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Trapping and the Detection, Control, and Regulation of Tephritid Fruit Flies pp 611–632Cite as

The Complexities of Knowing What It Is You Are Trapping

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Abstract

The effectiveness of any trapping system is highly dependent on the ability to accurately identify the specimens collected. For many fruit fly species, accurate identification (= diagnostics) using morphological or molecular techniques is relatively straightforward and poses few technical challenges. However, nearly all genera of pest tephritids also contain groups of species where single, stand-alone tools are not sufficient for accurate identification: such groups include the Bactrocera dorsalis complex, the Anastrepha fraterculus complex and the Ceratitis FAR complex. Misidentification of high-impact species from such groups can have dramatic consequences and negate the benefits of an otherwise effective trapping program. To help prevent such problems, this chapter defines what is meant by a species complex and describes in detail how the correct identification of species within a complex requires the use of an integrative taxonomic approach. Integrative taxonomy uses multiple, independent lines of evidence to delimit species boundaries, and the underpinnings of this approach from both the theoretical speciation literature and the systematics/taxonomy literature are described. The strength of the integrative approach lies in the explicit testing of hypotheses and the use of multiple, independent species delimitation tools. A case is made for a core set of species delimitation tools (pre- and post-zygotic compatibility tests, multi-locus phylogenetic analysis, chemoecological studies, and morphometric and geometric morphometric analyses) to be adopted as standards by tephritologists aiming to resolve economically important species complexes. In discussing the integrative approach, emphasis is placed on the subtle but important differences between integrative and iterative taxonomy. The chapter finishes with a case study that illustrates how iterative taxonomy applied to the B. dorsalis species complex led to incorrect taxonomic conclusions, which has had major implications for quarantine, trade, and horticultural pest management. In contrast, an integrative approach to the problem has resolved species limits in this taxonomically difficult group, meaning that robust diagnostics are now available.

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Acknowledgements

The paper was produced with research support through CRC National Plant Biosecurity projects 20115 and 20183: the authors would like to acknowledge the support of the Australian Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program. The authors also gratefully acknowledge the ongoing support of Dr Jorge Hendrichs and the Insect Pest Control Section of the Joint FAO/IAEA Programme Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, through the Coordinated Research Project: Resolution of Cryptic Species Complexes of Tephritid Pests to Overcome Constraints to SIT Application and International Trade.

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  1. School of Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, 2434, 4001, Brisbane, QLD, Australia

    Anthony R. Clarke & Mark K. Schutze

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Correspondence to Anthony R. Clarke .

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  1. United States Department of Agriculture, APHIS, Waimanalo, Hawaii, USA

    Todd Shelly

  2. ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Miami, Florida, USA

    Nancy Epsky

  3. ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Hilo, Hawaii, USA

    Eric B. Jang

  4. Insect Pest Control Section, International Atomic Energy Agency Food and Agriculture Organization, Vienna, Austria

    Jesus Reyes-Flores

  5. ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Hilo, Hawaii, USA

    Roger Vargas

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Clarke, A.R., Schutze, M.K. (2014). The Complexities of Knowing What It Is You Are Trapping. In: Shelly, T., Epsky, N., Jang, E., Reyes-Flores, J., Vargas, R. (eds) Trapping and the Detection, Control, and Regulation of Tephritid Fruit Flies. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9193-9_18

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