Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Language and Talk

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Handbook of the Social Psychology of Inequality

Part of the book series: Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research ((HSSR))

Abstract

Language and talk are central to the creation and reproduction of inequality. In this chapter, we address three major questions: How is inequality visible in language and talk? How do language and talk create and sustain inequalities? And how do people respond to inequality—whether to resist it, negotiate it, or manage it—through language and talk? After discussing the diverse intellectual roots of social psychological research on language, we review the current literature, focusing in turn on words and other elementary elements of talk, utterances, interaction, and discourse. We conclude with a critical evaluation of the field, noting the need for social psychologists to focus on a broader range of different types of inequality, synthesize findings across theoretical perspectives, disciplines, and dimensions of inequality, and attend to intersectionality and social structure.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adams, A., Anderson, E., & McCormack, M. (2010). Establishing and challenging masculinity: The influence of gendered discourses in organized sport. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 29(3), 278–300.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amer, M. M. (2009). ‘Telling-it-like-it-is’: The delegitimation of the second Palestinian Intifada in Thomas Friedman’s discourse. Discourse & Society, 20(1), 5–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, L., & Snow, D. A. (2001). Inequality and the self: Exploring connections from an interactionist perspective. Symbolic Interaction, 24(4), 395–406.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arribas-Ayllon, M., & Walkerdine, V. (2008). Foucauldian discourse analysis. In C. Willig & W. Sainton-Rogers (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of qualitative research in psychology (pp. 91–108). Thousand Oaks: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Austin, J. (1962). How to do things with words. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, P. (2010). Will Ms ever be as frequent as Mr? A corpus-based comparison of gendered terms across four diachronic corpora of British English. Gender and Language, 4(1), 125–149.

    Google Scholar 

  • Banaji, M. R., & Hardin, C. D. (1996). Automatic stereotyping. Psychological Science, 7(3), 136–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrett, R. (2006). Language ideology and racial inequality: Competing functions of Spanish in an Anglo-owned Mexican restaurant. Language in Society, 35(2), 163–204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baxter, J., & Wallace, K. (2009). Outside in-group and out-group identities? Constructing male solidarity and female exclusion in UK builders’ talk. Discourse & Society, 20(4), 411–429.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell, J. M., & Hartmann, D. (2007). Diversity in everyday discourse: The cultural ambiguities and consequences of “happy talk”. American Sociological Review, 72(6), 895–914.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berger, P. L., & Luckman, T. (1967). The social construction of reality. London: Penguin UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergvall, V. L., & Remlinger, K. A. (1996). Reproduction, resistance and gender in educational discourse: The role of critical discourse analysis. Discourse & Society, 7(4), 453–479.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, B. (1971). Class, codes and control, Vol. 1: Theoretical studies towards a sociology of language. London: Routledge and Kegan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Billig, M. (1999). Whose terms? Whose ordinariness? Rhetoric and ideology in conversation analysis. Discourse & Society, 10(4), 543–558.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bilous, F. R., & Krauss, R. M. (1988). Dominance and accommodation in the conversational behaviors of same- and mixed-gender dyads. Language and Communication, 8(3–4), 183–194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonilla-Silva, E., Lewis, A., & Embrick, D. G. (2004). “I did not get that job because of a Black man…” The story lines and testimonies of color-blind racism. Sociological Forum, 19(4), 555–581.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boroditsky, L. (2011). How language shapes thought. Scientific American, 304, 63–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourdieu, P. (1986). The forms of capital. In J. E. Richardson (Ed.), Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education (pp. 241–258). New York: Greenwood Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Briere, J., & Lanktree, C. (1983). Sex-role related effects of sex bias in language. Sex Roles, 9(5), 625–631.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, L. M. (1997). Performing femininities: Listening to white working-class girls in rural Maine. Journal of Social Issues, 53(4), 683–701.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, R., Gilman, A., & Sebeok, T. A. (1960). The pronouns of power and solidarity. In T. A. Sebeok (Ed.), Style in language (pp. 252–275). Cambridge: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cahill, S. E. (1986). Language practices and self definition: The case of gender identity acquisition. The Sociological Quarterly, 27(3), 295–311.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cahill, S. E. (1989). Fashioning males and females: Appearance management and the social reproduction of gender. Symbolic Interaction, 12(2), 281–298.

