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Migration of Children in ACP Countries: Of Their Own Free Will or by Force?

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A New Perspective on Human Mobility in the South

Part of the book series: Global Migration Issues ((IOMS,volume 3))

Abstract

While the issue of child migration has been of interest to researchers and public decision makers for many years, several essential questions to the comprehension of this phenomenon still remain valid: How and why children leave their family and home? Are they forced to do so? What are the dangers and opportunities of migration for young people?

The aim of this article is to question the main factors of child migration to understand whether or not children are passive or at the heart of the migratory process. Young people may of course be affected by migration in a number of ways, and its impacts will be different from one child to another. Four major categories of children have however been identified and specifically studied throughout this article—children migrating with relatives, unaccompanied migrant children, children of migrants remaining in their country of origin, children born to migrant parents in their country of destination—to answer one focused question: Do children migrate of their own free will or involuntarily?

Based in part on Tiffoche (2013).

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Convention adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in its resolution 44/25 of 20 November 1989.

  2. 2.

    For example, we can quote the child’s responsibilities (Article 31 of the Charter), according to which “Every child shall have responsibilities towards his family and society, the state and other legally recognized communities and the international community” or the notion of positive values (Articles 1, 11 and 21 of the Charter) which have an important place in the life of a child in Africa. In contrast, the CRC makes sure that “States Parties shall take all effective and appropriate measures with a view to abolishing traditional practices prejudicial to the health of children”. (Article 24.3of the CRC).

  3. 3.

    See http://www.oas.org/juridico/english/sigs/b-57.html.

  4. 4.

    According to Article 1 of this convention, “a child means every human being below the age of eighteen years unless, under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier”.

  5. 5.

    Reasons include, among others, their parents’ inability to meet their needs, their desire to help a person in need of the assistance or company of a child, the parents’ desire to offer their children better social and economic opportunities (Fog Olwig 2012).

  6. 6.

    US Department of State fact sheet, Distinctions between human smuggling and human trafficking 2006, available from http://www.state.gov/m/ds/hstcenter/90434.htm.

  7. 7.

    See http://www.acpmigration-obs.org/sites/default/files/EN-BN01-trafficking.pdf.

  8. 8.

    UNHCR, Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons, adopted on 28 September 1954, which came into force on 6 June 1960.

  9. 9.

    Convention on the Rights of Children, Article 7: States Parties shall ensure the implementation of these rights in accordance with their national law and their obligations under the relevant international instruments in this field, in particular where the child would otherwise be stateless.

  10. 10.

    They lack language skills even if they come from a country where the official language is the same as that spoken in the country of destination but where local dialects are the only ones spoken in remote villages.

  11. 11.

    Assimilation tallies with a low interest in maintaining a link with one’s own culture, combined with a preference for interaction with the destination society.

  12. 12.

    Separation is expressed by a desire to maintain one’s own culture by limiting contact with others.

  13. 13.

    Marginalization exists when contact with the original culture is not maintained, nor is there any desire to interact with others.

  14. 14.

    Integration can be summarized both by the two cultures being maintained and a desire to integrate into society as a whole.

  15. 15.

    Australia, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Israel, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States.

  16. 16.

    This situation may also have security implications. This was the case in Central America, where the mass return of delinquent young adults from the United States coincided with the development of gangs in the 1970s. Most of the returnees, who often did not speak the language of the country (Spanish), gathered in structures similar to those with which they were familiar in the United States. This phenomenon has now become one of the main security problems in this region, particularly in El Salvador and Guatemala (Dubreil et al. 2006).

  17. 17.

    Global Forum on Migration and Development, Mexico 2010, round table no. 2: Human mobility and development. http://www.gfmd.org/documents/mexico/gfmd_mexico10_general_report_of_roundtable_2_en.pdf.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. ACP Observatory on Migration, Brussels, Belgium

    Olivia Tiffoche

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  1. Olivia Tiffoche
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  1. IOM, Geneva 19, Switzerland

    Rudolf Anich

  2. Balsilie School of Intern Affairs, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

    Jonathan Crush

  3. IOM, Geneva 19, Switzerland

    Susanne Melde

  4. African Migration Development Policy Ctr, Nairobi, Kenya

    John O. Oucho

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© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

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Tiffoche, O. (2014). Migration of Children in ACP Countries: Of Their Own Free Will or by Force?. In: Anich, R., Crush, J., Melde, S., Oucho, J. (eds) A New Perspective on Human Mobility in the South. Global Migration Issues, vol 3. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9023-9_7

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