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The Biochemistry of Retinoic Acid Receptors I: Structure, Activation, and Function at the Molecular Level pp 55–73Cite as

Evolution of Retinoic Acid Receptors and Retinoic Acid Signaling

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Part of the book series: Subcellular Biochemistry ((SCBI,volume 70))

Abstract

Retinoic acid (RA) is a vitamin A-derived morphogen controlling important developmental processes in vertebrates, and more generally in chordates, including axial patterning and tissue formation and differentiation. In the embryo, endogenous RA levels are controlled by RA synthesizing and degrading enzymes and the RA signal is transduced by two retinoid receptors: the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) and the retinoid X receptor (RXR). Both RAR and RXR are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors and mainly act as heterodimers to activate the transcription of target genes in the presence of their ligand, all-trans RA. This signaling pathway was long thought to be a chordate innovation, however, recent findings of gene homologs involved in RA signaling in the genomes of a wide variety of non-chordate animals, including ambulacrarians (sea urchins and acorn worms) and lophotrochozoans (annelids and mollusks), challenged this traditional view and suggested that the RA signaling pathway might have a more ancient evolutionary origin than previously thought. In this chapter, we discuss the evolutionary history of the RA signaling pathway, and more particularly of the RARs, which might have experienced independent gene losses and duplications in different animal lineages. In sum, the available data reveal novel insights into the origin of the RA signaling pathway as well as into the evolutionary history of the RARs.

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Abbreviations

ADH:

Alcohol dehydrogenase

AF:

Activation function

BCO:

β-carotene 15,15′-monooxygenase

BMP-1:

Bone morphogenetic protein-1

CRABP:

Cellular retinoic acid binding protein

CRBP:

Cellular retinol binding protein

CYP:

Cytochrome P450

CYP26:

Cytochrome P450 subfamily 26

DBD:

DNA binding domain

DR:

Direct repeat

FRET:

Fluorescence resonance energy transfer

HPLC:

High performance liquid chromatography

LBD:

Ligand binding domain

RA:

Retinoic acid

RALDH:

Retinal dehydrogenase

RAR:

Retinoic acid receptor

RARE:

Retinoic acid response element

RDH10:

Retinol dehydrogenase 10

RXR:

Retinoid X receptor

SDR:

Short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase

USP:

Ultraspiracle

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Acknowledgment

This work was supported by funds from ANR (ANR-09-BLAN-0129-01, ANR-09-BLAN-0262-02, ANR-11-JSV2-002-01) and CNRS to Michael Schubert and Vincent Laudet.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Molecular Zoology Team, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d’Italie, 69364, Lyon Cedex 07, France

    Juliana Gutierrez-Mazariegos & Vincent Laudet

  2. Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer (UMR 7009—CNRS/UMPC), Observatoire Océanologique, 181 Chemin du Lazaret, BP 28, 06230, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France

    Michael Schubert

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  1. Department of Biological Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA

    Mary Ann Asson-Batres

  2. IGBMC, Illkirch Cedex, France

    Cécile Rochette-Egly

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Gutierrez-Mazariegos, J., Schubert, M., Laudet, V. (2014). Evolution of Retinoic Acid Receptors and Retinoic Acid Signaling. In: Asson-Batres, M., Rochette-Egly, C. (eds) The Biochemistry of Retinoic Acid Receptors I: Structure, Activation, and Function at the Molecular Level. Subcellular Biochemistry, vol 70. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9050-5_4

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