    Google Scholar 

  • Callan, V. J., Gallois, C., & Forbes, P. A. (1983). Evaluative reactions to accented English: ethnicity, sex role, and context. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 14(4), 407–426.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cameron, D. (1997). Performing gender identity: Young men’s talk and the construction of heterosexual masculinity. In S. Johnson & U. H. Meinhof (Eds.), Language and masculinity (pp. 47–64). Cambridge: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carli, L. L. (1990). Gender, language, and influence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(5), 941.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coates, J. (2003). Men talk: Stories in the making of masculinities. Malden: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cole, C. M., Hill, F. A., & Dayley, L. J. (1983). Do masculine pronouns used generically lead to thoughts of men? Sex Roles, 9(6), 737–750.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins, P. H., Maldonado, L. A., Takagi, D. Y., Thorne, B., Weber, L., & Winant, H. (1995). Symposium: on West and Fenstermaker’s “Doing difference”. Gender & Society, 9(4), 491–513.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collinson, D. (1992). Managing the shopfloor: Subjectivity, masculinity, and workplace culture. Berlin: W. de Gruyter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conefrey, T. (1997). Gender, culture and authority in a university life sciences laboratory. Discourse & Society, 8(3), 313–340.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooley, C. H. (1902). Human nature and the social order. New York: Scribner.

