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Progress and Challenges in Biogeochemical Modeling of the Pacific Arctic Region

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The Pacific Arctic Region

Abstract

At this early stage of modeling marine ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles in the Pacific Arctic Region (PAR), numerous challenges lie ahead. Observational data used for model development and validation remain sparse, especially across seasons and under a variety of environmental conditions. Field data are becoming more available, but at the same time PAR is rapidly changing. Biogeochemical models can provide the means to capture some of these changes. This study introduces and synthesizes ecosystem modeling in PAR by discussing differences in complexity and application of one-dimensional, regional, and global earth system models. Topics include the general structure of ecosystem models and specifics of the combined benthic, pelagic, and ice PAR ecosystems, the importance of model validation, model responses to climate influences (e.g. diminishing sea ice, ocean acidification), and the impacts of circulation and stratification changes on PAR ecosystems and biogeochemical cycling. Examples of modeling studies that help place the region within the context of the Pan-Arctic System are also discussed. We synthesize past and ongoing PAR biogeochemical modeling efforts and briefly touch on decision makers’ use of ecosystem models and on necessary future developments.

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Acknowledgments

We thank the two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments and Dr. Candace O’Connor for editorial assistance. The National Science Foundation (NSF) provided funds for meetings as part of the International Collaboration to Achieve Circumpolar Synthesis and Integration Project (ARC-0653838). NOAA provided travel support to C. Deal through the University Corporation for Atmosphere Research. The departments of Fisheries and Oceans and Environment Canada supported the contributions of N. Steiner, J. Christian, K. Denman, D. Lavoie, and W. Lee. The IARC/JAMSTEC Cooperative Agreement and NSF ARC-0652838 supported contributions by C. Deal and M. Jin. Funding support for contributions by J. Clement Kinney and W. Maslowski was provided by multiple grants from the Climate Change Prediction Program of the Department of Energy, the Arctic System Science (ARCSS) Program of the NSF, and the Office of Naval Research. Funding support for contributions by G. Gibson was provided by a grant from NSF (ARC-0732538). Funding support for S.H. Lee was provided by the MOF, Korea (K-PORT, PM12020). J. Wang was supported by the NOAA CPO Office of Arctic Research on ice-ocean-ecosystem modeling under the RUSALCA and PAG projects. This is GLERL Contribution No. 1704. E. Watanabe was funded by the IARC/JAXA Contract JFY2008-2010 and the Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (S) of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), No. 22221003

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    Authors and Affiliations

    1. International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 757340, Fairbanks, AK, 99775-7340, USA

      Clara J. Deal, Georgina Gibson & Meibing Jin

    2. Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Sidney, BC, Canada

      Nadja Steiner & Jim Christian

    3. Canadian Centre for Climate Modeling and Analysis, Environment Canada, Victoria, BC, Canada

      Nadja Steiner, Jim Christian & Warren Lee

    4. Department of Oceanography, Graduate School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Naval Postgraduate School, Dyer Road, Bldg. SP339B, Monterey, CA, 93943, USA

      Jaclyn Clement Kinney & Wieslaw Maslowski

    5. School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada

      Ken L. Denman

    6. Climate Ocean Sea Ice Modeling, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA

      Scott M. Elliott

    7. Maurice Lamontagne Institute, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Mont Joli, QC, Canada

      Diane Lavoie

    8. Department of Oceanography, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea

      Sang H. Lee

    9. Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

      Jia Wang

    10. International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA

      Eiji Watanabe

    11. Research and Development Center for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama, Japan

      Eiji Watanabe

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    1. Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Solomons, Maryland, USA

      Jacqueline M. Grebmeier

    2. Department of Oceanography, Graduate School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California, USA

      Wieslaw Maslowski

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    Deal, C.J. et al. (2014). Progress and Challenges in Biogeochemical Modeling of the Pacific Arctic Region. In: Grebmeier, J., Maslowski, W. (eds) The Pacific Arctic Region. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8863-2_12

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