia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102(30):10682–10687. doi:10.1073/pnas.0504662102
Imai M, Watanabe T, Hatta M, Das SC, Ozawa M, Shinya K, Zhong G, Hanson A, Katsura H, Watanabe S, Li C, Kawakami E, Yamada S, Kiso M, Suzuki Y, Maher EA, Neumann G, Kawaoka Y (2012) Experimental adaptation of an influenza H5 HA confers respiratory droplet transmission to a reassortant H5 HA/H1N1 virus in ferrets. Nature 486(7403):420–428
Keawcharoen J, van Riel D, van Amerongen G, Bestebroer T, Beyer WE, van Lavieren R, Osterhaus AD, Fouchier RA, Kuiken T (2008) Wild ducks as long-distance vectors of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1). Emerg Infect Dis 14(4):600–607
Kimble B, Nieto GR, Perez DR (2010) Characterization of influenza virus sialic acid receptors in minor poultry species. Virol J 7:365. doi:10.1186/1743-422X-7-365
Klingeborn B, Englund L, Rott R, Juntti N, Rockborn G (1985) An avian influenza A virus killing a mammalian species—the mink. Arch Virol 86:347–351
Kobasa D, Kodihalli S, Luo M, Castrucci MR, Donatelli I, Suzuki Y, Suzuki T, Kawaoka Y (1999) Amino acid residues contributing to the substrate specificity of the influenza A virus neuraminidase. J Virol 73(8):6743–6751
Koopmans M, Wilbrink B, Conyn M, Natrop G, van der Nat H, Vennema H, Meijer A, van Steenbergen J, Fouchier R, Osterhaus A, Bosman A (2004) Transmission of H7N7 avian influenza A virus to human beings during a large outbreak in commercial poultry farms in the Netherlands. Lancet 363(9409):587–593
Kuchipudi SV, Nelli R, White GA, Bain M, Chang KC, Dunham S (2009) Differences in influenza virus receptors in chickens and ducks: implications for interspecies transmission. J Mol Genet Med 3(1):143–151
Kuiken T (2013) Is low pathogenic avian influenza virus virulent for wild waterbirds? Proc Biol Sci 280(1763):20130990. doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.0990
Kuiken T, Taubenberger JK (2008) Pathology of human influenza revisited. Vaccine 26(Suppl 4):D59–66
Lai AC, Chambers TM, Holland RE Jr., Morley PS, Haines DM, Townsend HG, Barrandeguy M (2001) Diverged evolution of recent equine-2 influenza (H3N8) viruses in the Western Hemisphere. Arch Virol 146(6):1063–1074
Lang G, Gagnon A, Geraci JR (1981) Isolation of an influenza A virus from seals. Arch Virol 68(3–4):189–195
Latorre-Margalef N, Grosbois V, Wahlgren J, Munster VJ, Tolf C, Fouchier RA, Osterhaus AD, Olsen B, Waldenstrom J (2013) Heterosubtypic immunity to influenza A virus infections in mallards may explain existence of multiple virus subtypes. PLoS Pathog 9(6):e1003443. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003443
Li Y, Shi J, Zhong G, Deng G, Tian G, Ge J, Zeng X, Song J, Zhao D, Liu L, Jiang Y, Guan Y, Bu Z, Chen H (2010) Continued evolution of H5N1 influenza viruses in wild birds, domestic poultry, and humans in China from 2004 to 2009. J Virol 84(17):8389–8397. doi:10.1128/JVI.00413-10
Maas R, Tacken M, Ruuls L, Koch G, van Rooij E, Stockhofe-Zurwieden N (2007) Avian influenza (H5N1) susceptibility and receptors in dogs. Emerg Infect Dis 13(8):1219–1221
Magor KE, Warr GW, Bando Y, Middleton DL, Higgins DA (1998) Secretory immune system of the duck (Anas platyrhynchos). Identification and expression of the genes encoding IgA and IgM heavy chains. Eur J Immunol 28(3):1063–1068
Massin P, van der Werf S, Naffakh N (2001) Residue 627 of PB2 is a determinant of cold sensitivity in RNA replication of avian influenza viruses. J Virol 75(11):5398–5404
Matrosovich M, Tuzikov A, Bovin N, Gambaryan A, Klimov A, Castrucci MR, Donatelli I, Kawaoka Y (2000) Early alterations of the receptor-binding properties of H1, H2, and H3 avian influenza virus hemagglutinins after their introduction into mammals. J Virol 74(18):8502–8512
Mo IP, Brugh M, Fletcher OJ, Rowland GN, Swayne DE (1997) Comparative pathology of chickens experimentally inoculated with avian influenza viruses of low and high pathogenicity. Avian Dis 41(1):125–136