    Google Scholar 

  • Couch, C. J. (1989). Toward the isolation of elements of social structures. Studies in Symbolic Interaction, 10, 445–469.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crawford, M. (2001). Gender and language. In R. K. Unger (Ed.), Handbook of the psychology of women and gender (pp. 228–244). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, J. (2003). Expressions of gender: an analysis of pupils’ gendered discourse styles in small group classroom discussions. Discourse & Society, 14(2), 115–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeFrancisco, V. L. (1991). The sounds of silence: How men silence women in marital relations. Discourse & Society, 2(4), 413–423.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dick, H. P. (2011). Making immigrants illegal in small-town USA. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology, 21(S1), E35–E55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dixon, J. A., Mahoney, B., & Cocks, R. (2002). Accents of guilt?: Effects of regional accent, race, and crime type on attributions of guilt. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 21(2), 162–168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dovidio, J. F., Brown, C. E., Heltman, K., Ellyson, S. L., & Keating, C. F. (1988). Power displays between women and men in discussions of gender-linked tasks: A multichannel study. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 55(4), 580–587.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drew, P. (1992). Contested evidence in a courtroom cross-examination: The case of a trial for rape. In P. Drew & J. Heritage (Eds.), Talk at work: Social interaction in institutional settings (pp. 470–520). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Du Bois, W. E. B. (1989). The souls of Black folk. New York: Bantam Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ducharme, L. J. (1994). Sarcasm and interactional politics. Symbolic Interaction, 17(1), 51–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duneier, M., & Molotch, H. (1999). Talking city trouble: Interactional vandalism, social inequality, and the “urban interaction problem”. American Journal of Sociology, 104(5), 1263–1524.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eder, D. (1988). Building cohesion through collaborative narration. Social Psychology Quarterly, 51(3), 225–235.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eder, D. (1995). School talk: Gender and adolescent culture. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, D. (1997). Discourse and cognition. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, D., & Potter, J. (1992). Discursive psychology. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eliasoph, N. (1999). “Everyday racism” in a culture of political avoidance: Civil society, speech, and taboo. Social Problems, 46(4), 479–502.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, D. S. (1967). Speech and social status in America. Social Forces, 45(3), 431–437.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fenstermaker, S., & West, C. (2002). Doing gender, doing difference: Inequality, power, and institutional change. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson, A. A. (2000). Bad boys: Public schools in the making of black masculinity. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Filardo, E. K. (1996). Gender patterns in African American and White adolescents’ social interactions in same-race, mixed-gender groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(1), 71–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fine, G. A. (1984). Humorous interaction and the social construction of meaning: Making sense in a jocular vein. In N. Denzin (Ed.), Studies in Symbolic Interaction (Vol. 4, pp. 83–101). Greenwich: JAI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fine, G. A. (1987). With the boys: Little League baseball and preadolescent culture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fine, M., & Addelston, J. (1996). Containing questions of gender and power: The discursive limits of “sameness” and “difference”. In S. Wilkinson (Ed.), Feminist social psychologies: International perspectives (pp. 66–85). Buckingham: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fishman, P. A. (1978). Interaction: The work women do. Social Problems, 25(4), 397–406.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flowerdew, J., Li, D. C. S., & Tran, S. (2002). Discriminatory news discourse: some Hong Kong data. Discourse & Society, 13(3), 319–345.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fordham, S., & Ogbu, J. U. (1986). Black students’ school success: Coping with the “burden of ‘acting white’”. The Urban Review, 18(3), 176–206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garfinkel, H. (1967). Studies in ethnomethodology. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaucher, D., Friesen, J., & Kay, A. C. (2011). Evidence that gendered wording in job advertisements exists and sustains gender inequality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(1), 109–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaudio, R. P. (1994). Sounding gay: Pitch properties in the speech of gay and straight men. American Speech, 69(1), 30–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gergen, M. M., & Gergen, K. J. (1984). The social construction of narrative accounts. In K. J. Gergeb & M. M. Gergen (Eds.), Historical social psychology (pp. 173–189). Hillsdale: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerteis, J. (2002). The possession of civic virtue: Movement narratives of race and class in the Knights of Labor. American Journal of Sociology, 108(3), 580–615.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, D. R. (2003). Participation shifts: Order and differentiation in group conversation. Social Forces, 81(4), 1335–1381.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giles, H., & Powsland, N. F. (1975). Speech style and social evaluation. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giles, H., Fox, S., & Smith, E. (1993). Patronizing the elderly: Intergenerational evaluations. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 26(2), 129–149.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glenn, E. N. (1999). The social construction and institutionalization of gender and race: An integrative framework. In M. M. Ferree, J. Lorber, & B. B. Hess (Eds.), Revisioning gender (pp. 3–43). Thousand Oaks: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goffman, E. (1976). Gender display. Studies in the Anthropology of Visual Communication, 3, 69–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goffman, E. (1983). The interaction order. American Sociological Review, 48(1), 1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodman, S., & Burke, S. (2010). ‘Oh you don’t want asylum seekers, oh you’re just racist’: A discursive analysis of discussions about whether it’s racist to oppose asylum seeking. Discourse & Society, 21(3), 325–340.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin, C. (1984). Notes on story structure and the organization of participation. In M. Atkinson & J. Heritage (Eds.), Structures of social interaction (pp. 225–246). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin, C. (1995). Co-constructing meaning in conversations with an aphasic man. