Abstract
World social development has arrived at a critical turning point. Economically advanced nations have made significant progress toward meeting the basic needs of their populations; however, the majority of developing countries have not. Problems of rapid population growth, failing economies, famine, environmental devastation, majority-minority group conflicts, increasing militarization, among others, are pushing many developing nations toward the brink of social chaos. This chapter focuses on global development trends for the 40-year period 1970–2011. Particular attention is given to the disparities in development that exist both within and between the world’s “rich” and “poor” countries–disparities in income that affect at least 1,000 million people and which are unsustainable over the long term. This chapter examines the internal and external social, economic, and political inequalities that sustain these disparities. The chapter also discusses the more recent positive developing trends that are taking place in the world’s least developed countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America. In the main, the recent dramatic improvements taking place is these countries are associated with the launching in 2005 of the United Nations’ Millennium Development Campaign with its ambitious eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).
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Notes
- 1.
- 2.
“Adequacy of social provision” refers to the changing capacity of governments to provide for the basic social, material and other needs of the people living within their borders.
- 3.
The average score for each of the WISP’s ten subindexes was set at 10.0. Thus, the theoretical range of WISP scores is 0.0–100.0, albeit owing to the extremely unfavorable conditions that exist in some countries, fell outside the theoretical range.
- 4.
For methodological reasons, the ISP’s 41 indicators are divided between positive and negative indicators of social progress. On the Education Subindex, for example, higher rates of adult illiteracy are negatively associated with social progress whereas gains in primary school enrollment levels are positively associated improvements in development. Thus, the instrument achieves a balance with respect the range of positive and negative factors that are used to assess changes in social progress over time.
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A fuller description of these procedures is summarized in Estes (1988), pp. 199–209.
- 7.
Launched in 2005, the Millennium Development Campaign (MDC) is organized around the realization of eight goals (the MDGs) that promote a basic standard of living for people living in the world’s poorest and most socially deprived countries: (1) eradicating extreme poverty and hunger; (2) achieve universal primary education; (3) promote gender equality; (4) reduce infant mortality; (5) improve maternal health; (6) combatting HIV/AIDS and other diseases; (7) ensure environmental sustainability; and, (8) promoting global partnerships (United Nations 2012a, b). Reports of global progress in achieving these goals are available from the United Nation’s MDC “gateway”: http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/bkgd.shtml
- 8.
- 9.
The largest contribution made to European development by the United States was through the US-funded Marshall Plan…a decades-long initiative that provided Europe’s re-emerging nations with financial and technical assistance, preferential trade agreements and with what, in time, was to become an enduring friendship (Wikipedia 2013c).
- 10.
Ummah (Arabic: أمة) is an Arabic word meaning “nation” or “community”. It is distinguished from Sha’b (Arabic: شعب) which means a nation with common ancestry or geography. Thus, it can be said to be a supra-national community with a common history (Wikipedia 2013d).
- 11.
Countries were inversely ranked on the WISP from 1 to 162 with lower rank numbers indicating more favorable WISP rankings.
- 12.
Exceptions to this general pattern are France, the United Kingdom, and the United States all three of which are actively engaged in wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.
- 13.
The phrase “least developed countries” (LDCs) was created by the United Nations in 1971 to describe the situation of the world’s “poorest and most economically weak of the developing countries, i.e., countries characterized by formidable economic, institutional and human resource problems, which are often compounded by geographical handicaps and natural and man-made disasters” (see OHRLLS 2009 for current resolutions pertaining to recognition of and special UN support for the LDCs).
- 14.
According to About.com, “Foreign governments hold about 46 % of all U.S. debt held by the public, more than $4.5 trillion. The largest foreign holder of U.S. debt is China, which owns more about $1.2 trillion in bills, notes and bonds, according to the Treasury. Retrieved February 7, 2013 from: http://usgovinfo.about.com/od/moneymatters/ss/How-Much-US-Debt-Does-China-Own.htm
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Estes, R.J. (2015). The Index of Social Progress: Objective Approaches (3). In: Glatzer, W., Camfield, L., Møller, V., Rojas, M. (eds) Global Handbook of Quality of Life. International Handbooks of Quality-of-Life. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9178-6_8
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