Munster VJ, Baas C, Lexmond P, Waldenstrom J, Wallensten A, Fransson T, Rimmelzwaan GF, Beyer WE, Schutten M, Olsen B, Osterhaus AD, Fouchier RA (2007) Spatial, temporal, and species variation in prevalence of influenza A viruses in wild migratory birds. PLoS Pathog 3(5):e61
Ning ZY, Wu XT, Cheng YF, Qi WB, An YF, Wang H, Zhang GH, Li SJ (2012) Tissue distribution of sialic acid-linked influenza virus receptors in beagle dogs. J Vet Sci 13(3):219–222
Olsen B, Munster VJ, Wallensten A, Waldenstrom J, Osterhaus AD, Fouchier RA (2006) Global patterns of influenza A virus in wild birds. Science 312(5772):384–388
Olsen CW (2002) The emergence of novel swine influenza viruses in North America. Virus Res 85(2):199–210
Palese P, Shaw ML (2007) Orthomyxoviridae: the viruses and their replication. In: Knipe DM, Howley PM (eds) Fields virology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 1647–1690
Peiris M (2009) Avian influenza viruses in humans. Rev Sci Tech 28(1):161–174
Peiris JS, de Jong MD, Guan Y (2007) Avian influenza virus (H5N1): a threat to human health. Clin Microbiol Rev 20(2):243–267
Pillai SP, Lee CW (2010) Species and age related differences in the type and distribution of influenza virus receptors in different tissues of chickens, ducks and turkeys. Virol J 7:5. doi:10.1186/1743-422X-7-5
Rambaut A, Pybus OG, Nelson MI, Viboud C, Taubenberger JK, Holmes EC (2008) The genomic and epidemiological dynamics of human influenza A virus. Nature 453(7195):615–619. doi:10.1038/nature06945
Reperant LA, Osterhaus ADME (2012) Avian and animal influenza. In: Van-Tam J, Sellwood C (eds) Introduction to pandemic influenza, 2nd edn. CABI, Wallingford
Reperant LA, Rimmelzwaan GF, Kuiken T (2009) Avian influenza viruses in mammals. Rev Sci Tech 28(1):137–159
Reperant LA, Fuckar NS, Osterhaus AD, Dobson AP, Kuiken T (2010) Spatial and temporal association of outbreaks of H5N1 influenza virus infection in wild birds with the 0 degrees C isotherm. PLoS Pathog 6(4):e1000854
Reperant LA, Kuiken T, Grenfell BT, Osterhaus ADME, Dobson AP (2012a) Linking influenza virus tissue tropism to population-level reproductive fitness. PLoS ONE 7(8):e43115
Reperant LA, Kuiken T, Osterhaus AD (2012b) Adaptive pathways of zoonotic influenza viruses: from exposure to establishment in humans. Vaccine 30(30):4419–4434
Reperant LA, Osterhaus ADME, Kuiken T (2013) Avian influenza. In Gavier-Widen D, Duff P, Meredith A (eds) Infectious diseases of wild mammals and birds in Europe. Wiley-Blackwell, New Jersey
Rimmelzwaan GF, Osterhaus AD (1995) Cytotoxic T lymphocyte memory: role in cross-protective immunity against influenza? Vaccine 13(8):703–705
Rimmelzwaan GF, Fouchier RA, Osterhaus AD (2007) Influenza virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes: a correlate of protection and a basis for vaccine development. Curr Opin Biotechnol 18(6):529–536
Russell CA, Jones TC, Barr IG, Cox NJ, Garten RJ, Gregory V, Gust ID, Hampson AW, Hay AJ, Hurt AC, de Jong JC, Kelso A, Klimov AI, Kageyama T, Komadina N, Lapedes AS, Lin YP, Mosterin A, Obuchi M, Odagiri T, Osterhaus AD, Rimmelzwaan GF, Shaw MW, Skepner E, Stohr K, Tashiro M, Fouchier RA, Smith DJ (2008) The global circulation of seasonal influenza A (H3N2) viruses. Science 320(5874):340–346
Shinya K, Ebina M, Yamada S, Ono M, Kasai N, Kawaoka Y (2006) Avian flu: influenza virus receptors in the human airway. Nature 440(7083):435–436. doi:10.1038/440435a
Smith DJ, Lapedes AS, de Jong JC, Bestebroer TM, Rimmelzwaan GF, Osterhaus AD, Fouchier RA (2004) Mapping the antigenic and genetic evolution of influenza virus. Science 305(5682):371–376
Song D, Kang B, Lee C, Jung K, Ha G, Kang D, Park S, Park B, Oh J (2008) Transmission of avian influenza virus (H3N2) to dogs. Emerg Infect Dis 14(5):741–746