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 28(3), 233–260.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin, M. H. (2002). Building power asymmetries in girls’ interaction. Discourse and Society, 13(6), 715–730.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin, C., & Goodwin, M. H. (1987). Concurrent operations on talk: Notes on the interactive organization of assessments. IPRA Papers in Pragmatics, 1, 1–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grice, H. P. (1969). Utterer’s meaning and intentions. Philosophical Review, 78(2), 147–177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gubrium, J. F., & Holstein, J. A. (1997). The new language of qualitative method. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guerin, B. (1994). Gender bias in the abstractness of verbs and adjectives. Journal of Social Psychology, 134(4), 421–428.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gumperz, J. J., & Levinson, S. C. (1996). Rethinking linguistic relativity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heller, M. (1995). Language choice, social institutions, and symbolic domination. Language in Society, 24(3), 373–373.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henley, N. M. (1995). Ethnicity and gender issues in language. In H. Landrine (Ed.), Bringing cultural diversity to feminist psychology: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 361–395). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henley, N., Miller, M., & Beazley, J. A. (1995). Syntax semantics and sexual violence. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 14(1–2), 60–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henley, N. M., Miller, M. D., Beazley, J. O., Nguyen, D. N., Kaminsky, D., & Sanders, R. (2002). Frequency and specificity of referents to violence in news reports of anti-gay attacks. Discourse & Society, 13(1), 75–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heritage, J. (1984). Garfinkel and ethnomethodology. Cambridge: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hiles, D., & Cermak, I. (2008). Narrative psychology. In C. Willig & W. Sainton-Rogers (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of qualitative research in psychology (pp. 147–164). Thousand Oaks: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollander, J. A. (1998). Doing studs: The performance of gender and sexuality on late-night television. In J. O’Brien & J. A. Howard (Eds.), Everyday inequalities: Critical inquiries (pp. 43–71). Malden: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollander, J. A. (2002). Resisting vulnerability: The social reconstruction of gender in interaction. Social Problems, 49(4), 474–496.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollander, J. A. (2013). “I demand more of people”: Accountability, interaction, and gender change. Gender & Society, 27(1), 5–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollander, J. A., & Gordon, H. R. (2006). The processes of social construction in talk. Symbolic Interaction, 29(2), 183–212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollander, J. A., Renfrow, D. G., & Howard, J. A. (2011). Gendered situations, gendered selves: A gender lens on social psychology (2nd ed.). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holmes, J. (1992). Women’s talk in public contexts. Discourse & Society, 3(2), 131–150.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holstein, J. A., & Miller, G. (1990). Rethinking victimization. Symbolic Interaction, 13(1), 103–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horowitz, R. (1995). Teen mothers: Citizens or dependents? Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • James, D., & Clarke, S. (1993). Women, men, and interruptions: A critical review. In D. R. Berg (Ed.), Gender and conversational interaction (pp. 231–280). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, C. (1994). Gender, legitimate authority, and leader-subordinate conversations. American Sociological Review, 59(1), 122–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Junge, B. (2011). A fag by any other name: Social concerns over same-gender sexuality and self-image in Porto Alegre, Brazil. Gender and Language, 4(2), 221–255.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kane, E. W. (2006). “No way my boys are going to be like that!” Parents’ responses to children’s gender nonconformity. Gender & Society, 20(2), 149–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiesling, S. (2001a). Stances of whiteness and hegemony in fraternity men’s discourse. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology, 11(1), 101–115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiesling, S. F. (2001b). “Now I gotta watch what I say”: Shifting constructions of masculinity in discourse. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology, 11(2), 250–273.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kissling, E. A. (1991). Street harassment: The language of sexual terrorism. Discourse & Society, 2(4), 451–460.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kitzinger, C. (2000). Doing feminist conversation analysis. Feminism & Psychology, 10(2), 163–193.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kitzinger, C. (2005a). Heteronormativity in action: Reproducing the heterosexual nuclear family in after-hours medical calls. Social Problems, 52(4), 477–498.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kitzinger, C. (2005b). “Speaking as a heterosexual”: (How) does sexuality matter for talk-in-interaction? Research on Language and Social Interaction, 38(3), 221–265.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleinman, S. (2002). Essay: Why sexist language matters. Qualitative Sociology, 25(2), 299–304.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kollock, P., Blumstein, P., & Schwartz, P. (1985). Sex and power in interaction: Conversational privileges and duties. American Sociological Review, 50(1), 34–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krauss, R. M. (1987). The role of the listener: Addressee influences on message formulation. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 6(2), 81–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krauss, R. M., & Chiu, C. Y. (1998). Language and social behavior. In D. T. Gilbert, S. Fiske, & G. Lindzay (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (Vol. 2, 4th ed., pp. 41–88). Boston: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Labov, W. (1966). The social stratification of English in New York city. Washington: Center for Applied Linguistics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Labov, W. (1972). Language in the inner city; Studies in the Black English vernacular. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lakoff, R. (1975). Language and woman’s place. New York: Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lakoff, R. (2008). Language, gender, and politics: Putting “women” and “power” in the same sentence. In J. Holmes & M. Meyerhoff (Eds.), The handbook of language and gender (pp. 160–178). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lareau, A. (2003). Unequal childhoods: Class, race, and family life. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawler, S. (2005). Disgusted subjects: the making of middle-class identities. The Sociological Review, 53(3), 429–446.

