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Fucoxanthin-Chlorophyll-Proteins and Non-Photochemical Fluorescence Quenching of Diatoms

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Non-Photochemical Quenching and Energy Dissipation in Plants, Algae and Cyanobacteria

Part of the book series: Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration ((AIPH,volume 40))

Summary

Diatoms possess membrane-intrinsic light-harvesting proteins, called fucoxanthin-chlorophyll-proteins (FCPs) that, based on their protein sequences, are related to higher plant light-harvesting complexes (LHCs). FCPs differ from LHCs in overall organization around the photosystems, and in that fucoxanthin and chlorophyll c (Chl c) serve as the diatoms’ accessory pigments in a high carotenoid-to-chlorophyll ratio. Most FCPs assemble into trimeric complexes, but higher oligomers of specific polypeptide composition were also found. Polypeptides fall into three different groups, namely Lhcf (Lhcs named after the main carotenoid fucoxanthin, the main light harvesters), Lhcr (photosystem I-associated polypeptides closely related to red algal intrinsic Lhc), and Lhcx proteins related to LhcSR proteins (stress related Lhcs) identified in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as functional homologues to PsbS (photosystem II protein S). In the genomes of diatoms published so far, sequences for four to five different Lhcx proteins can be found. All of the latter proteins are expressed and most of them are up-regulated under high light. On the other hand, no homologue of psbS is present in diatoms. The Lhcx content was shown to correlate with the ability for non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) of chlorophyll fluorescence (as a measure of thermal dissipation of singlet-excited chlorophyll) in pennate diatoms, e.g., Phaeodactylum tricornutum, as well as in centric diatoms, e.g., Thalassiosira pseudonana. Localization of Lhcx and the supra-molecular organization of FCP complexes, however, appear to differ between the latter two diatom groups. For several centric species, occurrence of Lhcx proteins within trimeric FCP complexes was shown, whereas no Lhcx proteins have been identified in FCP trimers from pennate species thus far. In centric diatoms, the content of Lhcx proteins in trimeric FCP complexes, furthermore, correlates with the level of diatoxanthin, a carotenoid of the xanthophyll cycle of diatoms synthesized under high light. Diatoxanthin content was inversely correlated with the fluorescence yield of trimeric FCP complexes, i.e., higher diatoxanthin levels were associated with a more highly quenched state. Another factor which influences NPQ in vivo is a low lumenal pH. Low pH values were also shown to exert effects on the fluorescence yield of isolated trimeric FCPs. Likewise, aggregation of FCP complexes in vitro affected their fluorescence yield as proposed for the case in vivo. A model for the involvement of FCPs in NPQ is presented.

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Abbreviations

Car:

Carotenoid

Chl:

Chlorophyll

Dd:

Diadinoxanthin

Dt:

Diatoxanthin

FCP:

Fucoxanthin-chlorophyll-protein

Fx:

Fucoxanthin

HL:

High light

LHC:

Light-harvesting complex

Lhcf:

Main light harvesting proteins of diatoms, named according to their fucoxanthin content

LHCII:

Light harvesting complex II

Lhcr:

Photosystem I related Lhcs of diatoms most closely related to red algae intrinsic Lhcs

LhcSR:

Stress related Lhc first found in green algae

Lhcx:

Lhcs of diatoms working in light protection

LL:

Low light

NPQ:

Non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence (as a measure of thermal dissipation of the singlet-excited state of chlorophyll a)

PS:

Photosystem

PsbS:

Photosystem II protein S

Q1:

Hypothetical quenching site being due to aggregation of pigment-protein complexes

Q2:

Hypothetical quenching site depending on xanthophyll cycle pigments

qE:

Part of NPQ related to the energization of the thylakoid membrane (rapidly reversible pH-dependent NPQ)

qI:

Part of NPQ related to photoinhibition (slowly reversible, pH-independent NPQ)

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Acknowledgments

This work was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Bu812/4-1, Bu812/4-2) and the European Union (Marie Curie ITN 238017 ‘Harvest’).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biosciences, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany

    Claudia Büchel

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  1. Claudia Büchel
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA

    Barbara Demmig-Adams

  2. Laboratory of Photosynthetic Membranes Biological Research Center, Institute of Plant Biology Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary

    Gyozo Garab

  3. Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA

    William Adams III

  4. Department of Plant Biology 265 Morrill Hall, MC-116, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA

    Govindjee

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Büchel, C. (2014). Fucoxanthin-Chlorophyll-Proteins and Non-Photochemical Fluorescence Quenching of Diatoms. In: Demmig-Adams, B., Garab, G., Adams III, W., Govindjee, . (eds) Non-Photochemical Quenching and Energy Dissipation in Plants, Algae and Cyanobacteria. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration, vol 40. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9032-1_11

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