Song DS, An DJ, Moon HJ, Yeom MJ, Jeong HY, Jeong WS, Park SJ, Kim HK, Han SY, Oh JS, Park BK, Kim JK, Poo H, Webster RG, Jung K, Kang BK (2011) Interspecies transmission of the canine influenza H3N2 virus to domestic cats in South Korea, 2010. J Gen Virol 92(Pt 10):2350–2355
Sorrell EM, Schrauwen EJA, Linster M, de Graaf M, Herfst S, Fouchier RAM (2011) Predicting ‘airborne’ influenza viruses: (trans)mission impossible? Curr Opin Virol. doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2011.07.003
Stallknecht DE, Brown JD (2009) Tenacity of avian influenza viruses. Rev Sci Tech 28(1):59–67
Steel J, Lowen AC, Mubareka S, Palese P (2009) Transmission of influenza virus in a mammalian host is increased by PB2 amino acids 627K or 627E/701N. PLoS Pathog 5(1):e1000252
Sturm-Ramirez KM, Ellis T, Bousfield B, Bissett L, Dyrting K, Rehg JE, Poon L, Guan Y, Peiris M, Webster RG (2004) Reemerging H5N1 influenza viruses in Hong Kong in 2002 are highly pathogenic to ducks. J Virol 78(9):4892–4901
Suarez DL, Schultz-Cherry S (2000) Immunology of avian influenza virus: a review. Dev Comp Immunol 24(23):269–283
Suzuki Y, Nei M (2002) Origin and evolution of influenza virus hemagglutinin genes. Mol Biol Evol 19(4):501–509
Suzuki Y, Ito T, Suzuki T, Holland RE Jr, Chambers TM, Kiso M, Ishida H, Kawaoka Y (2000) Sialic acid species as a determinant of the host range of influenza A viruses. J Virol 74(24):11825–11831
Swayne DE (2007) Understanding the complex pathobiology of high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses in birds. Avian Dis 51(1 Suppl):242–249
Swayne DE, Halvorson DA (2001) Influenza. In: Diseases of poultry. University Press, Ames
Swayne DE, Slemons RD (1990) Renal pathology in specific-pathogen-free chickens inoculated with a waterfowl-origin type A influenza virus. Avian Dis 34(2):285–294
Taubenberger JK, Kash JC (2010) Influenza virus evolution, host adaptation, and pandemic formation. Cell Host Microbe 7(6):440–451. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2010.05.009
Taubenberger JK, Morens DM (2008) The pathology of human influenza infections. Annu Rev Pathol 3:499–522
Taubenberger JK, Morens DM (2009) Pandemic influenzaincluding a risk assessment of H5N1. Rev Sci Tech 28(1):187–202
Tong S, Li Y, Rivailler P, Conrardy C, Castillo DA, Chen LM, Recuenco S, Ellison JA, Davis CT, York IA, Turmelle AS, Moran D, Rogers S, Shi M, Tao Y, Weil MR, Tang K, Rowe LA, Sammons S, Xu X, Frace M, Lindblade KA, Cox NJ, Anderson LJ, Rupprecht CE, Donis RO (2012) A distinct lineage of influenza A virus from bats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109(11):4269–4274. doi:10.1073/pnas.1116200109
Tong S, Zhu X, Li Y, Shi M, Zhang J, et al (2013a) New world bats harbor diverse influenza A viruses. PLoS Pathog 9(10):e1003657
Tong S, Zhu X, Li Y, Shi M, Zhang J, Bourgeois M, Yang H, Chen X, Recuenco S, Gomez J, Chen LM, Johnson A, Tao Y, Dreyfus C, Yu W, McBride R, Carney PJ, Gilbert AT, Chang J, Guo Z, Davis CT, Paulson JC, Stevens J, Rupprecht CE, Holmes EC, Wilson IA, Donis RO (2013b) New world bats harbor diverse influenza A viruses. PLoS Pathog 9(10):e1003657. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003657
Top FH Jr, Russell PK (1977) Swine influenza A at Fort Dix, New Jersey (January–February 1976). IV. Summary and speculation. J Infect Dis 136(Suppl):S376–380
Trebbien R, Larsen LE, Viuff BM (2011) Distribution of sialic acid receptors and influenza A virus of avian and swine origin in experimentally infected pigs. Virol J 8:434. doi:10.1186/1743-422X-8-434
Tumpey TM, Maines TR, Van Hoeven N, Glaser L, Solorzano A, Pappas C, Cox NJ, Swayne DE, Palese P, Katz JM, Garcia-Sastre A (2007) A two-amino acid change in the hemagglutinin of the 1918 influenza virus abolishes transmission. Science 315(5812):655–659
van Dijk JGB, Hoye BJ, Verhagen JH, Nolet BA, Fouchier RAM, Klaassen M (2013) Juveniles and migrants as drivers for seasonal epizootics of avian influenza virus. J Anim Ecol. doi:10.1111/1365-2656.12131