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Espiritu, Y. (2001). “We don’t sleep around like white girls do”: Family, culture, and gender in Filipina American lives. Signs, 26(2), 415–440.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leaper, C., & Ayres, M. M. (2007). A meta-analytic review of gender variations in adults’ language use: Talkativeness, affiliative speech, and assertive speech. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11(4), 328–363.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lunt, P., & Livingstone, S. (2001). Language and the media. In W. P. Robinson & H. Giles (Eds.), The new handbook of language and social psychology (pp. 585–600). Chichester: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maass, A., Salvi, D., Arcuri, L., & Semin, G. R. (1989). Language use in intergroup contexts: The linguistic intergroup bias. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 981–993.

    Google Scholar 

  • Madera, J. M., Hebl, M. R., & Martin, R. C. (2009). Gender and letters of recommendation for academia: Agentic and communal differences. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(6), 1591–1599.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mallinson, C., & Brewster, Z. W. (2005). “Blacks and bubbas”: Stereotypes, ideology, and categorization processes in restaurant servers’ discourse. Discourse & Society, 16(6), 787–807.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maltz, D. N., & Borker, R. A. (2008). A cultural approach to male-female miscommunication. In S. Ehrlich (Ed.), Language and gender (pp. 75–93). London: Taylor & Francis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mason-Schrock, D. (1996). Transsexuals’ narrative construction of the “true self”. Social Psychology Quarterly, 59(3), 176–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maynard, D. M. (1985). How children start arguments. Language in Society, 14(1), 1–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • McHugh, M. C., & Hambaugh, J. (2010). She said, he said: Gender, language and power. In J. C. Crisler & D. R. McCreary (Eds.), Handbook of gender research in psychology (pp. 379–410). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, self & society: From the standpoint of a social behaviorist. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Menz, F., & Al-Roubaie, A. (2008). Interruptions, status and gender in medical interviews: The harder you brake, the longer it takes. Discourse & Society, 19(5), 645–666.

    Google Scholar 

  • Messner, M. A. (2000). Barbie girls versus sea monsters: Children constructing gender. Gender & Society, 14(6), 765–784.

    Google Scholar 

  • Messner, M. A., Duncan, M. C., & Jensen, K. (1993). Separating the men from the girls: The gendered language of televised sports. Gender & Society, 7(1), 121–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, C., & Swift, K. (1976). Words and women. Garden City: Anchor Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Molotch, H. L., & Boden, D. (1985). Talking social structure: Discourse, domination and the Watergate hearings. American Sociological Review, 50(3), 273–288.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moon, D. (2005). Emotion language and social power: Homosexuality and narratives of pain in church. Qualitative Sociology, 28(4), 327–349.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moulton, J., Robinson, G. M., & Elias, C. (1978). Sex bias in language use: “Neutral” pronouns that aren’t. American Psychologist, 33(11), 1032–1036.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mueller, C. (1973). The politics of communication: A study in the political sociology of language, socialization, and legitimation. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mullen, B. (2001). Ethnophaulisms for ethnic immigrant groups. Journal of Social Issues, 57(3), 457–475.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ng, S. H. (1990). Androcentric coding of man and his in memory by language users. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 26(5), 455–464.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ng, S. H., & Bradac, J. J. (1993). Power in language: Verbal communication and social influence. Newbury Park: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nugent, C. (2010). Children’s surnames, moral dilemmas: Accounting for the predominance of fathers’ surnames for children. Gender & Society, 24(4), 499–525.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nyström, E. (2009). Teacher talk: producing, resisting and challenging discourses about the science classroom. Gender and Education, 21(6), 735–751.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Barr, W. M. (1982). Linguistic evidence: Language, power, and strategy in the courtroom. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Barr, W. M., & Atkins, B. (1980). “Women’s language” or “powerless language”? In S. McConnell-Ginet (Ed.), Women and language in literature and society (pp. 93–110). New York: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ochs, E., & Taylor, C. (1995). The “father knows best” dynamic in dinnertime narratives. In K. Hall & M. Bucholtz (Eds.), Gender articulated (pp. 97–120). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Okamoto, D. G., & Smith-Lovin, L. (2001). Changing the subject: Gender, status, and the dynamics of topic change. American Sociological Review, 66(6), 852–873.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ollilainen, M., & Calasanti, T. (2007). Metaphors at work: Maintaining the salience of gender in self-managing teams. Gender & Society, 21(1), 5–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ortiz, S. M. (2006). Using power: An exploration of control work in the sport marriage. Sociological Perspectives, 49(4), 527–557.

    Google Scholar 

  • Padavic, I. (1991). The re-creation of gender in a male workplace. Symbolic Interaction, 14(3), 279–294.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker, I. (1990). Discourse: Definitions and contradictions. Philosophical Psychology, 3(2–3), 187–204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pascoe, C. J. (2007). Dude, you’re a fag: Masculinity and sexuality in high school. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pietikäinen, S. (2003). Indigenous identity in print: Representations of the Sami in news discourse. Discourse & Society, 14(5), 581–609.

    Google Scholar 

  • Plummer, K. (1995). Telling sexual stories: Power, change, and social worlds. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Polletta, F., Chen, P. C. B., Gardner, B. G., & Motes, A. (2011). The sociology of storytelling. Annual Review of Sociology, 37, 109–130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Potter, J. (1996). Representing reality: Discourse, rhetoric and social construction. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quinn, B. A. (2002). Sexual harassment and masculinity: The power and meaning of “girl watching”. Gender & Society, 16(3), 386–402.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rathzel, N. (1997). Gender and racism in discourse. In R. Wodak (Ed.), Gender and discourse (pp. 57–80). Thousand Oaks: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reddy, M. J. (1979). The conduit metaphor. In A. Ortony (Ed.), Metaphor and thought (pp. 284–324). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reid, S. A., & Ng, S. H. (1999). Language, power, and intergroup relations. Journal of Social Issues, 55(1), 119–139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ritzer, G. (1996). Modern sociological theory (4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, C., Davies, E., & Jupp, T. C. (1992). Language and discrimination: A study of communication in multi-ethnic workplaces. London: Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roger, D., Bull, P., & Smith, S. (1988). The development of a comprehensive system for classifying interruptions. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 7(1), 27–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roth, A. L. (1998). Who makes the news? Descriptions of television news interviewees’ public personae. Media, Culture, & Society, 20(1), 79–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roth-Gordon, J. (2011). Discipline and disorder in the whiteness of mock Spanish. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology, 21(2), 211–229.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, E. B., & Carranza, M. A. (1975). Evaluative reactions of adolescents toward speakers of standard English and Mexican American accented English. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31(5), 855–863.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, E. B., Hummert, M. L., & Boich, L. H. (1995). Communication predicaments of aging-patronizing behavior toward older adults. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 14(1–2), 144–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sacks, H. (1972). On the analyzability of stories by children. In J. J. Gumperz & D. Hymes (Eds.), Directions in sociolinguistics: The ethnography of communication (pp. 325–345). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandstrom, K. L. (1990). Confronting deadly disease: The drama of identity construction among gay men with AIDS. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 19(3), 271–294.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmader, T., Whitehead, J., & Wysocki, V. H. (2007). A linguistic comparison of letters of recommendation for male and female chemistry and biochemistry job applicants. Sex Roles, 57(7–8), 509–514.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schrock, D., & Schwalbe, M. (2009). Men, masculinity, and manhood acts. Annual Review of Sociology, 35(1), 277–295.