Van Hoeven N, Pappas C, Belser JA, Maines TR, Zeng H, Garcia-Sastre A, Sasisekharan R, Katz JM, Tumpey TM (2009) Human HA and polymerase subunit PB2 proteins confer transmission of an avian influenza virus through the air. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106(9):3366–3371
Van Poucke SG, Nicholls JM, Nauwynck HJ, Van Reeth K (2010) Replication of avian, human and swine influenza viruses in porcine respiratory explants and association with sialic acid distribution. Virol J 7:38. doi:10.1186/1743-422X-7-38
van Riel D, Munster VJ, de Wit E, Rimmelzwaan GF, Fouchier RA, Osterhaus AD, Kuiken T (2007) Human and avian influenza viruses target different cells in the lower respiratory tract of humans and other mammals. Am J Pathol 171(4):1215–1223
van Riel D, den Bakker MA, Leijten LME, Chutinimitkul S, Munster V, de Wit E, Rimmelzwaan GF, Fouchier RAM, Osterhaus ADME, Kuiken T (2010) Seasonal and pandemic human influenza viruses attach better to human upper respiratory tract epithelium than avian influenza viruses. Am J Pathol 176:1614–1618
Verhagen JH, Majoor F, Lexmond P, Vuong O, Kasemir G, Lutterop D, Osterhaus AD, Fouchier RA, Kuiken T (2014) Epidemiology of Influenza A Virus among Black-headed Gulls, the Netherlands, 2006–2010. Emerg Infect Dis 20(1):138–141. doi:10.3201/eid2001.130984
Wan H, Perez DR (2006) Quail carry sialic acid receptors compatible with binding of avian and human influenza viruses. Virology 346(2):278–286. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2005.10.035
Wan H, Sorrell EM, Song H, Hossain MJ, Ramirez-Nieto G, Monne I, Stevens J, Cattoli G, Capua I, Chen LM, Donis RO, Busch J, Paulson JC, Brockwell C, Webby R, Blanco J, Al-Natour MQ, Perez DR (2008) Replication and transmission of H9N2 influenza viruses in ferrets: evaluation of pandemic potential. PLoS ONE 3(8):e2923
Webster RG, Hinshaw VS, Bean WJ, van Wyke KL, Geraci JR, St Aubin DJ, Petursson G (1981) Characterization of an influenza A virus form seals. Virology 113:712–724
Webster RG, Bean WJ, Gorman OT, Chambers TM, Kawaoka Y (1992) Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses. Microbiol Rev 56(1):152–179
WHO (2013a) Cumulative number of confirmed cases of avian influenza A(H7N9) reported to WHO, by month, 2013. World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/influenza/human_animal_interface/influenza_h7n9/Data_Reports/en/. Accessed 28 Dec 2013
WHO (2013b) Cumulative number of confirmed human cases of avian influenza A/(H5N1) Reported to WHO. World Health Organization
Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Kong H, Jiang Y, Gao Y, Deng G, Shi J, Tian G, Liu L, Liu J, Guan Y, Bu Z, Chen H (2013) H5N1 Hybrid Viruses bearing 2009/H1N1 Virus Genes transmit in Guinea Pigs by respiratory droplet. Science. doi:10.1126/science.1229455
Zhu X, Yang H, Guo Z, Yu W, Carney PJ, Li Y, Chen LM, Paulson JC, Donis RO, Tong S, Stevens J, Wilson IA (2012) Crystal structures of two subtype N10 neuraminidase-like proteins from bat influenza A viruses reveal a diverged putative active site. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109(46):18903–18908. doi:10.1073/pnas.1212579109
Zhu X, Yu W, McBride R, Li Y, Chen LM, Donis RO, Tong S, Paulson JC, Wilson IA (2013) Hemagglutinin homologue from H17N10 bat influenza virus exhibits divergent receptor-binding and pH-dependent fusion activities. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110(4):1458–1463. doi:10.1073/pnas.1218509110
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Reperant, L., Osterhaus, A. (2015). Influenza from a One Health Perspective: Infection by a Highly Versatile Virus. In: Sing, A. (eds) Zoonoses - Infections Affecting Humans and Animals. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9457-2_18
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9457-2_18
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-017-9456-5
Online ISBN: 978-94-017-9457-2
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)