    Google Scholar 

  • Searle, J. R. (1969). Speech acts: An essay in the philosophy of language. London: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sebastian, R. J., & Ryan, E. B. (1985). Speech cues and evaluations: Markers of ethnicity, social class, and age. In H. Giles & R. N. S. Clair (Eds.), Recent advances in language, communication and social psychology (pp. 112–143). Hillsdale: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shankar, S. (2008). Speaking like a model minority: “FOB” styles, gender, and racial meanings among Desi teens in Silicon Valley. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology, 18(2), 268–289.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, S. (2000). Language, gender and floor apportionment in political debates. Discourse & Society, 11(3), 401–418.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shifman, L., & Katz, E. (2005). “Just call me Adonai”: A case study of ethnic humor and immigrant assimilation. American Sociological Review, 70(5), 843–859.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smedley, J. W., & Bayton, J. A. (1978). Evaluative race-class stereotypes by race and perceived class of subject. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 36(5), 530–535.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, T. (2007). Narrative boundaries and the dynamics of ethnic conflict and conciliation. Poetics, 35(1), 22–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, C. A., Johnston-Robledo, I., McHugh, M. C., & Chrisler, J. C. (2010). Words matter: The language of gender. In J. C. Chrisler & D. R. McCreary (Eds.), Handbook of gender research in psychology, (Vol. 1, pp. 361–378). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith-Lovin, L., & Brody, C. (1989). Interruptions in group discussions: The effects of gender and group composition. American Sociological Review, 54(3), 424–435.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snow, D. A., & Anderson, L. (1987). Identity work among the homeless: The verbal construction and avowal of personal identities. American Journal of Sociology, 92(6), 1336–1371.

    Google Scholar 

  • Speer, S. A., & Potter, J. (2000). The management of heterosexist talk: Conversational resources and prejudiced claims. Discourse & Society, 11(4), 543–572.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spender, D. (1980). Man made language. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stivers, T., & Majid, A. (2007). Questioning children: Interactional evidence of implicit bias in medical interviews. Social Psychology Quarterly, 70(4), 424–441.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stokoe, E., & Edwards, D. (2007). ‘Black this, black that’: Racial insults and reported speech in neighbour complaints and police interrogations. Discourse & Society, 18(3), 337–372.

    Google Scholar 

  • Streib, J. (2011). Class reproduction by four year olds. Qualitative Sociology, 34(2), 337–352.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stuber, J. M. (2006). Talk of class: the discursive repertoires of white working- and upper-middle-class college students. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 35(3), 285–318.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swim, J. K., Hyers, L. L., Cohen, L. L., & Ferguson, M. J. (2001). Everyday sexism: Evidence for its incidence, nature, and psychological impact from three daily diary studies. Journal of Social Issues, 57(1), 31–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tajfel, H. (1978). Differentiation between social groups: Studies in the social psychology of intergroup relations. London: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tannen, D. (1990). You just don’t understand: Women and men in conversation. New York: Morrow.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teo, P. (2000). Racism in the news: A critical discourse analysis of news reporting in two Australian newspapers. Discourse & Society, 11(1), 7–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thorne, B. (1993). Gender play: Girls and boys in school. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tileaga, C. (2005). Accounting for extreme prejudice and legitimating blame in talk about the Romanies. Discourse & Society, 16(5), 603–624.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Ausdale, D., & Feagin, J. R. (1996). Using racial and ethnic concepts: The critical case of very young children. American Sociological Review, 61(5), 779–793.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Dijk, T. A. (1990). Social cognition and discourse. In H. Giles & W. P. Robinson (Eds.), Handbook of language and social psychology (pp. 163–183). Oxford: Wiley

    Google Scholar 

  • van Dijk, T. A. (1993). Principles of critical discourse analysis. Discourse & Society, 4(2), 249–283.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Teeffelen, T. (1994). Racism and metaphor: The Palestinian-Israeli conflict in popular literature. Discourse & Society, 5(3), 381–405.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, S. (2010). Bringing sexuality to the table: Language, gender and power in seven lesbian families. Gender and Language, 4(1), 33–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • West, C., & Fenstermaker, S. (1995). Doing difference. Gender & Society, 9(1), 8–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • West, C., & Fenstermaker, S. (2002). Accountability in action: The accomplishment of gender, race, and class in a meeting of the University of California Board of Regents. Discourse & Society, 13(4), 537–563.

    Google Scholar 

  • West, C., & Garcia, A. (1988). Conversational shift work: A study of topical transitions between women and men. Social Problems, 35(5), 551.

    Google Scholar 

  • West, C., & Zimmerman, D. H. (1987). Doing gender. Gender & Society, 1(2), 125–151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wetherell, M. (1998). Positioning and interpretative repertoires: Conversation analysis and post-structuralism in dialogue. Discourse & Society, 9(3), 387–412.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitehead, K. A., & Lerner, G. H. (2009). When are persons “white”?: On some practical asymmetries of racial reference in talk-in-interaction. Discourse & Society, 20(5), 613–641.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whorf, B. L. (1956). Language, thought, and reality. Cambridge: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wigboldus, D. H. J., Semin, G. R., & Spears, R. (2000). How do we communicate stereotypes? Linguistic bases and inferential consequences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(1), 5–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiggins, S., & Potter, J. (2008). Discursive psychology. In C. Willig & W. Sainton-Rogers (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of qualitative research in psychology (pp. 73–90). Thousand Oaks: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, S., & Kitzinger, C. (2008). Conversation analysis. In C. Willig & W. Sainton-Rogers (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of qualitative research in psychology (pp. 54–72). Thousand Oaks: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Willis, P. E. (1981). Learning to labor: How working class kids get working class jobs. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, E., & Ng, S. H. (1988). Sex bias in visual images evoked by generics: a New Zealand study. Sex Roles, 18(3), 159–168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wittgenstein, L. (1958). Philosophical investigations. Oxford: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wortham, S., Allard, E., Lee, K., & Mortimer, K. (2011). Racialization in payday mugging narratives. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology, 21(S1), E56–E75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yodanis, C. (2006). A place in town: Doing class in a coffee shop. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 35(3), 341–366.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman, D. H., & West, C. (1975). Sex roles, interruptions, and silences in conversation. In B. Thorne & N. Henley (Eds.), Language and sex: Difference and dominance. Rowley: Newbury House.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Sociology, University of Oregon, 97403, Eugene, OR, USA

    Jocelyn A. Hollander

  2. Department of Women, Gender, and Sexuality Studies, Portland State University, Portland, OR, 97207, USA

    Miriam J. Abelson

Authors
  1. Jocelyn A. Hollander
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Miriam J. Abelson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jocelyn A. Hollander .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA

    Jane D. McLeod

  2. Department of Sociology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA

    Edward J. Lawler

  3. Department of Sociology and Anthropology, North Corolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA

    Michael Schwalbe

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer Sciences + Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hollander, J., Abelson, M. (2014). Language and Talk. In: McLeod, J., Lawler, E., Schwalbe, M. (eds) Handbook of the Social Psychology of Inequality. Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9002-4_8

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation